A. 市場營銷的論文（英文）
We have no and naked, no natural born poor. Life is up to grab is accepted, the old man, all is the guide, the heart of choice. Someone to heal old daughter, dissolved, To support the old people, not hesitate heavy gold. Someone believes in "good filial first", Someone ran XiaoYi ShengSiGuan "a". Some old people choose to choose, Shan refused. Beauty and ugliness, good and evil, all in a deathless, science, or, in the twinkling. Show filial obedience so much, just want to tell you, choose filial piety, don't let cloud cover, and let bilge blind eyes, for old people, for himself, and holding a pure, filial piety. Filial piety and sentenced to between inverse for pushing, pion, choose die, LiKui split between mother tiger newspaper alone, choose DE zhao later, Father: for the incense is warm, age WangWenYi body feed mosquitoes. Father can help you a lot. Make a valuable, the real life social conscience of conscience, people will donative you return. A man in the storm, will survive their lives to save the old man, A journey in the desert will resolutely solution under a pot of water to his last old man. But the old man ride in some apparent pride; and under, Someone from a degenerate into key son, That old man to save someone variable labor, Someone is playing time points, old man, scold, short pleasure, long lament. Standing in the crossroads in my life, don't go the wrong way! Land and buildings, money, don't take it with, want so much why? End, but nothing, even old man, even life, even if again, even turn, whereby the sympathy and earned a few tears? No one to help you. If you are the eagle, choose to respect, If you are ShaOu, knew support, If you are a sparrow, will consciously serve elder, If you are a person, he should know filial respect parent, old man. If you are a reluctant to lose your personality, a mediocre, will not corrode your, do a pure matchless you, holding on as snow filial piety, clean and beautiful, despite all filthiness and all society, selfish, filial piety to man. If the father, the world will become more beautiful tradition. You will find himself very beautiful, the old man is beauty. You will know, father is satisfied, pay is happy. Choose filial old man! Action is the proof!
B. 市場營銷英文版的問題
1. Compare the traditional four Ps to the current four Cs.
(比較傳統的4個Ps和目前的4個Cs)
2. Explain the role of the SBU in strategic planning.(簡述SBU在戰略規劃中的角色)
3. describe the consumer segments based on income distribution in the United States.（簡述美國市場以收入為基礎的客戶細分）
5. Many subcultures make up important market segments. Examples of four such important subculture groups include Hispanic, African American, Asian, and mature consumers. Describe the characteristics of each of these groups.（很多亞文化構成了很重要的市場細分，比較典型的4個例子包括西班牙裔，非裔美國人，亞裔和成熟消費者），簡述這些群體的特點。
6. Each person』s distinct personality influences his or her buying behavior. Personality is usually described in terms of traits. What are these traits, and how do they affect the way people purchase items?每個人的不同的個性影響他或她的購買行為。通常個性被描述為個性特徵。這些個性特徵都是什麼，他們是怎麼影響購買行為的。
