A. 求一段英文文獻,中英文對照,可以附錄在論文後面的文章,關於營銷道德方面的,要求4000字左右!高分懸賞!
關於會計職業道德論文淺談會計職業道德論文:試論...不斷壯大的會計隊伍已逐漸成為我國...在執法方面,要加大懲治力度,特別是會計信息的...
B. 市場營銷的論文(英文)
We have no and naked, no natural born poor. Life is up to grab is accepted, the old man, all is the guide, the heart of choice. Someone to heal old daughter, dissolved, To support the old people, not hesitate heavy gold. Someone believes in "good filial first", Someone ran XiaoYi ShengSiGuan "a". Some old people choose to choose, Shan refused. Beauty and ugliness, good and evil, all in a deathless, science, or, in the twinkling. Show filial obedience so much, just want to tell you, choose filial piety, don't let cloud cover, and let bilge blind eyes, for old people, for himself, and holding a pure, filial piety. Filial piety and sentenced to between inverse for pushing, pion, choose die, LiKui split between mother tiger newspaper alone, choose DE zhao later, Father: for the incense is warm, age WangWenYi body feed mosquitoes. Father can help you a lot. Make a valuable, the real life social conscience of conscience, people will donative you return. A man in the storm, will survive their lives to save the old man, A journey in the desert will resolutely solution under a pot of water to his last old man. But the old man ride in some apparent pride; and under, Someone from a degenerate into key son, That old man to save someone variable labor, Someone is playing time points, old man, scold, short pleasure, long lament. Standing in the crossroads in my life, don't go the wrong way! Land and buildings, money, don't take it with, want so much why? End, but nothing, even old man, even life, even if again, even turn, whereby the sympathy and earned a few tears? No one to help you. If you are the eagle, choose to respect, If you are ShaOu, knew support, If you are a sparrow, will consciously serve elder, If you are a person, he should know filial respect parent, old man. If you are a reluctant to lose your personality, a mediocre, will not corrode your, do a pure matchless you, holding on as snow filial piety, clean and beautiful, despite all filthiness and all society, selfish, filial piety to man. If the father, the world will become more beautiful tradition. You will find himself very beautiful, the old man is beauty. You will know, father is satisfied, pay is happy. Choose filial old man! Action is the proof!
C. 有人能給我發一份市場營銷策略方面的英文和翻譯好的中文文獻給我嗎5000字以上就行了
目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
1當前國際營銷的狀況及成因 3
1.1當前國際營銷的狀況 3
1.1.1國際營銷的發展 3
1.1.2國際營銷的特點 4
1.1.3國際市場的內容 4
1.1.4國際營銷的環境 5
1.2國際營銷的成因 7
2精成企業現狀及問題分析 8
2.1企業簡介 8
2.2現狀分析 9
2.2.1國際市場產品分析 9
2.2.2國際進入方式分析 9
2.2.3國際定價分析 10
2.2.4國際市場促銷分析 10
2.2.5國際市場營銷人才分析 10
2.3精成企業國際營銷存在的主要問題 11
2.3.1對國際市場了解不夠 11
2.3.2缺乏國際營銷人才 12
2.3.3缺少國際廣告 12
3精成企業的國際市場策略 13
3.1國際產品策略 13
3.1.1產品組合策略 13
3.1.2運用好國際產品生命周期 13
3.3.3 做好國際產品包裝與品種工作 13
3.2國際市場進入方式策略 14
3.2.1鞏固間接出口 14
3.2.2積極發展直接出口 15
3.2.3嘗試國外生產 15
3.3國際渠道策略 17
3.3.1利用好國外中間商 17
3.3.2運用好傳統渠道與新興渠道模式 17
3.3.3揮發好標准化與多樣化的作用 18
3.4國際定價策略 19
3.4.1認識影響國際價格的因素 19
3.4.2做好國際定價管理 19
3.4.3選好定價基本方法與策略 19
3.4.4運用好國際企業定價策略 20
3.5國際促銷策略 20
3.5.1做好國際廣告 20
3.5.2在國外進行人員推銷 21
3.5.3結合營業推廣 21
3.5.4搞好公共關系 22
4精成企業的國際策略的實施 23
4.1建立阿里巴巴中國供應商網 23
4.2培養新型外貿人才 23
4.3做好廣告工作 24
結論 26
參考文獻 27
致謝 28
附錄一 29
國際營銷的發展前景 29
附錄二 34
International Marketing Prospects For Development 34
摘要
加入世界貿易組織不僅給我們整個社會的經濟、生活帶來巨大變化,而且使國際貿易發生了巨大變革,使在貿易中占據重要地位的國際市場營銷活動面臨著新的選擇和挑戰。營銷的各個方面,無論是市場調研、市場開拓、營銷隊伍和營銷組合都顯現出新經濟的作用。一方面,國際市場營銷的空間領域擴大了,營銷的技術更先進了;而另一方面,營銷的復雜性上升了,營銷的難度也加大了。中國加入WTO之後,帶來的是新的市場游戲規則、新的理念、知識、技術、資金、人才和全球的龐大市場。由於加入WTO後國際市場壁壘的減少,中國企業將有更多的機會在全球發達的消費市場中展示實力和發展自己的事業,實現跨國經營。本文論述了國際營銷理論的國內外發展、國際營銷的特點、內容和各種環境分析。還有國際營銷在我國企業的運用情況,分析了中國中小型民型企業在國際營銷中存在的問題,指出了入世後中國企業國際市場營銷應對策略以及實施過程。
【關鍵字】 國際營銷;營銷策略;產品組合
Abstract
After china entered into world trade organization, Great change has taken place. The each aspect of marketing,include market investigation,market explanation and marketing troops,is reflecting new economic impact.On the other hand,the realm of the international marketing extended,the technique of the marketing is more advanced; on the other hand,the complexity of the marketing ran high,the difficulties of the marketing enlarge,too.This text This text discussed the international market characteristics,contents of the theories』s domestic and international development,international market with the every kind of environment analysis.It also discussed the domestic and international development of the international marketing theory,and analyzed the China inside the business enterprise of small scaled people type the problem that exsits in the international market,and point outed into the international market of Chinese business enterprise of a life time empress the market to reply the strategy and into practice the process.
