only市場營銷策略

⑴ 市場營銷求翻譯 百分

這種情況下可能需要更多的分銷點，不同的庫存量和適合產品的包裝。（記得當6盎司瓶裝可口可樂上市的時候？）促銷材料可能不適合某些國家，這些國家不允許比較性廣告。當然，所有的宣傳材料都必須翻譯成當地語言。銷售價格將根據不同的中間利潤和外國消費者的收入水平高低來進行調整。產品本身也需要根據不同國家的標准進行調整，例如，我們汽車安全要求和我們對塗料中鉛含量的限制等有所不同。所有這些考慮需要在國內市場處理，在國外也要提出。
識別潛在市場
在國際化擴張中重要的一個步驟是識別潛在市場。考慮到潛在市場數目巨大（200多個），每個國家的子市場， 北大西洋自由貿易區及歐盟各國的 supramarkets，以及所有需要考慮的環境條件，識別潛在市場這項任務令人感到困惑。下面，列出了如何識別發展潛力大的市場的方法。
.國際市場多元化包含兩項彼此相關的決定：一個是決定在哪銷售公司的產品，另一個是如何銷售公司的產品。一個公司如何到達消費者，是包括有效促銷策略、定價策略、分銷策略、產品戰略、財務等一系列戰略組合的職能。 以上提到的環境因素和公司適應這些因素的意願決定了公司是否能在國際化中取得成功。
. 決定在哪些地方銷售同樣受到以上因素的影響。通常，如果市場比較小的情況下，公司不應對產品作大的調整去適應當地法律的限制條件。然而，任何人都不可能對200多個國家逐一比較環境因素。
進入國際市場的過程中，我們識別國外市場應該從篩選總需求開始。這種篩選過程的目的是減少可供選擇的市場的數量。僅僅選擇幾個潛在市場進行所有環境因素的深入分析。
識別潛在市場最關鍵的因素是市場需求，市場需求是任何商業冒險活動成功或失敗的關鍵決定因素。雖然很顯而易見，但這種說法在選擇國外市場時經常被忽略。

純手工翻譯，供參考。

⑵ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻

這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara』s Marketing Strategy

Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」

The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.

Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

⑶ only品牌的 swot分析 稍微詳細點的

確認當前的戰略是什麼？ 2、 確認企業外部環境的變化（波特五力或者PEST） 3、 根據企業資源組合情況，確認企業的關鍵能力和關鍵限制。
4、 按照通用矩陣或類似的方式打分評價 把識別出的所有優勢分成兩組，分的時候以兩個原則為基礎：它們是與行業中潛在的機會有關，還是與潛在的威脅有關。用同樣的辦法把所有的劣勢分成兩組，一組與機會有關，另一組與威脅有關。 5、 將結果在SWOT分析圖上定位
或者用SWOT分析表，將剛才的優勢和劣勢按機會和威脅分別填入表格。

6、 戰略分析 舉一個科爾尼SWOT分析得出戰略的例子。
編輯本段成功應用SWOT分析法的簡單規則 ● 進行SWOT分析的時候必須對公司的優勢與劣勢有客觀的認識；
● 進行SWOT分析的時候必須區分公司的現狀與前景；
● 進行SWOT分析的時候必須考慮全面。
● 進行SWOT分析的時候必須與競爭對手進行比較，比如優於或是劣於你的競爭對手；
● 保持SWOT分析法的簡潔化，避免復雜化與過度分析；
● SWOT分析法因人而異。
一旦使用SWOT分析法決定了關鍵問題，也就確定是市場營銷的目標。SWOT分析法可與PEST analysis和Porter's Five-Forces analysis等工具一起使用。市場營銷課程的學生之所以熱衷於SWOT分析法是因為它的易學性與易用性。運用SWOT分析法的時候，要將不用的要素列入相關的表格當中去，很容易操作。

⑷ 傑克瓊斯營銷策略

概括一下：追求時尚，展現自我個性風格，設計簡潔不過於浮誇。

傑克瓊斯始終專注回男答裝設計和流行趨勢，代表著都市精英一絲不苟的穿衣品味。JACK & JONES傑克瓊斯堅持「成就最好的男人」的品牌承諾，授予展現天性的力量，贊揚率性造型的能力，展現雄性本能與野心，打造女性渴望的男人，讓男性散發出非凡氣度，無論身在職場還是生活中都能以最佳姿態邁向成功。其考究的做工，不流於浮誇的剪裁,讓職場精英們盡顯自信和獨到著裝品味。獨有的簡潔設計，豐富多樣的服裝與各式配件極大程度上滿足了都市男性對服裝的全方位訴求，為都市男性塑造專屬的個人風格。
身為業界領導品牌，JACK & JONES（傑克瓊斯）重新定義「率性」並將改變大眾的認知，讓率性成為陽剛與酷型的代名詞，成為年輕男人追隨的時尚指標。

⑸ 市場營銷中4P，4C的區別

4P是指產品（proct） 價格（price） 渠道（place） 促銷（promotion），這可以說是營銷最基本的構成要素，通過內4P不同的組合形成容多樣的營銷策略。
4C是指消費者(Consumer)、成本(Cost)、便利(Convenience)和溝通(Communication)，從內容可以明顯看出，這是以消費群體需求為前提和導向而提出的營銷觀點。