7. Compare and contrast the five major segmenting strategies.
比較5個主要的市場細分策略
8. Explain the concept of positioning for competitive advantage.解釋競爭優勢定位。
9. Services are characterized by four key characteristics. Name and describe these four characteristics.服務有4個明顯的特徵，分別叫做什麼並且描述。
10. A manufacturer has four brand sponsorship options. Describe what they are.一個生產商有4種品牌促銷的選擇，分別是什麼。
翻譯的不好，很多專業術語可能不大對。
C. 急！求關於市場營銷（最好是關於營銷策略的）的英文文獻2000字左右的，最好帶翻譯，在線等！
大家知道，企業管理包括生產管理、營銷管理和財務管理等多個方面，而財務管理是企業整個管理體系的核心，企業的財務管理目標即是企業追求的目標。可見，只有以財務管理為中心，協調運作管理體系的各個方面，才能有效地強化企業管理，促進企業發展。從全國來說，民營企業數量眾多、分布廣泛、特點各異，再加上受宏觀經濟環境化和體制影響，民營企業在加強財務管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的「歧視」使民營企業和大型企業不能公平競爭，地方政府、行業管理部門的干預，使民營企業的財務管理目標短期化，再主要的就是民營企業財務管理受業主的影響過大等一些主觀因素的存在，導致財務管理的重要性被忽視。所以，其財務管理中存在的問題也多種多樣，我認為，目前普遍存在的問題和原因主要有：
（一）融資困難，周轉資金不足，使財務管理成斷源之湖。
目前，我國民營企業初步建立了較為獨立、渠道多元的融資體系，但是，融資難、擔保難，仍然是制約民營企業發展的最突出的問題，主要問題是：第一，負債過多，融資成本高，風險大，造成民營企業信用等級低，資信相對較差。第二，大多數民營企業是非大型企業，有些銀行受傳統觀念和行政干預的影響，對其貸款不夠熱心。第三，中介機構不健全，缺乏專門為民營企業貸款服務的金融中介機構和貸款擔保機構。
分析其主要原因表現在兩個方面：一是金融業對民營企業的信貸支持不夠。我國金融系統從設置到服務項目，大都是以大企業為服務對象，民營企業的信貸服務往往被忽視。由於貸款難，生產經營過程中所需資金不足，極大制約了民營企業的發展。有的民營企業，雖存在暫時困難，但銀行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民營企業的融資渠道單一，難以適應市場需求的變化。由於有的民營企業，在既得不到銀行的貸款支持，又不具有自我融資或向社會公開融資能力，無形中，加強企業財務管理也就成了一句空話，財務管理也就成了斷源之湖。
（二）財務控制薄弱，缺乏科學性，使財務管理舉步艱難。
大部分民營企業存在財務控制環節薄弱，而且對加強財務管理方面不夠重視，沒有從真正意義上理解財務管理在企業中的地位。主要問題有：一是資金管理不嚴，財務控制薄弱，造成資金閑置或不足。二是應收賬款周轉緩慢，造成資金回收困難。三是存貨控制薄弱，造成資金呆滯。四是重錢輕物，資產流失嚴重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民營企業認為現金越多越好，致使大量現金未參加周轉，有的是資金缺少計劃安排，過量購置不動產，而使企業無法應付經營急需的資金，陷入財務困境。二是沒有建立嚴格的賒銷政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，應收款不能兌現或形成呆賬。三是很多民營企業月末存貨佔用資金往往超過其營業額的兩倍以上，造成資金呆滯周轉失靈。四是不少民營企業管理者，對原材料、半成品、固定資產等管理不到位，出了問題無人追究，資產浪費嚴重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因為企業上層領導財務管理觀念落後，缺乏科學性，在思想上沒有真正理解財務管理對做大做強一個企業所起到的作用，沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，使財務管理失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用，舉步艱難。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色。
由於長期以來在思想上受到舊的財務制度的約束，企業管理人員的觀念比較滯後。主要問題有：一是企業的投資者同時就是經營者。二是企業管理者的管理能力和管理素質差，管理思想落後。
分析其原因主要是：民營企業典型的管理模式是所有權和經營權高度統一，企業的投資者同時就是經營者，這種模式勢必給企業的財務管理帶來負面影響，民營企業中相當一部分屬於個體私營性質，在這些企業中，企業領導者集權現象嚴重，並且對財務管理的理論方法缺乏應有的認識和研究，致使其職責不分，越權行事，造成財務管理混亂，財務監核不嚴，會計人員獨舟難行，想規范管理很難。大部分企業沒有或無法建立內部審計部門，即使有，也很難保證內部審計的獨立性。另外，有些企業沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，多數民營企業家尚未建立起諸如時間價值、風險價值、邊際成本、機會成本等科學管理的概念，由於管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色，失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
D. 求市場營銷戰略（marketing strategy） 的英文定義
The so-called marketing strategy (Marketing Strategy) is the enterprise to identify, analyze and select marketing opportunities in order to achieve the corporate mission and objectives of the management process, that is, how companies with the best marketing opportunities through the adaptation process
E. 關於市場營銷的問題（最好是能回答英文版的）
what's your logic?
may the price direct related with the after sales service?
is there other vairable to conct this play either in a proct life circle or in a cross lapping mole?
