『壹』 AP在加州牛奶加工者實施的「GOT MILK」的作用他們做了什麼調查,是如何收集資料的謝謝!!
主題5:廣告專業化的過程:AP制
興起時,影響互聯網的「信任度」是收到質疑的。03年的SARS,讓人們看到互聯網上的「小道消息」有一定的信任度。
戶外廣告也在SARS時得到發展。
一、AP制的興起背景
英國最早設立AP部門的兩家廣告代理公司分別是Stanley Pollitt創始的BMP(Boase Massimi Pollitt)和Stephen King主管下的JWT(J. Walter Thompson)。
1. 廣告主自身設置獨立的營銷部門,對廣告效果的要求日益嚴格
• 在六十年代以前,廣告主的市場營銷計劃通常是由廣告公司來制定。
• 當時廣告公司的市場營銷部門的主要任務是收集並分析各種原始或二手的調查數據,為廣告主撰寫營銷計劃書,包括建議開展更多的調查研究,負責新產品或品牌開發的策劃事務等。
• 由於對受委託的企業缺乏長期的接觸和深入的了解,所以當時的營銷計劃書還都著眼於宏觀方面,忽視企業盈利方式和前景等微觀方面。在這種營銷計劃書指導下的廣告活動缺乏必要的有效性的保證。
• 廣告主逐漸意識到這一點,並開始設立自己的營銷部門,由自己來完成營銷計劃的設計,廣告公司的營銷部門只充當偶爾的顧問。
• 在市場激烈競爭的情況下,廣告主要求利潤最大化,這一點反映在廣告上,就體現為要求所作的廣告必須有效果(effectiveness),即要求廣告對消費者的心理特徵或購買行為必須產生有利於廣告主的影響,而不是單純地追求廣告活動執行的效率(efficiency),如廣告活動的持續時間、簡單地測量廣告到達率、回憶率等。與效率相比,效果對於廣告主來說更實在,更利於企業的長期發展。
2、消費者在營銷過程中地位的提升
• 經過二戰後十幾年的發展,商品同質化程度日益嚴重,市場競爭愈演愈烈,消費者在營銷中的重要地位已為眾多業內人士所接受。
• 廣告代理公司開始將其目光轉移到了消費者身上,於是出現了諸如消費者洞察、消費者對廣告的反應、消費者消費廣告等一系列理論學說
• AP制的產生就是廣告代理公司對消費者在營銷過程中的地位提升所做出的反應。
• Rod Meadows在ADMAP1983年的7/8合刊中發表了一篇名為「They Consume Advertising Too」的文章。
• 在文中,他提出了消費者消費廣告的觀點。他認為已經有越來越多的人在根據自身的喜好去主動地賞析廣告,把廣告作為一種商品進行消費。這部分人希望優秀的廣告能夠吸引他們的注意力,能夠以某種形式來刺激他們,給予他們娛樂,並與他們自身的興趣相吻合。
• 這一點在英國廣告業的發展史上表現得最為突出。英國人的保守聞名世界,因而當1954年10月16第一支商業電視廣告進入英國家庭時,上至議員,下至平民百姓對此大肆抨擊。然而經過十幾年自身的努力,同時在美國伯恩巴克(William Bernbach)於五六十年代倡導的創意革命的影響下,英國人對廣告的態度發生了驚人的變化,在英國,民眾對廣告認可的程度超過了美國,與電影、電視並行成為英國三大流行文化。這種氛圍的形成為AP在英國的滋生提供了良好的環境。
• 消費者消費廣告習慣的形成,及由此造成的消費者對廣告創意要求的日益苛刻,給廣告代理公司中的創意部門施加了一定的壓力。
• 在這種情況下,創意人員虛心採納多種創意手段,從其他部門人員尋求信息或創意的靈感,而原來營銷部門量化的統計結果往往很難滿足創意部門對創意的渴求。
• AP部門的一個重要任務就是協調廣告公司中各部門之間的關系,創造與創意部門人員共事的良好氛圍,並將其匯總的有關商品、市場和消費者信息,通過簡潔、明了、富有啟迪的方式傳遞給創意人員,為其創意靈感的產生創造條件。