Keywords: International marketing;Marketing strategies;Proct combination
D. 市場營銷畢業論文 外文參考文獻
2、(美)約翰.A.昆奇著,呂一林譯,?市場營銷管理—教程與案例?北京.北京大學出版社,2000
3、查回爾斯.戴克著,李聖賢答譯寶潔的觀點內蒙古.內蒙古人民出版社1999
4、JamesAFitzsimmons著,張金成范秀成譯,《服務管理》,北京.機械工業出版社2000
5、RaymondP.Fisk等著,張金成等譯,《互動服務營銷》北京.機械工業出版社2000
6.菲利普
E. 求一篇有關市場營銷英文的論文5000字
First, services marketing. Modern economic development is characterized by a significant service instry booming national economy, the status of its growing importance of services marketing highlights the growing importance of China has joined WTO, foreign companies have to seize the Chinese, and foreign services, marketing war will appear white-hot trend. Economic life of service can be divided into two categories. One is service procts, proct creation and delivery for customers mainly from the core interests of intangible services. The other is the function of services, procts, mainly from the formation of the core interests of the ingredients, invisible only to meet customer service needs of non-major. Berry think that the source of the proct's core interests, the tangible and intangible elements of composition to be more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "commodity" (tangible procts); if intangible components of tangible elements to more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "service." And services consistent with this distinction, service marketing research formed the two major areas, namely services, procts, marketing and customer service marketing. Service is the essence of proct marketing, how to promote the exchange of proct services; customer service is of the essence of marketing, how to use the services as a marketing tool to promote the exchange of tangible procts. However, both services proct marketing, or customer service, marketing, service marketing is the core concept of customer satisfaction and loyalty, and by obtaining customer satisfaction and loyalty to the promotion of mutually beneficial exchange, and ultimately sales performance improvement and long-term business growth. Second, network marketing. Use of the Internet is a communication line, into the international network of global computer information delivery system will be the next most important channel for marketing. Internet Marketing features include; can provide anytime, anywhere 24 hours of global marketing services; computer can store large amounts of information, on behalf of consumer inquiries, the amount of information transmitted and accuracy, far more than other media; to meet market demands in a timely manner Update proct or price adjustments; rece printing and mailing costs; and no store rent, saving water and labor costs; can avoid the interference of a salesman selling strong; can talk through the provision of information and interaction with consumers long-term good relations. Internet is the most powerful marketing tool, it also combines Qu, marketing, electronic transactions, interactive customer service and market information analysis and delivery of a variety of functions. It features sound and light interactive communication, as of time, the media, who have been attracted to the eyes of the younger generation. In addition, it has a one to one marketing capabilities, it is consistent with [Focus marketing] and [direct marketing] future trend. Internet marketing can be considered as an emerging marketing channels, it is not necessarily to replace the traditional channels, but through the development of information technology to innovation and re-marketing channels. But it is undeniable that online marketing is bound to impact traditional marketing, so the business community must pay attention to this trend, and with the software instry for close contact and cooperation. Advertising instry as an example, in the latest media age, sales are consistent from start to finish operation, that is attracting attention from the triggered interest, resulting in purchases, procurement, these cities become, and advertising companies will participate in the marketing of the whole. Commercial enterprises also need to change the traditional organizational forms, to enhance the functions of the new media sector, the introction of both quality and marketing personnel in computer technology, the future can have the market's competitive advantage. Third, green marketing. The so-called "green marketing" refers to the social and enterprises are fully aware of the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and the resulting need for clean-based pollution-free procts based on the discovery, creation and select market opportunities, through a series of rational means of marketing to meet consumer and community development needs of the ecological environment and realize sustainable development process. Green Marketing is the core ecological principles in accordance with environmental protection and to select and determine the marketing mix strategy is based on green technology, green markets and green based on economic, ecological concerns for the human response to a mode of operation. Some developed countries the demand for green procts is very extensive, but developing countries as capital and consumer orientation, quality and consumer reasons, it can not really achieve the greening of all consumer demand. Taiwan for instance, currently only some food, home appliances, communication procts, part-green; while developed countries have adopted a variety of ways and means, including legislation, etc., Lai Tuixing and the achievement of all procts Di green consumption. Thus having a very broad basis of market demand for green marketing activities have laid a solid foundation. To green, for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, the demand for green food can not self-sufficient, the United Kingdom every year, the import of 80% of the total food consumption in Germany is as high as 98%. This indicates that the market potential for green procts is very large, very wide market demand. Green marketing is the twenty-first century consumer demand resulting from a novel marketing idea, that is, green marketing, marketing is also not out of the original theory. Therefore, the development of green marketing model and program selection and integration of related resources can not can not be severed from the original basis of marketing theory can be said that green marketing is the pursuit of health, safety, environmental protection, developed under the ideology of the new ways and means of marketing. Establish a modern enterprise is only a new marketing philosophy of sustainable development, make efforts to green marketing, the development of green procts for green proction, and sustainable development to adapt to the trend. At the same time, enterprises can further "consumer oriented", to promote sustainable consumption patterns of the full development and realization of their obligation to promote social development and ecological development of the responsibilities and obligations, so that their economic, social and environmental benefits .
