㈠ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
㈡ 市場營銷戰略主要內容包括哪些
一是成本領先戰略，即企業致力於達到生產成本和銷售成本的最低化；二是差異化戰略，即版企業致力權於創造有顯著差別的產品線和營銷方案，以便有可能成為本行業的市場領導者；三是集中化戰略，即企業將力量集中在為幾個細分市場的服務上，而非追求全部市場。企業怎樣結合自身的情況和營銷環境在這些戰略中加以選擇和確認，實質上就是一個戰略定位問題。
㈢ 關於市場營銷戰略研究的文獻綜述摘要
文獻綜述格式及寫作技巧（附文獻綜述範文）文獻綜述是在對文獻進行閱讀、選擇、比較、分類、分析和綜合的基礎上，研究者用自己的語言對某一問題的研究狀況進行綜合敘述的情報研究成果。文獻的搜集、整理、分析都為文獻綜述的撰寫奠定了基礎。文獻綜述格式一般包括：文獻綜述的引言：包括撰寫文獻綜述的原因、意義、文獻的范圍、正文的標題及基本內容提要；文獻綜述的正文：是文獻綜述的主要內容，包括某一課題研究的歷史 (尋求研究問題的發展歷程)、現狀、基本內容 (尋求認識的進步)， 研究方法的分析(尋求研究方法的借鑒)，已解決的問題和尚存的問題，重點、詳盡地闡述對當前的影響及發展趨勢，這樣不但可以使研究者確定研究方向，而且便於他人了解該課題研究的起點和切入點，是在他人研究的基礎上有所創新；文獻綜述的結論：文獻研究的結論，概括指出自己對該課題的研究意見，存在的不同意見和有待解決的問題等；文獻綜述的附錄：列出參考文獻，說明文獻綜述所依據的資料，增加綜述的可信度，便於讀者進一步檢索。文獻綜述是對某一方面的專題搜集大量情報資料後經綜合分析而寫成的一種學術論文，它是科學文獻的一種。文獻綜述是反映當前某一領域中某分支學科或重要專題的最新進展、學術見解和建議的它往往能反映出有關問題的新動態、新趨勢、新水平、新原理和新技術等等。要求同學們學寫綜述，至少有以下好處：①通過搜集文獻資料過程，可進一步熟悉科學文獻的查找方法和資料的積累方法；在查找的過程中同時也擴大了知識面；②查找文獻資料、寫文獻綜述是科研選題及進行科研的第一步，因此學習文獻綜述的撰寫也是為今後科研活動打基礎的過程；③通過綜述的寫作過程，能提高歸納、分析、綜合能力，有利於獨立工作能力和科研能力的提高；④文獻綜述選題范圍廣，題目可大可小，可難可易。對於畢業設計的課題綜述，則要結合課題的性質進行書寫。 文獻綜述與「讀書報告」、「文獻復習」、「研究進展」等有相似的地方，它們都是從某一方面的專題研究論文或報告中歸納出來的。但是，文獻綜述既不象「讀書報告」、「文獻復習」那樣，單純把一級文獻客觀地歸納報告，也不象「研究進展」那樣只講科學進程，其特點是「綜」，「綜」是要求對文獻資料進行綜合分析、歸納整理，使材料更精練明確、更有邏輯層次；「述」就是要求對綜合整理後的文獻進行比較專門的、全面的、深入的、系統的論述。總之，文獻綜述是作者對某一方面問題的歷史背景、前人工作、爭論焦點、研究現狀和發展前景等內容進行
㈣ 市場營銷關於品牌策略論述題
1比較個別品牌和來統一品自牌的優點，闡述各自的適應情況】
個別品牌優勢； 適合市場細分 有利於擴大市場佔有率 突出品牌特點 有利於企業抗擊風險
缺點：促銷費用高 難樹立企業形象 如有彼此殘殺
適應：企業產品類型較多 關聯度低 生產條件 技術專長較大差別
統一
優勢：形象好 節省費用 便於推新
缺點：風險大 朱連效應 難分質量檔次 產品差異過大 容易引起消費者排斥
適應：高聲譽企業
2品牌的作用與策略
3多品牌戰略的優點有那些
㈤ zara公司的具體營銷渠道是什麼
自營專賣店。也不算西班牙直接開的，應該是zara在中國成立的直屬公司，再由那些公司直接開店，沒有放開加盟，也沒有代理商。