3、市場調查公司的興起,形成對廣告代理公司強有力的競爭
• 矛盾:由於技術手段的發展,無論是廣告主的營銷部門,還是市場調查公司,抑或是廣告代理公司的營銷部門,都有能力獲得數量更多、質量更好的市場信息數據。
• 與廣告代理公司中的營銷部門相比,市場調查公司中的數據分析人員地位更高,待遇更好,所面臨的行業內競爭要少一點,更易發揮其專業特長。一批優秀的數據分析人員離開原來供職的廣告公司,投身於吃香的調查公司。
最初的市場調查是由廣告公司完成的
4、困境中廣告代理公司的反應及其內部的權力制衡
• 廣告主營銷部門的設立及營銷手段的提高,使廣告代理公司的營銷部門相形見絀,同時客戶主管也失去了強有力的營銷計劃支持;
• 消費者反應、新廣告模型及消費廣告等一系列理論的提出,使得原來營銷部門的傳統技術手段略顯過時,致使創意部門倍受壓力;
• 市場調查公司的蓬勃發展和挖人行為,對已處於困境中的廣告公司無疑是雪上加霜。
• 這一切都表明廣告代理公司傳統的機構設置亟待調整。
• 原來的營銷部門必須被撤換,而取代它的新的部門:
• 客戶主管提供說服客戶的理由,
• 又能為創意部門補充創意靈感,
• 同時還要區別於市場調查公司,代表消費者真實感受。
二、AP制的具體內容
1、平時積累階段
• 從事AP工作的人被稱作account planner。一個優秀的planner必須具備以下素質:
• 與各種人巧妙溝通的交流才能;
• 分析和運用數據的才能;
• 對策略的宏觀把握能力
• 對市場信息、消費者反應及創意靈感的敏銳的洞察力。
• 而這一系列能力的形成,則要依賴於平時planner不斷的學習和有意識的培養。
2、策略策劃階段(strategic planning)
• 參加客戶為廣告代理公司的客戶部門而召開的有關產品的定向說明會
• 經常與客戶主管一起與客戶進行有關策略方面的溝通
• 查閱諸如尼爾森等調查公司的相關產品或行業的調查報告
• 召開專題組座談(focus group),調查消費者對該產品及相關產品的認知情況、購買行為及消費習慣等
• 幫助客戶制定或影響其市場營銷策略。
• 實施AP制的廣告代理公司通過其掌握的消費者反應(response),試圖影響廣告主營銷計劃的宏觀方面,即策略部分,從而避免由於策略失誤而造成的巨大損失。
3、創意簡報階段(creative briefing)
• 所謂創意簡報(creative brief),指的是在account planner匯總有關客戶、消費者及市場信息之後,再對此進行精簡,生成一個簡潔明了,富有啟迪的建議,然後再通過一系列的會議,由account planner向創意人員以巧妙地方式傳遞這一建議。這一過程統稱為創意簡報階段(creative briefing)。
一份好的創意簡報是溝通策略性思考和成功廣告的一座重要橋梁,它必須同時包含三種目標:
1. 它必須能夠使創意人員頭腦中對該廣告所要實現的目標有一個准確清晰的框架;
2. 它必須能向創意人員描述該廣告目標消費群的真實的心理特徵和消費行為。這一描述既要掌握該目標消費群的總體特徵,又要細致入微到單個目標消費者的具體的生活經歷。這一描述不是定量的、呆板的、純粹理性的,而應該是定性的、創新的、深入到消費者感性層面的;
3. 創意簡報中所含的信息必須能夠把消費者和廣告目標聯系起來,具有很強的指向性。
在生成創意簡報時,切忌把所有信息不加篩選,全部放入創意簡報中去,而應該有針對性地進行選取。以下幾個問題可以作為生成創意簡報的基礎:
• 究竟為什麼我們必須做廣告?
• 我們的廣告想要達到什麼目標?
• 廣告的目標消費群是哪部分人群?
• 對於這些人,我們到底了解多少?
• 我們需要溝通的主題是什麼?