F. 跪求中英語對照的5000字的關於市場營銷論文
有些公司認為,制定戰略的方法就是集中公司中三到四名最好的人員,將他們鎖在房子里討論,直到得出問題的答案為止。這就是常說的「封閉的智囊團法」。另一些公司則偏愛於將其全部德高望重的管理人員集中於會議中心(或氣候宜人的加勒比海小島上)以討論未來的計劃——即「避開電話、避開一切」的方法。這兩種方法都盡可能地避開日常的戰術選擇,試圖得到長期的戰略思考。顯然,這兩種方法都是不正確的。
1.戰略服從於戰術
正如結構要服從於功能一樣,戰略要服從於戰術。也就是說,戰術上取得成功是戰略的唯一的最終目標。如果已定的戰略無益於戰術結果,那麼,這樣的戰略就是錯誤的,而不管它有多麼完美的形象與體現。戰略的制定不是從上到下,而應該是自下而上的。一位將軍只有深入了解戰場上發生的一切,才能在制定有效的戰略中處於有利的地位。戰略不是來自塗有防腐劑的象牙塔中,而是生存於市場的土壤里。
一個完善的戰略的目的在於推動戰術的運用,而沒用其它別的意圖。在軍事活動中,一項行動計劃的目的,簡單地說,就是讓兩位士兵作好准備,願意並且能夠在一定時間和地點向唯一的敵人開戰。換句話說,就是在戰術上運用實力原則。重大的戰略可能是大膽的、激動人心的,甚至是令人畏懼的,但如果從戰術上看,它不能保證戰場上的軍隊在准確的時間和地點完成任務,那麼,這個戰略就是徹底失敗。就這方面而言,沒有壞的戰略和好的戰略之分,它本身沒有天生的優點。它們不像一部小說的情節或一部電影的輪廓,只等著有人給填上正確的詞語和音樂。它們也不同於藝術作品需要從它們獨特性、創造性和大膽的構思幾方面來判斷,營銷戰略應該從它與消費者和競爭者的聯系方面來確定它們的效果。
在軍事戰爭中,一個認真學習戰略的學生是從刺刀的研究開始的。卡爾·馮·克勞塞維茨他之所以成為世界上最著名的軍事戰略家並不是偶然的,因為他在12歲就加入了普魯士軍隊,開始了他的軍事生涯。他深深地懂得什麼是戰爭,因為他經歷了無數次驚心動魄的戰爭:在耶拿之戰他被法國人俘虜了;在波羅的尼,他參加了拿破崙與沙皇的軍隊激戰;在貝爾塞納河畔,他目睹了歷史上最悲慘的場景之一——數千名法國人被踩在哥薩克人的馬蹄下;他也參加了滑鐵盧大戰……,他的偉大戰略思想是在戰火的熔爐中產生的。克勞塞維茨之所以懂得勝利的意義,因為他曾飽嘗過被戰敗的苦難。所有偉大的軍事戰略家都有相似的經歷,他們通過先研究戰術來掌握戰略,戰略要服從於戰術。
把一門大炮裝在一台內燃機的上部,再配以裝甲和履帶,這樣你擁有了什麼?坦克——相當於拿破崙時代的大炮的20世紀的武器。
二次大戰中最優秀的軍事戰略家也是從軍事戰術基礎學起,這也許不是偶然的。1917年,小喬治·史密斯·巴頓是坎莫波羅戰役中的觀戰者,當時,英國人發動了世界上首次大規模的坦克進攻。1918年,巴頓成為美國裝甲兵第一任司令,同年後期,他率領坦克部隊進入聖密哈爾前沿陣地。在1944年的諾曼底登陸和橫跨法國的激烈的攻擊戰中,巴頓用他的坦克戰術,使他的第三軍打破了奪取陣地方面所有的世界紀錄。
盡管他有性格暴躁的缺陷,但巴頓無疑是一位精明的戰略家,他在軍事領域的成就應歸功於克勞塞維茨的戰略思想的影響。他曾說過:「我們不能先做計劃,然後試圖讓環境來適應計劃,而應該使計劃適應於環境的變化。我認為,高級將領中成功與失敗的差別就在於他是否具有適應環境的能力。」
廣告就是當今營銷戰中的坦克和大炮。作為一位營銷戰略家,只有你掌握了如何使用廣告的戰術,你才能擺脫艱難的不利地位。由於許多管理人員忽視了廣告力量的應用,他們下令發動自殺性的進攻戰以襲擊掩藏著的對手,這極類似於在第一次世界大戰的塹壕戰中曾發生過的事。巴頓說:「敵軍的背部是裝甲部隊極易攻擊的地方,設法去攻擊它。」蘋果公司僱傭約翰·斯考利,不是因為他了解百事可樂的配方和如何經營瓶裝工廠,而是因為他處理廣告的藝術。盡管命運總與斯考利的辦公計算機戰略作對,但他的廣告至今仍在使用,他創造的以喬治·奧威爾為主題的1984年的廣告產生了其它任何一項電視信息無與倫比的巨大沖擊。
這並不是說人唰推銷和其它營銷手段過時了。在營銷戰中,每種武器都有其重要的作用(正如拿破崙時代的步兵的作用一樣),但廣告是最重要的武器,如果一個公司想贏得一場大的營銷戰,必須把廣告處理得完美無缺。批評家引用了許多事例來證明處理不當的廣告似乎並沒有什麼不良影響。IBM公司成功地推出了微型機,並沒有因為廣告中有查理·卓別林的滑稽形象而遭受損失;的確,質量差的廣告對巨大的IBM公司來說只是一點小小的麻煩,但對於那些沒有和IBM公司同樣大實力的公司而言,低劣的廣告將會決定他們的命運。
2.戰略容忍平庸的戰術