F. 英文版的食品市場營銷策劃要怎麼寫哦，可以給我個模板么
食品市場營銷策劃書格式淺談
(一)、食品營銷策劃目標
要對於原食物營銷咨詢策劃所要到達的目的、主旨建立明白的觀念(如：進步市場調研據有率;擴展產品出名度;樹坐范圍、劣量、業余、效勞的良佳抽象)，做替施行原策劃的能源或者弱調其執止的意思所正在，以請求齊員同一思惟，和諧行為，單獨盡力保障策劃下品質天實現。
企業營銷上具有的問題紛單一樣，但概而直言之，也有是六個方面：
>企業倒閉伊初，尚有一套體系營銷圓詳，因此須要依據市場特色策劃沒一套食操行銷規劃。
>企業收展強大，原有的營銷方案未不順應新的情勢，因此需要從新設計新的食品營銷方案。
>企業改造運營方背，須要相當天調劑行銷戰略。
>企業原營銷方案嚴峻得誤，不能再作為企業的行銷規劃。
>市場止情產生變化，本經賣計劃未沒有順應變更先的市場。
>企業在分的營銷方案上，需在不同的時段，根據市場的特性和行情變化，設計新的階段性方案,戰略咨詢。
如:尾後強調「食品的市場營銷不只僅是公司的一個一般產品的市場營銷」，而後闡明食品營銷敗成對公司久遠、遠期好處對少鄉系列的影響的主要性，要供公司各級職員及各環節部分達成共鳴，實現好義務，這一部分使失全部方案的目標方背十分明白、凸起。
(兩)、剖析以後的食品營銷環境狀態
對同種產品市場狀況，競讓狀況及微觀環境要有一個蘇醒的意識。它是為指定相應的營銷策略，採用准確的營銷手腕供給根據的。「良知知己方能百和不殆」，因而這一局部需求策劃者對市場比擬懂得，這部分主要分析：
1、以後市場狀況及市場遠景分析：
①產品的市場性、事實市場及潛在市場狀態。
②市場生長狀況，產品目前處於市場性命周期的哪一階段上。關於不同市場階段上的產品公司營銷著重正點如何，相應營銷策略成效怎麼，需要變化對產品市場的影響。
③消省者的接收性，那一內容需求策劃者憑仗未控制的材料合析產品市場開展遠景。
2、對產品市場影響要素進行分析。
次要是對影響產品的不否控要素進行合析：如微觀環境、政亂環境、居官經濟前提，如消費者支出程度、消省構造的變更、長費神理等，對一些蒙科技收鋪影響較小的產品(如：盤算機、野用電器等產品)的營銷策劃中借須要斟酌技術開展趨向方背的影響。
(三)、市場機遇與問題合析
食品營銷方案，是對市場時機的把握戰策略的應用，果彼分析市場機會，便敗了食品營銷策劃的要害。只是找准了市場機會，策劃便勝利了一半。
1、針對產品目後食品營銷現狀進行問題分析。一般營銷中具有的具體問題，表示為多方面：
>企業知名度不高，形象不好影響產品銷售。
>食質量質不外閉，功效不齊，被長省者冷清。
>食品包拆太差，提不止消費者的購置興致。
>食品價格定位不該。
>銷售渠道不滯，或渠道挑選有誤，使銷售碰壁。
>匆匆銷方法不務，花費者不懂得企業產品。
>服務品質太好，令消耗者沒有謙。
>賣後保障缺少，花費者買先顧忌少等皆能夠是營銷中具有的答題。
2、針對產品特色分析優、優勢。自問題中覓優勢奪以戰勝，自劣勢中找時機，挖掘其市場後勁。分析各目標市場或消費群特徵進行市場粗分,排污泵，對不同的消費需要絕量奪以知足，捉住主要消費群作為營銷重面，覓出與合作對腳好距，掌握應用好市場時機。
(四)、食品營銷目本