• 策劃該主題的最佳方式是什麼?
• 如何知道我們所做的正確與否?
4、創意開發研究階段(creative development research)
• 創意開發研究一詞是由Jon Steel提出來的,實際上就是指對創意雛形的檢驗。但由於考慮到該階段的側重點在於了解或預測消費者對該創意雛形的反應,了解消費者做出這種反應的原因,力圖進一步完善該創意,於是就運用了creative development research這一表達方式。所謂的創意雛形是指粗略的創意點子,而不是馬上就可以拿去播放或刊登的廣告成品。這么做主要還是基於成本上的考慮。
• 創意開發研究的具體做法是選取能夠代表目標消費群的樣本,以專題組座談(focus group)等定性研究方法,通過座談主持人(moderator)的精心協調,捕捉在座談過程中消費者下意識流露出來的對創意雛形的真實反應,並據此及時修改或完善該創意。
AP案例分析:
加州牛奶加工者顧問董事會實施的「Got Milk」一案。
背景分析:
• 加州牛奶消費量的大幅度下降;
• 成立加州牛奶加工者顧問董事會;
• 與Goodby, Silvertein & Partners的接洽。
加州牛奶消費量的大幅度下降
• 1980年,加州牛奶的人均年消費量為30加侖(一加侖=4.5升),1993年下降到24.1加侖,整整下降20%。
• 但同期人口穩定增長,抵消了人均消費量的降低,牛奶消費在總量上保持穩定。
• 80年代後期,人均消費下降幅度過大,導致牛奶市場開始萎縮。1992-1993單單一年之內,下降3.6%。
加州牛奶加工者顧問董事會
• 以往的廣告活動並未奏效;
• 成立加州牛奶加工者顧問董事會(Carlifornia Fluid Milk Processors』 Advisory Board→CFMPAB),決定採取新一輪的廣告活動;
• 具體實施:從銷售每加侖牛奶的所得中扣除3美分作為基金;廣告活動的期限是2年,若不成功,董事會將自動解散;
• 聘請Jeff Manning作為該董事會的執行經理。
Jeff Manning個人簡介
• 具有豐富經驗的廣告人,曾經在智威• 湯遜,麥肯Erikson, Ketchum 任職;
• 策劃過很多食品的廣告活動,其中包括egg, beef, banana 等;
• 相關的經歷,與廣告公司的默契配合,在這次活動中起了重要的作用。
與Goodby,Silvertein&Partners 的接洽
• 第一年的廣告預算是2500萬美元,但要求廣告效果顯著,作用迅即;
• 公司內部意見不一致,因為當時廣告業的普遍意見是牛奶客戶如同雞肋,棄之可惜,食之無味,認為給牛奶做廣告是註定要失敗的。公司不應該介入這件事情。
開放性的定向說明會(a wide-open brief)
• 現狀的陳述;
• 二手數據的獲得及應用;
• 廣告主明確闡述所要實現的目標。
二手數據的獲得及應用(Gallup)
• Gallup在全國范圍內對牛奶本身及牛奶消費行為的長期調查;
• 分析上述資料,得出牛奶消費量下降主要基於以下三個原因:
• 1. 病態地介意牛奶中的脂肪含量;
• 2. 「婦女嬰兒食品」,小時候媽媽的教誨kids→adolescence→althood;
• 3. 與Coca-Cola,Pepsi牛奶的定位和訴求點老套,缺乏新意。
以往廣告的弊端和效果
• 訴求點:牛奶對你的健康有好處;
• 訴求方法:俊男靚女,白皙的皮膚,潔白的牙齒,健壯的肌肉;
• 總之,牛奶是一種健康的飲料。
• 在改變消費者認知態度的方面,確實起了一定的效果。牛奶是有益的。
• 支持「我應該喝更多的牛奶」的比例,從1982年40%上升到1992的52%。
廣告主所要實現的目標
• Manning認為有時候形象根本不能代表什麼,尤其是對於牛奶這類商品而言。形象≠銷售;
• 廣告活動的重點不是改變牛奶的形象,而在於改變消費者行為;
• 只要牛奶的銷售量能提高,怎麼干都行,廣告中並不一定要出現牛奶。
策略策劃階段(strategic planning)
• 廣告目標受眾的重新確立;
• 訴求點的轉換;
• 訴求方法的創新;
• 媒介策劃的靈活運用
01. 廣告目標受眾的重新確立
• 兩個市場原理:①20:80的法則,即市場中20%的消費者貢獻80%的銷售額;②向經常使用某產品的消費者做廣告,其效果要比向偶爾使用或從未使用過的消費者做廣告要大得多。
• CFMPAB對牛奶消費習慣的研究表明:
02. 訴求點的轉換
• 訴求對象的重新確立要求轉換訴求點;
• 然而,牛奶除了健康之外,還有什麼呢?