戰略來源於對戰術的充分理解,奇怪的是戰略並不依賴於最好戰術,良好的戰略的精髓在於不依靠完美的戰術也能夠在營銷戰中取勝。IBM公司不需要突出的廣告也能贏得微機戰,因為,在這種產品投放市場前,作為第一家生產家用計算機公司的戰略就保證了IBM公司的成功,這種戰略使公司的戰術順利實施;而對戰術的充分理解則決定了IBM公司採取這種戰略。
在認識到廣告武器的重要性的同時,許多公司領導又錯誤地依賴於它,他們試圖尋找廣告中的絕招以保證公司在戰爭中取勝。有些公司把賭注下在宏大的廣告計劃上,希望它會挽救局勢,但這樣的局勢很少得到挽救,道理是相當簡單的;如果戰略是有用的,一般的戰術也可以取勝,如果需要完美的戰術才能取勝,那麼這個戰略就不是可靠的。換句話說,既依賴於完美的戰術同時又依賴於一個不可靠的戰略的公司,它將在兩種不同的情況下失敗:①不完善的戰略;②對完美戰術的依賴,這在歷史上很少出現。
但沒有什麼東西是絕對的,營銷戰和軍事戰一樣,命運有時與人作對。克勞塞維茨說:「局勢越是無法挽回,越易遭受嚴重的打擊」。依靠完善的戰術來取勝的營銷將領常常很快會抱怨武器失靈。在今天的戰場上,廣告是常規武器。
3.戰略指導戰術
在制定戰略過程中,有些將領忽視對戰術問題的研究,因此一旦戰爭開始,他們變得對戰術問題敏感了。如果一個戰略從戰術的觀點來看是可行的,那麼戰爭一開始,戰略就應當指導著戰術。
一位善戰的將領應該能夠忽視戰術上的困難,以便加快戰略目標的實現。有時,花費大量的財力去克服可能阻礙總體戰略實施的困難也是必要的,例如,有時為了實現有助於總體戰略成功的戰術目標,不得不在短期內虧本經營。反之亦然,如果戰術目標與戰略相矛盾,你也許不得不縮減甚至放棄盈利產品的經營,對一味追求銷售量的管理人員來說,這就會惹起許多麻煩。克勞塞維茨一貫強調戰略的整體性。他很快就放棄了這一同念,即奪取某一當然的戰略要地或對一個無防禦的地區的佔領意味著一切,除非它有利於總體行動。克勞塞維茨又提到:「正如商人不能將一筆生意的所得拿出保存起來一樣,戰爭中的單項優勢也不能和總目標相脫離。」像可口可樂這樣的20世紀的貿易商有時會忘記一條19世紀商人都熟知的原則,他們願意引進一種需求不殷的產品,如減肥可樂來出售,而當他們的泰博的生意下降時,他們又表示驚訝!記住:「單項優勢不能和總目標相脫離。」
產生分權式管理方法的最大原因是由於公司的戰術缺乏戰略指導。像產品大量擴張一樣,分權式管理在短期內會產生一定的效果,但從長期看,公司註定要遭殃。國際電報電話公司就是一個恰當的例子,它最近為長期的分權式管理付出了代價。現場決策是大多數分散組織用來維護自身存在的理由。現場研究戰術問題是制定切實可行的戰略的基本組成部分,但它僅是一個部分,仍需要有人將各組成部分聯成一個系統的整體戰略。
4.重點進攻
在一定時期內,一項目標會控制著一個公司的戰略計劃,公司的資源應當優先滿足這項目標的需要,這種觀念可以稱之為「重點進攻」。
分權式管理和公司的戰略缺乏整體性導致了多面進攻,這在今天的美國企業中是常見的。有些公司成功了,有些公司失敗了,但沒有一家能協調一致,以保證企業的長期發展。以埃克森(EXXON)公司投身辦公用品系統的不幸經歷為例:Qwip、Qwyx、Zilog、Vydec、Daystar、Dialog和Delphi,這些都是埃克森公司進攻辦公用品市場使用的一些牌子,但它的戰略表現在哪裡?石油與水的組合要比石油與辦公設備的組合好得多。IBM公司的微機開發與埃克森公司的盲目行動正好相反,它的微機開發有一個重要的戰略目標:防止公司的主機生意受到側面的攻擊,且他們投入了大量的人力、物力用於微機開發(同樣的思想使IBM公司360/370主機產品線提前出現了幾十年)
有些公司經常為其下屬組織提供財力和物力,可在實際經營中卻很少或根本就不對它們進行指導。「拿這些東西去賺錢」是採取多面進攻的公司的一般指導方針。而公司的下屬組織在開始經營時,一般都傾向於對「機會目標」發動進攻。既定的目標容易捕捉,這也許是有道理的,但是,它們是否會有長遠的未來呢?就拿文字處理機來說吧,當IBM公司的重點轉向通用辦公計算機時,文字處理機市場相對開放了,所以,蘭尼亞公司、CPT公司、NBI公司以及其它一些公司迅速地進入這個市場,試圖抓住這一目標,但明天這些公司將奔向何方?華納通訊公司購買了阿特羅公司時,其長期戰略是否存在?過去,這些公司的行動被時髦地稱為多樣化經營,實際上,他們在公然違反軍事准則中最基本的東西——集中兵力。MCI公司為什麼要一直與世界大公司之一的美國電報電話公司交戰?並通過開設MCI郵政業務開辟了第二戰場?從軍事觀點看,這樣做毫無意義,當這項業務的經營虧損上長時,這項活動在營銷方面看似乎也沒有存在的意義。通用汽車公司以25億美元從達拉斯的羅斯,波羅特手裡買下了電子數據系統後,他們想干什麼?可以肯定「它毫無戰略意義」。