營銷目標非在後面目標義務基本下母司所要完成的詳細目的，便食品營銷策劃計劃施行早期間，經濟效害目標到達：分銷售質為×××萬件，預計毛本×××萬元，市場擁有率真隱××。通功市場剖析，覓沒市場機遇，降煉本身劣勢，確訂銷賣目本。例如肯定的目本市場：以行業銷售為從(本潤戰穩固市場)、渠講銷售為輔(進步出名度，擴展市場據有率);行業從要次要解指農礦，接通，修建，長攻，製作，農廠等無必定推銷范圍的目標主戶;渠道出售重要解指區縣級的減盟或許代辦署理商。
(五)、食品營銷策略(詳細行銷方案)
1、食品營銷主旨：
普通企業能夠重視那樣多少方里：
>以強無力的廣告鼓吹守勢逆利拓展市場，為產品准肯定位，凸起產品特點，採用差別化營銷策略。
>以食品重要消耗集體替產品的營銷沉面。
>樹立終點廣里闊的銷賣渠講，不時拓闊出售區域等。
2、食品策詳：通功後面產品市場機遇與問題分析，提出公道的產品策略倡議，構成無效的4p組開，到達最好後果。
1)食品訂位。產品市場定位的要害重要在瞻主口綱中尋覓一個空位，使產品敏捷開靜市場。
2)食質量質功效方案。產質量量便是產品的市場性命。企業對產品應有完美的質量保障系統。
3)食品品牌推廣。要構成必定出名度、佳譽度，建立消耗者口綱中的知實品牌推廣，必需無弱烈的創牌認識。
4)食品包拆。包假裝為產品給消費者的第一印象，需求能逢迎消費者使其稱心的包拆策略。
5)食物效勞。謀劃外要留神產品效勞方法、服務品質的改良戰進步。
3、價格策略。這外只強調多少個廣泛性原則：
>推大量整好價，調動零售商、兩頭商踴躍性。
>索取恰當數目合扣，激勵少買。
>以本錢為基本，以共種產品價格為參考。使產品價錢更具合作力。若企業以食品價錢為營銷劣勢的則更當重視價錢戰略的制定。
4、出售渠道。食品目後銷售渠講狀態如何對銷售渠道的拓鋪有何規劃，採用一些真惠政策激勵兩頭商、署理商的銷售踴躍性或者制訂恰當的嘉獎政策
5、狹告宣揚。
1)本則：
①遵從公司零體營銷宣揚戰略，樹坐產品抽象，共時注沉建立公司形象。
②臨時化：廣告鼓吹商品共性不宜變往變來，變多功效了，消費者會不意識商品，正而使小從瞻也感到生疏，所以，在必定時段上應拉出分歧的廣告宣傳。
③普遍化：挑選狹告宣揚媒體少款式化的異時,離心泵，重視捕鼓吹後果佳的方法。
④不按期的合作階段性的匆匆銷運動，控制恰當機會，及時、機動的入行，如沉小節真夜，母司無留念意思的活靜等。
2)實行步驟可按以上方式進行：
①謀劃早期外後期拉生產品抽象狹告。
②銷後適時推出誠征代理商廣告。
③節真夜、嚴重運動後拉出匆匆銷廣告。
④掌握機會進行公閉運動，交觸花費者。
⑤踴躍應用消息媒介，擅長發明應用消息事情提高企業產品知名度。
6、食品營銷具體行為方案
依據策劃期內各時光段特色，推出各項具體行徑方案。行徑方案要過細、周到，操作性強又不累機動性。借要斟酌費用收入，所有量入為出，絕量以較矮費用獲得良好成效為原則。尤其應當留神時節性產品濃、淡季營銷著重正點，捉住淡季營銷優勢。
(六)、食品策劃方案各項用度估算
這一局部記錄的是全部營銷方案推動歷程中的用度投進，包含食品營銷進程中的分費用、階段費用、名目用度等，其原則是以較長投進取得最優成效。
(七)、銷售增加猜測與效益分析
當部門對營銷行為方案投進實行後的效益分析，包含食品營銷先將來1-5暮年的銷售增加、本潤與支害分析、隱金淌分析、投資報答率等。
(八)、食品營銷方案調劑
那一部門是做為食品策劃計劃的彌補局部。在方案施行中皆能夠呈現取事實情形沒有相順應的處所，因而方案貫徹必需隨時依據市場的正饋及時對於圓案入行調劑。
英文版的沒找的 估計差不多
G. 請提供一本英文版有關市場營銷的書籍吧！
全球營銷原理(英文版)--市場營銷管理系列
作者:基坎,格林
著.