• 調查表明,人們一般很少單獨飲用牛奶,牛奶只是對其他食物的補充而已。這些食物都有麥片、各種糕點、小甜餅、三明治、花生油等。
• 「____ and milk」, 「milk and ____」;
• Focus group: ①牛奶→聯想→牛奶
• Focus group:②巧克力、小甜餅、糕點
• 小結:
①食物可以用來產生慾望,而且不僅僅局限在麥片;牛奶本身並不能做到這一點;
②在巧克力等美食麵前,若沒有牛奶,食物貶值,氣氛遭到破壞,人們反應過激;
03. 訴求方法的創新
• 剝奪策略(a deprivation strategy),也稱違背實驗法。在一段時間內禁止使用生活中經常用到的商品,來製造不同尋常的情況,根據在此情況下消費者的行動和感受,發現商品對消費者的意義,並且對此進行調查。在調味料、飲料等商品經常使用這種方法進行調查。
• 文案撰寫:Have you got enough milk? →Got milk?
• 視覺設計:麥片、咖啡太普通,令人饞涎欲滴、被咬掉一口的巧克力、小甜餅或三明治更具沖擊力。
• 電視廣告作品的環境:調查表明,88%的牛奶都在家消費,所以廣告情節發生的背景應在家中——餐桌、廚房、冰箱。
創意開發研究(creative development research)
• 創意開發研究一詞是由Jon Steel提出來的,實際上就是指對創意雛形的檢驗。其側重點在於了解或預測消費者對該創意雛形的反應,了解消費者做出這種反應的原因,力圖進一步完善該創意。
• 向座談對象展示相關圖片,以及電視廣告的腳本(Alexander Hamilton & Aaron Burr)。
• 跟蹤電話采訪座談對象對創意雛形的印象。
04. 媒介策劃的靈活運用
• 時段的精心選擇:牛奶在家中的特定時間消費,如早晨,上午、下午和晚上吃點心的時間;
• D:\所有文件\所有廣告影視資料\影視圖片\got ml.MPG
廣告活動的效果及擴張
• 多種媒介的綜合使用:①電視(Aaron Burr篇, Couple篇, Baby and cat篇)、雜志;②高速公路出口處的路牌、食品店或超市的購物車及出售相應食物的地方;③促銷活動,與其他品牌合作:雀巢、Mother』s Cookies、General Mills、Kraft General Foods。
• 銷售量大幅度上升:經常消費牛奶的家庭由1993年70%上升到1995年的74%;在一天中使用牛奶的次數由1994年10月的3.9次上升為1995底的4.3次;94年銷售量比93年增加了0.7%,而94年之前銷售量持續下降,93年比92年下降3.6%。
• DMI全美乳製品生產者聯合會購買了這次廣告活動的版權,並把品牌延伸到服裝、玩具、杯子,成為大眾文化的一部分。
總結:
• 消費者洞察:深入到消費者生活中去,從而獲得消費者對產品的真實感受;
• 與客戶部、創意部互助合作,相互之間界限並不十分清楚;
• 定性研究和定量研究的創造性運用。
三、AP制的意義
1、在實際操作方面AP制有效地緩解了廣告公司所面臨的壓力
• 客戶部門由於有了AP部門的協助,以及策略策劃能力的提高,從而更易留住客戶,吸引新客戶,有利於廣告公司拓展新的業務。
• 創意部門因為AP部門在生成創意摘要和創意開發研究兩個階段的重要參與,其創意視野大大開闊,並與營銷策略緊密聯系,避免這兩個方面發生脫鉤的現象,從而使得廣告變得更為有效。
• 在與營銷調查公司競爭這一方面,由於設置AP部門的廣告代理公司注重的不單單是數據的採集,而是對各種數據進行分析並靈活應用到廣告流程中來。AP制的廣告公司由此與市場調查公司區別開來,並在一定程度上形成了互相協作的關系。
2、理想的三角模式
• AP出現以前,廣告代理公司一般是客戶部門、創意部門、營銷部門、媒介部門的協作關系。
• 而當廣告公司整合營銷部門和媒介部中的策劃人員成立一個新的部門之後,廣告代理公司內部的主要框架就成了客戶部門、創意部門和AP部門的三角模式。這樣一來,他們三者之間既相輔相成,又相互牽制、監督。
• 客戶主管與AP人員共同商定營銷策略的設計。雖然營銷策略的最終決定權在客戶部門,但代表消費者的AP時刻監督客戶部門,以防止其不顧消費者內心感受,而妄自製定營銷策略。
• 創意人員和AP人員在創意開發階段也相互協作:AP人員一方面要為創意人員最大限度地提供創意靈感,而另一方面又要檢測創意雛形,對其擁有通過或否決的權力,在一定程度上約束著創意人員的想像力,以免創意人員過度追求廣告的藝術性,而忽視廣告的科學性和商業行為的本質。
• 客戶部代表本公司經常與廣告主打交道,來自廣告主和廣告公司雙方面的壓力頗使客戶部必須兼顧雙方的利益,遵守商業運作規則——利益至上,因此客戶部代表務實(practicality)的品質。
• 創意部門的特點在於突破人類想像的極限,開發出最具震撼力的廣告作品,所以它代表著豐富的想像力(imagination)。
• 而AP部門對數據的創造性分析和運用,對消費者內心感受的敏銳洞察,對創意靈感的無比敏感,到處都閃爍著智慧(intellect)的火花。
• 由務實(practicality)、豐富的想像力(imagination)和智慧(intellect)這三種品質所構成的項目調查小組在建立消費者與商品之間的情感紐帶方面顯示出獨特的優越性和非凡的有效性。
呵呵,我今晚才寫,搜到的這些。天涯
『貳』 銷售里TG是指什麼
銷售里TG就是堆頭。是指在賣場的貨架兩側、主通 道、入口處、收銀機旁等人流數量較多的位置擺 放產品的方式。
許多初入快速消費品、小家電行業銷售領域的童鞋,聽到KA、TG、MT、CR-TT、OTCR、SKU、DC、DSD、OEM、POP、4P、4C、SWOT、FAB、USP等一大堆英文銷售術語時,不知是什麼意思。現將最常見的150餘條英文銷售術語整理如下,以饗職場新人:
DA(Distribution & Assortment):分銷
Location:位置
Display:陳列
Pricing:價格
Inventory:庫存
Merchandising:助銷
Promotion:促銷
KA(Key Account):重點客戶