如果公司採取這樣的行動是偶然的,那實在是糟透了(他們提供了我們不能拒絕的機會)。要是公司放棄他們的整體戰略而只發展多樣化戰略那就更糟了。拿索尼公司來說,據《幸福》雜志報道,它已制定了50—50的戰略,即到1990年要使生產的消費品和非消費品各佔50%,以取代今天的80%和20%,這樣做有意義嗎?不!這樣只不過是把資源從獲勝的戰場上轉移到失敗的戰場上,況且索尼公司是在一個非常時期——他們在消費品生意上面臨著危機時做這一切。
5.進攻與反攻
物理定律描述到:每一對作用力都有一大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。但許多營銷指揮官在制定作戰計劃時卻好像他們的敵人沒有任何反應一樣,沒有什麼事情比它更遠離事實了。可能發生的事恰恰相反:你降價50%,你的競爭對手也很可能這樣做;對於每一項行動,你的競爭對手一定會做出某些反應,即使他們不能與你的最初動機完全一致。不要陷入自己的盲目行動中。一項可行的營銷戰略是要考慮到競爭對手的反擊的,許多營銷戰的基本原則已認識到了反擊的危險性,進攻原則之二即是:尋找並攻擊領導企業實力上的薄弱環節。因為,領導企業為了阻止這樣的攻擊,他們不得不削弱自己的實力,這實在是他們不願做的事情
預測市場份額變化是分析反擊可能性的另一種方法,有些公司大膽地預言到他們將佔有一半的市場份額,但是卻沒有估計到這一過程中會發生的反擊,受傷的大鷹也會做出反應。要考慮到反擊的存在,但與處於進攻地位的你相比,你的競爭對手將花費更多的財力,作出更大的犧牲才能保護他們所擁有的東西。
6.行動並非獨立於戰略
不論一個公司採取或准備採取什麼行動,它都不能與它所體現的戰略相分離,行動就是戰略的體現。
但是,許多營銷人員認為戰略與行動是可以分離的,例如,蘋果公司曾聲稱,它打算入侵幸福500。現在蘋果公司的人不能停下來自問:「我們的戰略是什麼?」入侵幸福500是蘋果公司的戰略,入侵是否成功除了考慮IBM公司的實力外,將主要取決於這項戰略所產生的戰術能否適用於蘋果公司。當然,蘋果公司可以利用營銷戰的基本原則(例如,在狹窄的戰線上發動進攻)來增加它取勝的機會,但這些因素的作用是有限度的,更基本的戰略問題是:一個擁有像蘋果公司這樣財產的小公司能夠在IBM的老窩里與之較量嗎?
成功的大公司常常由於錯誤地理解「有志者,事竟成」的格言而陷入困境,他們經常先決定公司要達到的目的,然後分派力量制定戰略以實現他們的目標。沒有一個大公司有實力這樣做,總有些目標是他們所無力達到的。
精明的營銷戰略家生活在戰術與實力的世界中,他們決不會因其自我意識而妨礙了判斷,也決不貪圖不可能的事情,更不可能發動超出合理目標范圍的進攻。他們把精力集中於利用現有戰術能夠實現的目標上,而不是集中於宏偉的規劃或空洞的幻想上。
7.戰略不能與戰術相分離
行動體現戰略,戰略體現戰術,這是一個緊密無罅的序列,如果你想在某一點上將它割裂,你將自食其果。戰術方面的知識有助於制定戰略,戰略使公司行動的實施成為可能。一旦行動被確定,下一步就是戰略指導戰術;戰略與戰術之間的障礙會危害整個過程。
以大多數營銷戰的廣告為例:公司通常僱傭某些代理商處理廣告活動中的戰術問題,但公司一般在代理商著手工作之前就制定了營銷戰略;換句話來說,即公司決定做什麼,代理商決定如何做。這聽起來如此簡單和合乎邏輯,以致指出這種安排的致命缺陷似乎是不合適的。戰略與戰術之間人為的障礙使代理商的戰術問題上的專業技能難以成為公司制定戰略時的一個積極因素。
為了使將來的營銷戰更有效,廣告代理商必須更多地參與戰略計劃工作,或者公司必須掌握更多的廣告戰術,兩種傾向似乎是同時發生的。可是,當今沒有幾家代理商知道如何將廣告戰術知識融進戰略計劃中,也沒有幾家公司深入掌握了廣告戰術。許多代理商將會強烈地拒絕有更多的戰略思考的要求,因為從深層看,他們不願對廣告的成功負責,而寧願把失敗歸罪於產品或銷售能力
G. marketing 市場營銷論文 要英文版的
With the development of IT technology, business to the increasingly rapid pace of change to the network, and now we have entered the information age, speed has become our constant pursuit of direction. For each enterprise essential to marketing departments in order to advance the pace of change even more in, people began to network marketing transformation.