銷售管理(英文版)--市場營銷管版理系列
產品價格:
$44.1
國際權市場營銷學(英文版第2版)
蔚藍網路書店
科特勒《營銷管理》英文版
這方面的書籍是很多的.
H. 市場營銷 英文版論文 20000英文字元
市場營銷 Marketing
市場營銷（Marketing）又稱為 市場學、市場行銷或行銷學。簡稱「營銷」，台灣常稱作「行銷」，是指個人或集體通過交易其創造的產品或價值以獲得所需之物實現雙贏或多贏的過程。
權威定義
美國市場營銷協會下的定義是：
行銷是創造、溝通與傳送價值給顧客，及經營顧客關系以便讓組織與其利益關系人受益的一種組織功能與程序
菲利普·科特勒下的定義強調了營銷的價值導向：
市場營銷是個人和集體通過創造，提供出售，並同別人交換和價值，以獲得其所需所欲之物的一種社會和管理過程。
而格隆羅斯給的定義強調了營銷的目的：
營銷是在一種利益之上下，通過相互交換和承諾，建立、維持、鞏固與消費者及其他參與者的關系，實現各方的目的)。
[編輯] 新式定義
台灣的江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞中強調行銷的變動性，利用行銷的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定義
「什麼是行銷？」就字面上來說，「行銷」的英文是「Marketing」，若把 Marketing 這個字拆成 Market（市場）與 ing（英文的現在進行式表示方法）這兩個部分，那行銷可以用「市場的現在進行式」來表達產品、價格、促銷、通路的變動性導致供需雙方的微妙關系。
＜你的行銷行不行＞ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5，理財文化, 2007.08 出版
[編輯] 市場營銷理論發展的四個階段
初創階段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究階段(1921年—1945年)
現代市場營銷學形成和發展階段(1945年—1980年)
營銷擴展階段(1980年以後)
[編輯] 市場與需求
市場營銷學中的市場可以等同於需求，即研究消費者的現實需求和潛在需求。
美國市場營銷協會(AMA)的定義委員會1960年對市場提出以下的定義：
「 市場是指一種貨物或勞務的潛在購買者的集合需求。 」
菲利普·科特勒把市場定義為
「 市場是指某種產品的所有實際的和潛在的購買者的集合。 」
[編輯] 市場的類型
市場從不同角度，可以劃分為不同的類型。其中按商品的基本屬性可劃分為一般商品市場和特殊商品市場。一般商品市場指狹義的商品市場，即貨物市場，包括消費品市場和工業品市場；特殊商品市場指為滿足消費者的資金需要和服務需要而形成的市場，包括資本市場，勞動力市場和技術信息市場。對以上兩種市場作分析時一般要研究消費者市場，產業市場和政府市場。
市場營銷環境分析常用的方法為SWOT分析方法，它是英文Strength(優勢)、Weakness(劣勢)、Opportunity(機會)、Threaten(威脅)的意思。從內部環境分析優劣勢，從外部環境分析機會與威脅。
[編輯] 市場營銷策略
營銷組合的四個因素常稱作4P，即：
產品（Proct)
價格 (Price)
推廣 (Promotion)
通路與配銷 (Place&Distribution)
這四個因素應用到營銷過程中，就形成了四方面的營銷策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共關系PUBLIC，是為6P。
1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特納（Bitner）建議在傳統市場營銷理論4Ps的基礎上增加三個「服務性的P」，即：人員(People)、流程(Process)、環境(或是或實體環境；Physical evidence)。
根據與市場競爭對手對抗的需要而制定富有競爭力的產品、價格、渠道和促銷政策。這一時期誕生了著名的4P理論。當時還是大眾媒體盛行的時代，依靠大眾媒體促進銷售，無差異化策略成為這一階段的明顯特徵。
[編輯] 產品
產品策略主要研究新產品開發，產品生命周期，品牌策略等，是價格策略，促銷策略和分銷策略的基礎。
[編輯] 價格
價格策略又稱定價策略，主要研究產品的定價、調價等[[市場營銷工具]
[編輯] 推廣
推廣是將組織與產品訊息傳播給目標市場的活動，它主要的焦點在於溝通。透過推廣，企業試圖讓消費者知曉、了解、喜愛或購買產品，進而影響產品的知名度、形象、銷售量，乃至於企業的生長與生存。有了推廣，消費者才可得知產品提供何種利益、價格多少、可以到什麼地方購買及如何購買等，而這些消費者反應會進一步協助推動其他行銷組合(產品、價格、通路)。
[編輯] 通路
又稱渠道策略，也稱為促銷。它代表企業（機構）在將自身產品送抵最終消費者之前，所制定的與各類分銷商之間的貿易關系、成本分攤和利益分配方式的綜合體系。這里的分銷商既包含批發商，也包含零售商，甚至包含物流配送商和直銷公司的直銷人員。
企業制定分銷政策的目的是：讓產品更順暢地到達顧客手中，既要保證分銷成本低廉，又要保證顧客對送貨期、送貨量、裝配服務、疑難咨詢等方面的要求。
在產品日益豐富的情況下，分銷政策可能變得越來越難制定，因為相對於產品和品牌的過量，分銷商則顯得稀少，因而後者擁有了大量討價還價的權力，力圖從製造商或上游企業那裡獲得更大的利益分成比例。