GKA(Global Key Account):全球性重點客戶
NKA(National Key Account):全國性重點客戶
LKA(Local Key Account):地方性重點客戶
RKA(Retail Key Account ):零售重點客戶
SM(ShoppingMall):大型購物消費中心簡稱銷品茂
HYM(Hypermarket):巨型超級市場,簡稱大賣場
SPM(Supermarket):超級市場,簡稱超市
S-SPM(Small-Supermarket):小型超市
M-SPM(Middle-Supermarket):中型超市
L-SPM(Large-Supermarket):大型超市
C&C(Cash & Carry):倉儲式會員店
CVS(Convenience Store):便利店
GS(Gas Station):加油站便利店
DS(Discount Store):折扣店
MT(Modern Trade ):現代渠道
TT(Tradiditional Trade):傳統渠道
OT(Organized Trade):現代特殊渠道
OP(On Premise ):餐飲渠道
HBR(Hotel,Bar,Restaurant):旅館、酒吧、餐館等封閉性通路
WHS(Wholesaler):批發商
2nd tier Ws:二級批發商
DT(Distributor):經銷商,分銷商
2ndDT:二級分銷商
DIST(Distributor System):專營分銷商
MW(Managed Wholesalers):管制批發商
PW(Passive Wholesalers):傳統批發商
DSD(Direct Store Delivery):店鋪直接配送
CSTD(Company Sells Third Party Delivers):我銷他送
DC(Distribution Center):配送中心
TPL(Third Party Logistics):第三方物流
CRP(Contiuous Replenishment):持續補貨
CAO(Computer Assisted Ordering):計算機輔助訂貨
PUR(Purchase):進貨
OOS(Out of Stock):缺貨
Inventory day:庫存天數
SKU(Stock Keeping Uint):最小庫存計量單位
UPC:通用產品編碼
Bar Code:條形碼
Slim(Slim):纖細,苗條(包裝)
TC:鐵罐包裝
AC:鋁罐包裝
TP(TETRA PAK):利樂無菌包裝(俗稱紙包裝)
PET:寶特瓶(俗稱膠瓶)
POSM(Point of Sale Materials):陳列品
GE(Gondola End):端架
MIT(Marketing Inpact Team):賣場整合性陳列;堆箱
TG(Type Genus ):堆頭
Island Display:堆頭式陳列
Floor Display:落地割箱陳列
Pallet Display:卡板陳列
Strip Display:掛條陳列
Sidekick Display:側掛陳列
Checkout Display:收銀台陳列
Cooler Display:冰櫃陳列
Secondary Display:二次陳列
Cross Display:交叉陳列
PG(Promotion Girl):促銷員
P-T(Part-timer):臨時工,特指臨促
POP(Point Of Purchase):門店廣告
Price discount:特價
On-Pack:綁贈
Sampling:試吃
Road Show:路演,大型戶外促銷活動
DM(Direct Mail ):商場快訊商品廣告;郵報
PR(Public Relation):公共關系
NP(News Paper):報紙雜志
AD(Advertisement):廣告
GRP(Gross Rating Point):毛評點;總收視點(媒介用語)
Loyalty:忠誠度
Penetration:滲透率
Value Share:市場份額
AVE(Average):平均數
WTD(Weighted):加權
NUM(Numeric):數值
PP(Previous Period):上期
YA(Year Ago):去年同期
VOL(Volume):銷售量
VAL(Value):銷售額
VAL-PP(Value PP):上期銷售額
VAL-YA(Value YA):去年同期銷售額
YTD(Year To Date ):截至當期的本年累計
MTD(Means Month to Date):本月到今天為止
SPPD(Sales Per Point of Distribution):每點銷售額
BTL(Below The Line):線下費用
ATL(Above The Line):線上費用
ABC(Activity based costing):成本動因核演算法(又稱:巴雷托分析法)
U&A(Usage and Attitude):消費態度和行為(市場調查)
FGD(Focus Group Discuss):座談會(市調一種)
Store Check:終端調查,鋪市率調查
CR:銷售代表
CR-OP:銷售代表-餐飲渠道
CR-OT:銷售代表-現代特殊渠道
CR-MT:銷售代表-現代渠道
CR-TT:銷售代表-傳統渠道
OTCR:現代渠道銷售代表
WDR:批發拓展代表
ADR:客戶拓展代表
DCR:分銷商合約代表
DSR:分銷商銷售代表
KSR:大客戶銷售主任
KAM:重點客戶經理
CDM:渠道拓展經理
MDR:市場拓展代表
MDE:市場拓展主任
MDM:市場拓展經理
TMM:通路行銷市場經理
TDS:區域拓展主任
TDM:區域拓展經理
LTDM:高級區域拓展經理
UM:業務單位經理(大區經理)
GM(General Manager):總經理
GMDR(General Manager Direct Reports ):總經理直接下屬
VP(Vice President):副總裁
FVP(First Vice President):第一副總裁