Some experts said that in the Internet age of today's Internet Marketing will soon replace the traditional marketing methods and become the main theme of the market. Because people can see the advantages of the network marketing, in-house, departments, and between all departments of the Internet to share information, but also shorten the time for the transmission of information. Thus greatly improving the efficiency of the computer above the company can build up a database, there are customers inside the basic information and consumer information records and is concive to the implementation of one-on-one marketing, for better customer service. At the same time also allow customers to feel he is very business-to-the mind, increase customer loyalty and sales network for the same very attractive, it may omit many brokers, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers and even And to directly face the customer. Thus greatly rece the cost, the enterprise's procts more competitive to achieve greater sales, and more importantly is able to get the fastest rate of customer feedback to enable enterprises to adapt to market the proct more demand e to enterprises Always walk in the forefront of the market.
Some experts say that may be. Network marketing is some advantage, but his shortcomings but can not be ignored. Network can get market information faster, but the network sales increase sales but can not agree with. They believe that this network has only the most cutting-edge things. Most people have not accepted this approach. It is also not in the habit of online shopping, the things on these virtual lack of trust, they believe that the reality is quite the thing. Life, if I bought What is the problem with the quality of things you can find manufacturers directly, or find a vendor, and will soon receive a response. I do not know that the Internet can be the Whom do I contact, how to find, when a reply » Some say things simply do not fit in online sales, proction companies such as Coca-Cola drinks, I Xianghe when casually into stores or supermarkets which can be bought, it has more convenient, however, how to simplify the sales process? » Everyone knows that there is no need of. If you get the trust of customers, to the extent possible, satisfy the customer, then I think the most effective way is not to rece costs, as long as you in every corner of the world placed on Coke, so that people no matter what time any place as long as the wish to Drink will be able to see it and that is the biggest customer satisfaction, not only rece costs but forgot the more important in the market.
Network development is fast, according to the computer penetration rate is now to complete the transition to the network also needs a long time, not to mention to our Chinese enterprises. Network marketing is a great potential, but also可要not fully developed, the traditional marketing methods will still dominate, the network marketing soon replace the traditional marketing is not realistic. Perhaps the best marketing is not marketing, not traditional marketing, I think they can complement each other, Gequ director, perhaps the most promising is the best way of marketing it.
中文
隨著IT技術的發展,企業以越來越快的速度向網路化轉變,現在我們已經進入了信息時代,速度更成了我們不斷追求的方向。而對於每個企業必不可少的市場營銷部門在以更超前的速度轉變著,人們開始向網路營銷轉化。
有的專家說,在網路時代的今天網路營銷會很快的替代傳統的營銷方式而成為市場的主旋律。因為人們可以看到了網路營銷的優勢, 在企業內部 ,部門和部門之間都相互聯網有利於信息共享 ,也縮短了信息傳遞的時間。 從而大大提高了工作效率, 可以在公司電腦上面建立資料庫,里邊存有客戶的基本資料和消費信息紀錄 ,有利於實施一對一營銷,從而更好的為客戶服務。同時也能讓客戶感受到企業對他是相當的在乎, 更提高了客戶的忠誠度 ,而對於網路銷售同樣很有誘惑力,它可以省略許多中間商,象批發商 、經銷商、 甚至是零售商, 而直接面對客戶。從而大大降低了成本,企業的產品更有競爭力取得更大的銷售業績,而更主要的是能以最快的速度得到客戶的反饋信息,使企業的產品更適應市場的需求,而使企業總是走在市場的最前列。
