❶ 市場營銷論文1500字
那你多看看（現代市場營銷）吧，多看幾篇，都是免費下載的，自己寫就行了
❷ 關於zara的論文可以從哪些方面來寫
zara理念 背景 特色 價位 受眾
❸ 市場營銷的小論文 3000字左右
如何利用電視廣告進行成功的市場營銷
2006年11月18日21時20分，央視2007年黃金資源廣告招標經過13個小時的激戰後落幕，央視黃金資源廣告招標總額達到67.95億元，創歷史新高。這樣的結果顯示了商家對於電視廣告的重視程度，作為市場營銷的重要手段，商家不僅捨得投入巨資買下播出的黃金時間，更一擲千金請來明星大腕為自己的產品作代言，但是結果如何呢？
1995年11月8日黑馬秦池酒以6666萬元搶摘央視廣告標王的王冠，1996年11月8日，秦池又以3.212118億元天價衛冕標王成功，以至央視將所有黃金廣告時間都安排給秦池也無法完成3億多的廣告費。但由於沒有及時將經濟效益轉化為發展後勁，生產力跟不上需求量，「勾兌事件」在1997年初遭媒體曝光，對危機攻關的乏力使得秦池銷售一落千丈。
一、如果充分利用電視廣告進行成功的市場營銷，使企業的一擲千金不至於落得打了水漂，這就要根據企業本身以及產品本身尋找恰如其分的市場定位，然後確定廣告的創意，播出時間、地點、頻率，每個環節都很重要。
1、准確的市場定位
什麼樣的商品適合進行以電視廣告作為主的市場營銷方式？首先要研究什麼樣的人在看電視，某個時段某個欄目的收視群體集中在哪個年齡段。
一般以電視節目作為業余時間休閑活動的人群多集中在中年普通工薪族，特別是中年女性，她們往往也是決定家庭開銷去向的重要人物，所以日用品廣告、食品廣告、超市售護膚品廣告等都很適合在黃金時間播出。
年輕人現在看電視較少，但是男性青年對體育台情有獨鍾，特別是大型比賽的現場直播，運動產品的廣告很適合體育台播出。年輕的女性觀眾喜愛追看精品電視劇，但是對於港台或國外熱門聚集，她們多已買盤或網上觀賞過，通過電視追看的年輕女性比例並不是很高，所以專門以這類人群為受眾的商品並不適合做大面積的電視廣告。
老年人一般不捨得花錢，但是以老人為受眾的商品廣告突出子女孝敬買給老人，一般會達到不錯的效果。腦白金就是個典型的例子，惡俗的廣告創意和廣告語，配合高頻率的播出，造成一種買腦白金給父母就是孝順的感覺，致使產品大賣。
所以，如果商家將自己的產品定位在以上這些消費品中，就可以在適當的時段播出自己的廣告。如果自己的產品定位高，或不在以上所述之列，做廣告也是浪費金錢。比如女性高檔護膚品牌，很少出現在電視廣告中，它們更適合在時尚雜志這種手中集中的媒體里做廣告。
前一陣子，Chanel斥巨資請來巨星妮可"基德曼拍攝類似於《紅磨坊》風情的Chanel 5°廣告，在黃金時段「點映」，純粹屬於品牌形象廣告，因為播出次數稀少，觀眾也抱著看大片的心態來欣賞。大品牌製作精良的形象廣告極低頻率的播出，會產生事半功倍的效果。
2、廣告創意
好的廣告創意至關重要，很多花了大價錢製作的廣告達不到預期效果，甚至給消費者造成不良印象都是因為創意不好、創意雷同，或者說不能准確表達產品定位，造成理解的歧義。
3、明星代言
有實力的大企業喜歡用明星代言，甚至有攀比之風，似乎不用明星就不能顯示自己的實力，但是，明星代言真正能起到應有作用的比例卻不高。以洗發水廣告為例，現在幾乎所有的洗發水都啟用大明星代言，但是回憶一下我發現，大多隻記得美女們烏黑長發一甩的美麗身影，洗發水是什麼牌子完全想不起來。
讓我有印象的倒是很多年前的「百年潤發」廣告，周潤發細心為女友洗頭發的溫情畫面深印腦海，產品名稱與明星名字一樣，又是周潤發這樣大眾情人，當年此洗發水大賣說明了廣告的成功。最近讓人印象深刻的洗發水廣告之一是詹尼弗"洛佩茨出演的力士洗發水廣告。力士一向以國際明星代言自己的產品，比較有自己的特色。詹尼弗在廣告中凸現迷人魅力以及力士標志的曲線發卡，這個小道具令人對品牌印象深刻。
所以，廣告中起用明星，一定要與自己的品牌有相同的氣質或特色，不能誰紅就用誰。聯想電腦有段時間在廣告上很捨得投資，章子怡紅了就斥巨資請她代言，廣告做得不知所雲，F4火了，就一下請來4個「花樣美男」，廣告做得奇奇怪怪。同時期，百事可樂也請F4全體成員作了一支廣告，創意延續了真正使F4成為明星的劇集《流星花園》的劇情，至今讓我印象深刻。而百事可樂一直通過廣告強調自己年輕有活力的特色，F4本身很符合百事的氣質，廣告創意更是精確的表達了這種訴求。
最近看到葛優為神州行做的廣告，個人認為並不合適，雖然葛優的形象一直是對普通大眾很有親和力的，但是，你相信葛優的手機是用神州行而不是全球通的嗎？總覺得他收了錢說假話。這種廣告的感覺就是多此一舉。和周傑倫代言的動感地帶相比遜色太多，不知道移動是不是從周傑倫代言上嘗到了太多甜頭才做出這種舉動。