AVP(Assistant Vice President):副總裁助理
CEO(Chief Executive Officer):首席執行官
COO(Chief Operations Officer):首席運營官
CFO(Chief Financial Officer):首席財務官
CIO(Chief Information Officer):首席信息官
Director:總監
HRD(Human Resource Director):人力資源總監
OD(Operations Director):運營總監
MD(Marketing Director):市場總監
OM(Operations Manager):運營經理
PM (Proct Manager):產品經理
BM(Brand Manager):品牌經理
4P(Proct、Price、Place、Promotion):4P營銷理論(產品、價格、渠道、促銷)
4C(Customer、Cost、Convenience、Communication):4C營銷理論(顧客、成本、便利、溝通)
4V(Variation、Versatility、Value、Vibration):4V營銷理論(差異化、功能化、附加價值、共鳴)
SWOT(Strengths、Weaknesses、Opportunities、Threats):SWOT分析法(優勢、劣勢、機遇、威脅)
FABE(Feature、Advantage、Benefit、Evidence):FABE法則(特性、優點、利益、證據)
USP(Unique Selling Propostion):獨特銷售主張
3A(Avalible、Able、Adsire):買得到、買得起、樂得買
PDCA(Plan、Do、Check、Action):PDCA循環管理(計劃、執行、檢查、行動)
OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer):原始設備製造商,俗稱「貼牌」
ODM(Original Design Manufacturer):原裝設計製造商
OBM(Own Brand Manufacturer):自有品牌製造商
IPO(Initial Public Offering):首次公開募股
LOGO:商標
Slogan:廣告語
FMCG(Fast Moving Consumer Goods):快速消費品
DCG(Durable Consumer Goods):耐用消費品
『叄』 急求關於市場營銷或則房地產相關的英文論文
Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which indivials and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.
Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. [1] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.
Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions[2], whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.
Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.
Contents [hide]
1 Four Ps
2 Proct
2.1 Branding
3 Marketing communications
3.1 Advertising
3.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
3.1.2 Objectives
3.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
3.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
3.2 Personal sales
3.3 Sales promotion
3.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
4 Customer focus
5 Proct focus
6 Areas of marketing specialization
7 See also
8 Related lists
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
[edit] Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a 「Marketing Mix」. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.
Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix,[3] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan.
The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer procts. Instrial procts, services, high value consumer procts require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services.
Instrial or B2B marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than indivial transactions.