可有的專家卻認為。網路營銷是有一些優勢,但他的缺點卻不容忽視。網路化是可以更快的得到市場信息, 但網路銷售提高銷售業績卻不堪贊同。他們認為,網路化今天卻只是最前沿的東西。大部分的人還沒有接受這種方式。人們還不太習慣在網上購物,他們對這些虛擬的東西缺乏信任,他們還是比較相信現實中存在的東西。生活中,如果我買了東西質量有什麼問題直接就可以找廠家, 或者找賣主 ,而且會很快的得到答復。可網上我不知道該找誰,怎麼找,什麼時候有答復?再說有的東西根本就不適合在網上銷售,比如可口可樂公司生產的飲品, 我想喝的時候隨便進哪個商店或者超市都能買到,這已經再方便不過了,還要怎麼簡化銷售過程嗎?誰都知道沒有必要了。你要想得到顧客的信任,想盡可能的滿足顧客,那麼我想最有效的方法不是去降低成本,只要你在世界的每個角落都擺放上可樂,讓人們不論在什麼時間什麼地點只要想喝就能夠看到它那就是對顧客最大的滿足,不要只顧著降低成本而卻忘了更重要的市場佔有率。
網路化發展的的確快,可按照現在的電腦普及率要完全的向網路化轉變還需要相當長的時間,更何況對我們中國的企業。網路營銷確實潛力很大,可要完全開發卻也不易,傳統的營銷方式還是會佔主導地位,網路營銷很快的取代傳統的營銷是不現實的。也許最好的營銷方式不是網路營銷,也不是傳統營銷,我覺得他們完全可以相互補充,各取所長,也許那才是最好最有前途的營銷方式吧。
H. 市場營銷 英文版論文 20000英文字元
市場營銷 Marketing
市場營銷(Marketing)又稱為 市場學、市場行銷或行銷學。簡稱「營銷」,台灣常稱作「行銷」,是指個人或集體通過交易其創造的產品或價值以獲得所需之物實現雙贏或多贏的過程。
權威定義
美國市場營銷協會下的定義是:
行銷是創造、溝通與傳送價值給顧客,及經營顧客關系以便讓組織與其利益關系人受益的一種組織功能與程序
菲利普·科特勒下的定義強調了營銷的價值導向:
市場營銷是個人和集體通過創造,提供出售,並同別人交換和價值,以獲得其所需所欲之物的一種社會和管理過程。
而格隆羅斯給的定義強調了營銷的目的:
營銷是在一種利益之上下,通過相互交換和承諾,建立、維持、鞏固與消費者及其他參與者的關系,實現各方的目的)。
[編輯] 新式定義
台灣的江亘松在<你的行銷行不行>中強調行銷的變動性,利用行銷的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定義
「什麼是行銷?」就字面上來說,「行銷」的英文是「Marketing」,若把 Marketing 這個字拆成 Market(市場)與 ing(英文的現在進行式表示方法)這兩個部分,那行銷可以用「市場的現在進行式」來表達產品、價格、促銷、通路的變動性導致供需雙方的微妙關系。
<你的行銷行不行>ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5,理財文化, 2007.08 出版
[編輯] 市場營銷理論發展的四個階段
初創階段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究階段(1921年—1945年)
現代市場營銷學形成和發展階段(1945年—1980年)
營銷擴展階段(1980年以後)
[編輯] 市場與需求
市場營銷學中的市場可以等同於需求,即研究消費者的現實需求和潛在需求。
美國市場營銷協會(AMA)的定義委員會1960年對市場提出以下的定義:
「 市場是指一種貨物或勞務的潛在購買者的集合需求。 」
菲利普·科特勒把市場定義為
「 市場是指某種產品的所有實際的和潛在的購買者的集合。 」
[編輯] 市場的類型
市場從不同角度,可以劃分為不同的類型。其中按商品的基本屬性可劃分為一般商品市場和特殊商品市場。一般商品市場指狹義的商品市場,即貨物市場,包括消費品市場和工業品市場;特殊商品市場指為滿足消費者的資金需要和服務需要而形成的市場,包括資本市場,勞動力市場和技術信息市場。對以上兩種市場作分析時一般要研究消費者市場,產業市場和政府市場。
市場營銷環境分析常用的方法為SWOT分析方法,它是英文Strength(優勢)、Weakness(劣勢)、Opportunity(機會)、Threaten(威脅)的意思。從內部環境分析優劣勢,從外部環境分析機會與威脅。
[編輯] 市場營銷策略
營銷組合的四個因素常稱作4P,即:
產品(Proct)
價格 (Price)
推廣 (Promotion)
通路與配銷 (Place&Distribution)
這四個因素應用到營銷過程中,就形成了四方面的營銷策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共關系PUBLIC,是為6P。
1981年布姆斯(Booms)和比特納(Bitner)建議在傳統市場營銷理論4Ps的基礎上增加三個「服務性的P」,即:人員(People)、流程(Process)、環境(或是或實體環境;Physical evidence)。
根據與市場競爭對手對抗的需要而制定富有競爭力的產品、價格、渠道和促銷政策。這一時期誕生了著名的4P理論。當時還是大眾媒體盛行的時代,依靠大眾媒體促進銷售,無差異化策略成為這一階段的明顯特徵。
[編輯] 產品
產品策略主要研究新產品開發,產品生命周期,品牌策略等,是價格策略,促銷策略和分銷策略的基礎。
[編輯] 價格
價格策略又稱定價策略,主要研究產品的定價、調價等[[市場營銷工具]
[編輯] 推廣
推廣是將組織與產品訊息傳播給目標市場的活動,它主要的焦點在於溝通。透過推廣,企業試圖讓消費者知曉、了解、喜愛或購買產品,進而影響產品的知名度、形象、銷售量,乃至於企業的生長與生存。有了推廣,消費者才可得知產品提供何種利益、價格多少、可以到什麼地方購買及如何購買等,而這些消費者反應會進一步協助推動其他行銷組合(產品、價格、通路)。
[編輯] 通路
又稱渠道策略,也稱為促銷。它代表企業(機構)在將自身產品送抵最終消費者之前,所制定的與各類分銷商之間的貿易關系、成本分攤和利益分配方式的綜合體系。這里的分銷商既包含批發商,也包含零售商,甚至包含物流配送商和直銷公司的直銷人員。
企業制定分銷政策的目的是:讓產品更順暢地到達顧客手中,既要保證分銷成本低廉,又要保證顧客對送貨期、送貨量、裝配服務、疑難咨詢等方面的要求。
在產品日益豐富的情況下,分銷政策可能變得越來越難制定,因為相對於產品和品牌的過量,分銷商則顯得稀少,因而後者擁有了大量討價還價的權力,力圖從製造商或上游企業那裡獲得更大的利益分成比例。
零售商在最近10年的表現尤其令人矚目,它們不僅從事零售,也開始插手於產品的上游生產過程,並以自己的店鋪名稱或獨創名稱作為自己所產新品的品牌——即自有品牌(private brand/label),或叫店鋪品牌(store brand/label)。這更深地威脅到了純粹的製造企業的利潤空間,當然也大大增加了後者制定分銷策略的難度。
[編輯] 人員(People)
所有的人都直接或間接地被捲入某種服務的消費過程中,這是7P營銷組合很重要的一個觀點。知識工作者、白領雇員、管理人員以及部分消費者將額外的價值增加到了既有的社會總產品或服務的供給中,這部分價值往往非常顯著。
[編輯] 流程(Process)
服務通過一定的程序、機制以及活動得以實現的過程(亦即消費者管理流程),是市場營銷戰略的一個關鍵要素。
[編輯] 環境(Physical Evidence)
包括服務供給得以順利傳送的服務環境,有形商品承載和表達服務的能力,當前消費者的無形消費體驗,以及向潛在顧客傳遞消費滿足感的能力。
[編輯] 4C
包括:
顧客(Customer)
成本(Cost)
溝通(Communication)
便利(convenience)。
加上機會Chance,市場變化Change為6C。
不銷售製造的產品,而要將滿足消費者需求的產品售出;不要依競爭者或者自我的盈利策略定價,而是要通過一系列測試手段了解消費者為滿足需求願付出的成本;不要以自身為出發點,想著網點怎麼布置,採用什麼樣的通路策略,而要關注消費者購買產品的便利性;不是想著如何通過媒體傳播來提升銷量,而要和消費者互動溝通。
[編輯] 營銷種類
[編輯] 整合營銷
整合營銷傳播(Integrated Marketing Communications )
[編輯] 資料庫營銷(DATABASE MARKETING)
[編輯] 網路營銷(Internet Marketing)
網路營銷是企業整體營銷戰略的一個組成部分,是為實現企業總體經營目標所進行的,以互聯網為基本手段營造網上經營環境的各種活動。
網路營銷的職能包括網站推廣、網路品牌、信息發布、在線調研、顧客關系、顧客服務、銷售渠道、銷售促進八個方面。
Viral Marketing
[編輯] 標竿行銷(Bench Marketing)
由江亘松在<你的行銷行不行>提出