❹ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
❺ 市場營銷論文 3000字
淺談營銷網路
市場經濟的激烈競爭，使各個企業在強化企業管理、提高產品質量、積極開發新產品的同時，將營銷工作放在了重要位置。所謂營銷，就是通過企業策劃、創意、運籌，不斷打開市場、擴大市場，增加企業在市場上的份額，最後是佔領市場。建立營銷網路，就是在市場基礎上的整體營銷。
一、 哪裡有市場，哪裡就要建立營銷網路
營銷網路實際上是一個直接市場營銷的新形式，根據現在營銷理論看，營銷網路是一種直接市場營銷的技術推動力，就是將傳統的以推銷自己的產品為中心模式，轉變到現代營銷理論上講的強調溝通的新模式上來。
在企業經營中，市場是永恆的主題。市場是在不斷變化的，因而，營銷也要不斷進行變化。以前，計劃經濟時代，國家對工業產品實行統購統銷，企業只管生產。現在，企業不僅要保證正常的生產，而且還要在營銷上做文章。
特別是在激烈的市場競爭中，不斷強化營銷工作，我們為了使自己的產品佔領市場，在全國編制了一個營銷網路。一是對傳統老用戶和固定客源保持緊密的夥伴關系，並以此確定為營銷工作的基礎。二是在全國主要地區建立現貨市場，我們先後在北京、河北、山東、上海、浙江等地建立了10多個現貨市場，形成產品營銷的根據地。三是發動營銷人員在全國各地進行廣泛的調查研究，直接與相關的企業進行聯系，這樣形成了我公司的營銷網路。
二、利用信息化手段，建立電子商務營銷網路
知識經濟和信息化時代的到來，給我們營銷工作帶來了新的發展空間。面對形勢的發展，要轉變營銷觀念，建立網路營銷。以傳統營銷方式相比，網路營銷的特點主要表現在以下幾個方面：
1、便利性。網路營銷為消費者提供了更方便快捷的購物方式，在網路營銷中，消費者可以通過電腦屏幕游覽貨架，可以拉近畫面觀看任何想要的商品以及相應的價格、性能等等，整個過程簡單隨意。
我們利用電子商務與國內一家著名的網路公司達成協議，進行網路營銷。 網路銷售十分成功，一下打開了局面。過去我們尋找用戶，一、二個月才打聽到一、二家，千里奔波進行洽談，而往往又有時信息不準，途勞而歸。進行電子營銷以後，改變了被動局面。
2、互動性。網路營銷體現的是人機交互的特點。體現出信息交流的互動性，產品交易的互動性，以及服務的互動性。對消費者來說，是主動性和平等性的增強。顧客可以主動參與到產品的設計、生產和銷售的過程中，可以通過網路傳遞信息，要求生產廠家按照自己的要求訂做產品。這實際上是以顧客為中心，滿足顧客需求的營銷理念提升到了一個新的高度。
我們感到，網路營銷一是設備銷售有針對性了，許多用戶在網上見到了設備介紹，慕名而來，目的就是要買他們所需的設備。二是效率提高了，網上信息交流使有的用戶因急等專業設備，又因加工周期長來不及製作，知道有現成的設備，馬上就來提貨，有時一天要接待買家一、二十戶，一改過去封閉狹隘的銷售空間，使購銷雙方有機地互動起來。
3、低成本性。網路營銷可以實現生產廠商和最終顧客之間直接互動，無需傳統營銷中盲打的營銷人員，減少了中間環節和中間費用。
過去跑客戶，全國各地找，只差旅費就是一筆不小的數字，現在藉助電子商務網路，我們銷售服務中心的人員，可以在家接待客商了，而且在競買中取得了較好地效益，銷售成本降低了。 所謂「智者得先機」，積極適應網路化得需要，創新企業營銷系統，才會在市場角逐中贏得機會！
4、全球性。網路的連通性決定了網路營銷的跨國性；網路的開放性，決定了網路營銷市場的全球性。在此之前，任何一種營銷理念和營銷方式，都是在一定的范圍內尋找目標客戶。而網路營銷，是在一種無國界的、開放的、全球的范圍內去尋找目標客戶。
我們每年要向國外客戶銷售十萬噸鋼材，對很多商戶來說，基本是一次考察終身訂貨。就是說通過一次考察，可以了解雙方的經營規模、產品定向、商業信譽情況。以後所有產品均通過網路接洽實現訂貨。營銷活動不受空間的限制，從而可以大大提高營銷的效果。
5、服務性。網路營銷的服務可以不受時間限制，可以提供全方位、全過程、全天侯，利用網路，企業可以向大量顧客提供服務，從而可以大大提高服務效率。
企業的服務人員，可以向顧客提供遠程服務，在很大程度上克服了地域的限制。
6、虛擬性。網路營銷構築了網路這樣一個虛擬空間，不在這樣一個空間，形成自己的虛擬市場，正是得意於此，網路營銷才能突破傳統營銷的局限，以飛快的速度發展起來，實際上，不僅僅是為了網路銷售，更重要的是有效的進行產品宣傳。
隨著世界經濟一體化趨勢的發展，建立電子營銷網路，給我們產品銷售市場帶來了新的空間，這不僅在國內而且在國際市場上還開辟了廣闊的領域。作為一種現代化管理手段，作為先進技術的發展趨勢，電子商務必然會走上一個新的階段