As a counter to this, Morgan, in Riding the Waves of Change (Jossey-Bass, 1988), suggests that one of the greatest limitations of the 4 Ps approach "is that it unconsciously emphasizes the inside–out view (looking from the company outwards), whereas the essence of marketing should be the outside–in approach".
[edit] Proct
Main article: New Proct Development
[edit] Branding
Main article: Brand
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes procts and services from competitive offerings. A brand represents the consumers' experience with an organization, proct, or service. A brand is more than a name, design or symbol. Brand reflects personality of the company which is organizational culture.
A brand has also been defined as an identifiable entity that makes a specific value based on promises made and kept either actively or passively.
Branding means creating reference of certain procts in mind.
Co-branding involves marketing activity involving two or more procts.
[edit] Marketing communications
Marketing communications breaks down the strategies involved with marketing messages into categories based on the goals of each message. There are distinct stages in converting strangers to customers that govern the communication medium that should be used.
[edit] Advertising
Paid form of public presentation and expressive promotion of ideas
Aimed at masses
Manufacturer may determine what goes into advertisement
Pervasive and impersonal medium
[edit] Functions and advantages of successful advertising
Task of the salesman made easier
Maximize sales
Publicity
Brand building
Create awareness
Persuade buyers
Introction of new proct
Enable market leadership
To face competition
To inform changes
To counteract to competitors advertisement
To enhance goodwill
[edit] Objectives
Maintain demand for well-known goods
Introce new and unknown goods
Increase demand for well-known goods/procts/services
[edit] Requirements of a good advertisement
The AIDA principle. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action
Attract attention (awareness)
Stimulate interest
Create a desire
Bring about action (to buy the proct)
[edit] Eight steps in an advertising campaign
Market research
Setting out aims
Budgeting
Choice of media (television, newspaper/magazines, radio, web, outdoor)
Choice of actors and players (New Trend)
Design and wording
Co-ordination
Test results
[edit] Personal sales
Oral presentation given by a salesperson who approaches indivials or a group of potential customers:
Live, interactive relationship
Personal interest
Attention and response
Interesting presentation
Clear and thorough.