以某個市場上已經存在的競爭者為比較基準的行銷方式,例如普騰這家公司於十幾年前提出一句很經典的「Sorry,Sony」到現在還是經常被產業與學術界拿來當作行銷的案例,近年來Audi一直宣稱他們的部分車種在歐洲市場無論在性能或銷售上都令雙B感覺到威脅,這樣的行銷方法就是希望讓那些原本沒有打算買Audi的亞洲買家去思考,為什麼歐洲的消費者願意買的車在亞洲的我們卻沒有給予適當的評價。
當然要提出這樣的行銷方式勢必要先對自己的產品有一定的信心,否則如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」認同的觀眾應該不會太多吧。
Viral Marketing
[編輯] 直效營銷(DIRECT MARKETING)
根據kotler.keller行銷管理學第12版中譯本
直效行銷(direct marketing)是在沒有中間行銷商的情況下,利用消費者直接(consumer direct,CD)通路來接觸及傳送貨品和服務給客戶。主要通路包括直接信函、型錄、電話推銷,電視購物、小的售票亭、網路和汽車廣告。
直效行銷是互動是行銷系統,利用一種或多種媒體影響任何地區可衡量的回應或交易。特別是在電子行銷中正快速成長。
[編輯] 關系營銷(RELATIONSHIP MARKETING)
在很多情況下,公司並不能尋求即時的交易,所以他們會與長期供應商建立顧客關系。
公司想要展現給顧客的是卓越的服務能力,現在的顧客多是大型且全球性的。他們偏好可以提供不同地區配套產品
或服務的供應商,且可以快速解決各地的問題。
當顧客關系管理計畫被執行時,組織就必須同時注重顧客和產品管理。同時,公司必須明白,雖然關系行銷很重要,
但並不是在任何情況下都會有效的。因此,公司必須評估哪一個部門與哪一種特定的顧客採用關系行銷最有利。
[編輯] 燎原式行銷
由江亘松在<你的行銷行不行>提出「燎原式行銷」的重點在於,以自己強大的財力為基礎,先採取競爭對手無法跟隨並獲利的低價策略,逼迫市場競爭者紛紛退出並且樹立警告指標不讓其他潛在業者輕易越矩,這樣在下一個不怕死的競爭者出現之前,就可以創造一個無競爭者的獨占市場。
[編輯] 綠色營銷
[編輯] 社會營銷
[編輯] 營銷社團
[編輯] 市場調研
市場調研又稱營銷調研,指企業在市場營銷決策過程中,需要系統客觀收集和分析有關營銷活動的信息所做的研究。營銷調研活動涉及到產品,廣告,促銷渠道選擇,競爭者等諸多方面。
[編輯] 營銷理論的新發展
病毒式營銷
關系營銷
資料庫營銷
網路營銷
國際營銷
綠色營銷
服務營銷
過程營銷
收益管理
Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.
Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.
Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.
Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.
Its specialist areas include:
advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Social Influence Marketing
Contents [hide]
1 Introction
2 Concept of Marketing
3 Two levels of marketing
4 Four Ps
4.1 Seven Ps
5 Four New Ps
6 Proct
6.1 Scope
6.2 Steps in proct design
7 Packaging
7.1 Requirements of good packaging
7.2 Forms of packaging
8 Trademarks
8.1 Significance of a trademark
9 Brands
10 Pricing
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Factors influencing price-determination
10.3 Steps to determine price
11 Distribution (Place)
11.1 Channels
11.2 Manufacturers
11.2.1 Reasons for direct selling methods
11.2.2 Reasons for indirect selling methods
11.3 Wholesalers
11.3.1 Reasons for using wholesalers
11.3.2 Reasons for bypassing wholesalers
11.3.3 Ways of bypassing wholesalers
11.4 Agents
12 Marketing communications
12.1 Advertising
12.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
12.1.2 Objectives
12.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
12.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
12.2 Personal sales
12.3 Sales promotion
12.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
13 Customer focus
14 Proct focus
15 See also
16 Related lists
17 References
[edit] Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.
Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.
For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.
Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.
The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders."[1]
Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.
[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. 「Value」 is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. 「Competitive Advantage」 is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.
Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.
The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.
Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: 「Proct Marketing」, 「Corporate Marketing」, and 「Marketing Communications」. [2]
[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing: attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.
Operational marketing: executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces
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I. 市場營銷相關的中英文對照文章,3000字左右,
要找中英文對照,3000字,這不大可能哦,
如果需要,我可以給你翻譯,
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