零售商在最近10年的表現尤其令人矚目，它們不僅從事零售，也開始插手於產品的上游生產過程，並以自己的店鋪名稱或獨創名稱作為自己所產新品的品牌——即自有品牌（private brand/label），或叫店鋪品牌（store brand/label）。這更深地威脅到了純粹的製造企業的利潤空間，當然也大大增加了後者制定分銷策略的難度。
[編輯] 人員（People)
所有的人都直接或間接地被捲入某種服務的消費過程中，這是7P營銷組合很重要的一個觀點。知識工作者、白領雇員、管理人員以及部分消費者將額外的價值增加到了既有的社會總產品或服務的供給中，這部分價值往往非常顯著。
[編輯] 流程（Process）
服務通過一定的程序、機制以及活動得以實現的過程（亦即消費者管理流程），是市場營銷戰略的一個關鍵要素。
[編輯] 環境（Physical Evidence）
包括服務供給得以順利傳送的服務環境，有形商品承載和表達服務的能力，當前消費者的無形消費體驗，以及向潛在顧客傳遞消費滿足感的能力。
[編輯] 4C
包括：
顧客（Customer）
成本（Cost）
溝通（Communication）
便利（convenience)。
加上機會Chance，市場變化Change為6C。
不銷售製造的產品，而要將滿足消費者需求的產品售出；不要依競爭者或者自我的盈利策略定價，而是要通過一系列測試手段了解消費者為滿足需求願付出的成本；不要以自身為出發點，想著網點怎麼布置，採用什麼樣的通路策略，而要關注消費者購買產品的便利性；不是想著如何通過媒體傳播來提升銷量，而要和消費者互動溝通。
[編輯] 營銷種類
[編輯] 整合營銷
整合營銷傳播（Integrated Marketing Communications ）
[編輯] 資料庫營銷（DATABASE MARKETING）
[編輯] 網路營銷（Internet Marketing）
網路營銷是企業整體營銷戰略的一個組成部分，是為實現企業總體經營目標所進行的，以互聯網為基本手段營造網上經營環境的各種活動。
網路營銷的職能包括網站推廣、網路品牌、信息發布、在線調研、顧客關系、顧客服務、銷售渠道、銷售促進八個方面。
Viral Marketing
[編輯] 標竿行銷（Bench Marketing）
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出
以某個市場上已經存在的競爭者為比較基準的行銷方式，例如普騰這家公司於十幾年前提出一句很經典的「Sorry，Sony」到現在還是經常被產業與學術界拿來當作行銷的案例，近年來Audi一直宣稱他們的部分車種在歐洲市場無論在性能或銷售上都令雙B感覺到威脅，這樣的行銷方法就是希望讓那些原本沒有打算買Audi的亞洲買家去思考，為什麼歐洲的消費者願意買的車在亞洲的我們卻沒有給予適當的評價。
當然要提出這樣的行銷方式勢必要先對自己的產品有一定的信心，否則如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」認同的觀眾應該不會太多吧。
Viral Marketing
[編輯] 直效營銷（DIRECT MARKETING）
根據kotler．keller行銷管理學第12版中譯本
直效行銷（direct marketing）是在沒有中間行銷商的情況下，利用消費者直接（consumer direct,CD）通路來接觸及傳送貨品和服務給客戶。主要通路包括直接信函、型錄、電話推銷，電視購物、小的售票亭、網路和汽車廣告。
直效行銷是互動是行銷系統，利用一種或多種媒體影響任何地區可衡量的回應或交易。特別是在電子行銷中正快速成長。
[編輯] 關系營銷（RELATIONSHIP MARKETING）
在很多情況下，公司並不能尋求即時的交易，所以他們會與長期供應商建立顧客關系。
公司想要展現給顧客的是卓越的服務能力，現在的顧客多是大型且全球性的。他們偏好可以提供不同地區配套產品
或服務的供應商，且可以快速解決各地的問題。
當顧客關系管理計畫被執行時，組織就必須同時注重顧客和產品管理。同時，公司必須明白，雖然關系行銷很重要，
但並不是在任何情況下都會有效的。因此，公司必須評估哪一個部門與哪一種特定的顧客採用關系行銷最有利。
[編輯] 燎原式行銷
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出「燎原式行銷」的重點在於，以自己強大的財力為基礎，先採取競爭對手無法跟隨並獲利的低價策略，逼迫市場競爭者紛紛退出並且樹立警告指標不讓其他潛在業者輕易越矩，這樣在下一個不怕死的競爭者出現之前，就可以創造一個無競爭者的獨占市場。
[編輯] 綠色營銷
[編輯] 社會營銷
[編輯] 營銷社團
[編輯] 市場調研
市場調研又稱營銷調研，指企業在市場營銷決策過程中，需要系統客觀收集和分析有關營銷活動的信息所做的研究。營銷調研活動涉及到產品，廣告，促銷渠道選擇，競爭者等諸多方面。
[編輯] 營銷理論的新發展
病毒式營銷
關系營銷
資料庫營銷
網路營銷
國際營銷
綠色營銷
服務營銷
過程營銷
收益管理
Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.
Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.
Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.
Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.
Its specialist areas include:
advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Social Influence Marketing
Contents [hide]
1 Introction
2 Concept of Marketing
3 Two levels of marketing
4 Four Ps
4.1 Seven Ps
5 Four New Ps
6 Proct
6.1 Scope
6.2 Steps in proct design
7 Packaging
7.1 Requirements of good packaging
7.2 Forms of packaging
8 Trademarks
8.1 Significance of a trademark
9 Brands
10 Pricing
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Factors influencing price-determination
10.3 Steps to determine price
11 Distribution (Place)
11.1 Channels
11.2 Manufacturers
11.2.1 Reasons for direct selling methods
11.2.2 Reasons for indirect selling methods
11.3 Wholesalers
11.3.1 Reasons for using wholesalers
11.3.2 Reasons for bypassing wholesalers
11.3.3 Ways of bypassing wholesalers
11.4 Agents
12 Marketing communications
12.1 Advertising
12.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
12.1.2 Objectives
12.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
12.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
12.2 Personal sales
12.3 Sales promotion
12.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
13 Customer focus
14 Proct focus
15 See also
16 Related lists
17 References
[edit] Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.
Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.
For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.
Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.
The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders."[1]
Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.
[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. 「Value」 is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. 「Competitive Advantage」 is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.
Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.
The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.
Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: 「Proct Marketing」, 「Corporate Marketing」, and 「Marketing Communications」. [2]
[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing: attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.
Operational marketing: executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces
[