⑹ 急！求關於市場營銷（最好是關於營銷策略的）的英文文獻2000字左右的，最好帶翻譯，在線等！

大家知道，企業管理包括生產管理、營銷管理和財務管理等多個方面，而財務管理是企業整個管理體系的核心，企業的財務管理目標即是企業追求的目標。可見，只有以財務管理為中心，協調運作管理體系的各個方面，才能有效地強化企業管理，促進企業發展。從全國來說，民營企業數量眾多、分布廣泛、特點各異，再加上受宏觀經濟環境化和體制影響，民營企業在加強財務管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的「歧視」使民營企業和大型企業不能公平競爭，地方政府、行業管理部門的干預，使民營企業的財務管理目標短期化，再主要的就是民營企業財務管理受業主的影響過大等一些主觀因素的存在，導致財務管理的重要性被忽視。所以，其財務管理中存在的問題也多種多樣，我認為，目前普遍存在的問題和原因主要有：
（一）融資困難，周轉資金不足，使財務管理成斷源之湖。
目前，我國民營企業初步建立了較為獨立、渠道多元的融資體系，但是，融資難、擔保難，仍然是制約民營企業發展的最突出的問題，主要問題是：第一，負債過多，融資成本高，風險大，造成民營企業信用等級低，資信相對較差。第二，大多數民營企業是非大型企業，有些銀行受傳統觀念和行政干預的影響，對其貸款不夠熱心。第三，中介機構不健全，缺乏專門為民營企業貸款服務的金融中介機構和貸款擔保機構。
分析其主要原因表現在兩個方面：一是金融業對民營企業的信貸支持不夠。我國金融系統從設置到服務項目，大都是以大企業為服務對象，民營企業的信貸服務往往被忽視。由於貸款難，生產經營過程中所需資金不足，極大制約了民營企業的發展。有的民營企業，雖存在暫時困難，但銀行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民營企業的融資渠道單一，難以適應市場需求的變化。由於有的民營企業，在既得不到銀行的貸款支持，又不具有自我融資或向社會公開融資能力，無形中，加強企業財務管理也就成了一句空話，財務管理也就成了斷源之湖。
（二）財務控制薄弱，缺乏科學性，使財務管理舉步艱難。
大部分民營企業存在財務控制環節薄弱，而且對加強財務管理方面不夠重視，沒有從真正意義上理解財務管理在企業中的地位。主要問題有：一是資金管理不嚴，財務控制薄弱，造成資金閑置或不足。二是應收賬款周轉緩慢，造成資金回收困難。三是存貨控制薄弱，造成資金呆滯。四是重錢輕物，資產流失嚴重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民營企業認為現金越多越好，致使大量現金未參加周轉，有的是資金缺少計劃安排，過量購置不動產，而使企業無法應付經營急需的資金，陷入財務困境。二是沒有建立嚴格的賒銷政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，應收款不能兌現或形成呆賬。三是很多民營企業月末存貨佔用資金往往超過其營業額的兩倍以上，造成資金呆滯周轉失靈。四是不少民營企業管理者，對原材料、半成品、固定資產等管理不到位，出了問題無人追究，資產浪費嚴重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因為企業上層領導財務管理觀念落後，缺乏科學性，在思想上沒有真正理解財務管理對做大做強一個企業所起到的作用，沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，使財務管理失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用，舉步艱難。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色。
由於長期以來在思想上受到舊的財務制度的約束，企業管理人員的觀念比較滯後。主要問題有：一是企業的投資者同時就是經營者。二是企業管理者的管理能力和管理素質差，管理思想落後。
分析其原因主要是：民營企業典型的管理模式是所有權和經營權高度統一，企業的投資者同時就是經營者，這種模式勢必給企業的財務管理帶來負面影響，民營企業中相當一部分屬於個體私營性質，在這些企業中，企業領導者集權現象嚴重，並且對財務管理的理論方法缺乏應有的認識和研究，致使其職責不分，越權行事，造成財務管理混亂，財務監核不嚴，會計人員獨舟難行，想規范管理很難。大部分企業沒有或無法建立內部審計部門，即使有，也很難保證內部審計的獨立性。另外，有些企業沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，多數民營企業家尚未建立起諸如時間價值、風險價值、邊際成本、機會成本等科學管理的概念，由於管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色，失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.

⑺ 市場營銷需要看什麼書

首先，十分推薦你認真看下《營銷管理必讀12篇》這本書，相信你一定會有收獲。這本書是我看過的最好的市場營銷書籍，比很多傳統的教材或圖書都要強太多。要學好市場營銷最重要的是打好基礎知識及建立良好的營銷思路，而這本書正好會教會你這些東西。

關於市場營銷學的所有原理、知識及實戰性方法都可以在《營銷管理必讀12篇》中找到。認真讀下去，你會發這本書在幫你夯實基礎的同時會帶給你一次又一次深層次的思考與認知構建，最終會幫助你完成營銷專業知識體系的構建。

大量的案例加深理解，有了一些理論基礎讀起來就不是那麼晦澀難懂了。並且書中的案例很與時俱進，加多寶，I do，北京地鐵，國航，平均兩頁一個案例，讀起來不枯燥，且可以做積累~

戰略上的書就是比較有大局觀的了，其實我特別推薦看《大敗局》，吳曉波著。經管不分家，營銷和商科的其他專業更不分家。

以上，希望對所有有志學好市場營銷的朋友們有所幫助。

⑻ 關於veromoda和only 懂營銷的進！！

BS旗下的兩大女裝品牌ONLY與VM風格是有很大區別的。
ONLY主張的搭配風格較自由，奔放。版時尚元素較多。針對權18-24歲的年輕女性。
VM主張內斂，干練。成熟美與小女人風格並存。針對26-35歲的成熟女性。
用我自己的話來說就是一個是給女孩穿的，一個是給女人穿的。
至於為什麼凌致要分開這兩個品牌，我覺得只是出於單純得商業因素。
劃分細致，分門別類可以獲得更多的利潤。畢竟女人的錢要比男人好掙。
不過現在男性也成了消費主體後，凌致也另外開啟了一個新的男裝品牌。
SLT的誕生，也證明了他單純得商業考慮。JJ針對年輕男孩，SLT針對商務人士。