[edit] Sales promotion
Short-term incentives to encourage buying of procts:
Instant appeal
Anxiety to sell
An example is coupons or a sale. People are given an incentive to buy, but this does not build customer loyalty or encourage future repeat buys. A major drawback of sales promotion is that it is easily copied by competition. It cannot be used as a sustainable source of differentiation.
[edit] Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
Stimulation of demand through press release giving a favourable report to a proct
Higher degree of credibility
Effectively news
Boosts enterprise's image
[edit] Customer focus
Many companies today have a customer focus (or market orientation). This implies that the company focuses its activities and procts on consumer demands. Generally there are three ways of doing this: the customer-driven approach, the sense of identifying market changes and the proct innovation approach.
In the consumer-driven approach, consumer wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the proct itself, is driven by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this approach is that there is no point spending R&D funds developing procts that people will not buy. History attests to many procts that were commercial failures in spite of being technological breakthroughs.[4]
A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing is known as SIVA[5] (Solution, Information, Value, Access). This system is basically the four Ps renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus.
The SIVA Model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (proct, price, place, promotion) of marketing management.
Proct → Solution
Promotion → Information
Price → Value
Placement → Access
The four elements of the SIVA model are:
Solution: How appropriate is the solution to the customer's problem/need?
Information: Does the customer know about the solution? If so, how and from whom do they know enough to let them make a buying decision?
Value: Does the customer know the value of the transaction, what it will cost, what are the benefits, what might they have to sacrifice, what will be their reward?
Access: Where can the customer find the solution? How easily/locally/remotely can they buy it and take delivery?
This model was proposed by Chekitan Dev and Don Schultz in the Marketing Management Journal of the American Marketing Association, and presented by them in Market Leader, the journal of the Marketing Society in the UK.
[edit] Proct focus
In a proct innovation approach, the company pursues proct innovation, then tries to develop a market for the proct. Proct innovation drives the process and marketing research is concted primarily to ensure that profitable market segment(s) exist for the innovation. The rationale is that customers may not know what options will be available to them in the future so we should not expect them to tell us what they will buy in the future. However, marketers can aggressively over-pursue proct innovation and try to overcapitalize on a niche. When pursuing a proct innovation approach, marketers must ensure that they have a varied and multi-tiered approach to proct innovation. It is claimed that if Thomas Edison depended on marketing research he would have proced larger candles rather than inventing light bulbs. Many firms, such as research and development focused companies, successfully focus on proct innovation. Many purists doubt whether this is really a form of marketing orientation at all, because of the ex post status of consumer research. Some even question whether it is marketing.
An emerging area of study and practice concerns internal marketing, or how employees are trained and managed to deliver the brand in a way that positively impacts the acquisition and retention of customers (employer branding).
Diffusion of innovations research explores how and why people adopt new procts, services and ideas.
A relatively new form of marketing uses the Internet and is called Internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, affiliate marketing, desktop advertising or online marketing. It tries to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing.
With consumers' eroding attention span and willingness to give time to advertising messages, marketers are turning to forms of permission marketing such as branded content, custom media and reality marketing.
The use of herd behavior in marketing.
The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behavior.[6] It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of procts that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get proct popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart-cart technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introced by a Princeton researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts." Large retailers Wal-Mart in the United States and Tesco in Britain plan to test the technology in spring 2007 .
Marketing is also used to promote business' procts and is a great way to promote the business.
Other recent studies on the "power of social influence" include an "artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs" (Columbia University, New York); a Japanese chain of convenience stores which orders its procts based on "sales data from department stores and research companies;" a Massachusetts company exploiting knowledge of social networking to improve sales; and online retailers who are increasingly informing consumers about "which procts are popular with like-minded consumers" (e.g., Amazon, eBay).