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酒廠營銷策略英文文獻

發布時間:2021-06-15 12:49:47

營銷策略 外文著作

外文文獻有,翻譯沒有,翻譯得靠你自己了,希望能滿足你的需要,能幫到你,如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可,或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供,多多給點懸賞分吧,急用的話請多選賞點分吧,這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你,我找到也是很花時間的
如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可,或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供

近期好像網路Hi無提示信息
留下郵箱地址如dgfgafd的126q郵箱
一六*零****八二*二QQ郵箱

❷ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻

這些都是國外網站上的,沒有中文翻譯的,看不懂的話試試翻譯器,查查字典什麼的,我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara』s Marketing Strategy

Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」

The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.

Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

❸ 急求營銷英文參考文獻

wikipedia "marketing" 有非常多的連結
中英文都有

Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which indivials and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.

Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.

Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix

In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a 「Marketing Mix」. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

* Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
* Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
* Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
* Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.

❹ 求一篇和營銷策略有關的英文文獻,最好有原創翻譯的。

童鞋你好!
這個估計需要自己搜索了!
網上基本很難找到免費給你服務的!
我在這里給你點搜索國際上常用的外文資料庫:
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❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
❷Elsevier SDOL資料庫 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
❸EBSCOhost RSC英國皇家化學學會
❹ACM美國計算機學會 ASCE美國土木工程師學會
❺Springer電子期刊 WorldSciNet電子期刊全文庫
❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary電子圖書
❼ProQuest學位論文全文資料庫
❽國道外文專題資料庫 CALIS西文期刊目次資料庫
❾推薦使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
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中文翻譯得自己做了,實在不成就谷歌翻譯。
弄完之後,自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦!
學校以及老師都不會看這個東西的!
外文翻譯不是論文的主要內容!
所以,很容易過去的!
祝你好運!

❺ 急求一篇品牌營銷策略外文參考文獻

綠色食品營銷策略一、綠色食品營銷環境分析(一)綠色食品營銷的國際環境隨著世界綠色浪潮的興起,綠色食品(國外為有機食品)營銷的國際市場環境已經形成,初步具備了營銷的組織基礎及法規、市場觀念和社會需求環境條件。 .組織基礎。綠色組織的建立最初始於美國。 年代,美國成立了數百個青少年環保組織,發起了保護地球生態平衡的「地球日」活動。此後,各國綠色組織紛紛成立,英國、德國、日本等國還成立了以保護生態環境為宗皆的社團組織---綠黨。 年日本成立了「再生運動市民工會」, 年在法國成立了「有機農業運動國際聯盟」,現已有近 個圍家參加,遍及世界各大洲,成為國際性的綠色組織。國際性綠色組織的出現,對綠色食品的國際營銷起了巨大的推動作用。 .法規環境。在國際性綠色組織建立的同時,西方發達國家已從行政、立法、經濟等方面形成了一套行之有效的環保規范。目前,世界上已簽署的與環保有關的法律、國際性公約、協定或協議多達 多項。同時,國際標准化組織的IS 、IS (即國際貿易商品在技術、安全、衛生、環保等方面的質量保證體系)系列標淮和 年 月起實施的IS (即國際環境標准制度)等協約,協議上限制甚至明文禁止了許多產品的國際貿房。烏拉圭回合貿易談判簽署的最後文件中,不僅包括製成品,也包括農產品等納人了世界貿易組織體制,呈現出明顯的「綠色印記」。西方發達國家都已建立了環境標志制度,環境標志已成為出口產品進入這些國家市場的通行證。至此,有別於傳統非關稅的國際貿易技術壁壘——「綠色壁壘」已形成。 .社會實踐基礎。近年來,以農產品生產過剩和農業補貼負擔過重為契機,歐美國家紛紛進行農業轉型。美國從 年開始實施「低投人持續型」農業政策。在農業生產中減少農葯、化肥的使用;歐共體從 年代後期開始推行新農業政策,改變以往大量投人化肥、農葯的粗放型農業經營政策;日本也正積極推動「環境安全型」新農業政策。其宗旨是保護農業生態環境,滿足人們日益增加的對有機食品的需求。新農業政策的實施無疑為綠色食品營銷奠定了社會實踐基礎。 .市場觀念環境:隨著國際上環境保護意識的增強,人們的思維方式、價值觀念乃至消費心理和消費行為都發生了變化,人們對不污染環境的產業及產品的需求日益增長,甚至有些團體提出了「綠色消費主義」,為國際市場帶來了綠色消費熱。在國際消費市場上,綠色產品標志是取得消費者信任有競爭優勢的主要條件。據美國的調查顯示,有 %的美國人表示一個公司的環境信譽會影響其購買決定;歐共體進行的調查表明, %的荷蘭人和 %的德國人在超市購物時會考慮環境污染的因素,英國的購物者大約有半數會根據對環境和健康是否有利來選擇商品;在日本對家庭主婦的調查時, . %的消費者對綠色食品(有機農產品)感興趣,覺得有安全性的占 . %。綠色、有機食品市場消費觀念已基本形成。 .社會需求環境。近年來發達國家對有機食品的需求迅速增長,並以 %的年遞增率增加。預計再過十年,其消費量將是現在的 倍,這種需求大有超過其本國生產和供應能力的趨勢。目前,西歐是最大的有機食品需求市場,消費量最多的是奧地利、瑞士、英國和德國等,其供求矛盾已日趨明顯,而其國內生產能力有限,在相當程度上只有依靠進口。由此可見,有機食品供求矛盾的出現,逐漸成為企業一項主動的生產和營銷策略。生產者、經營者更明確地意識到開發有機食品可增加其利潤和競爭力,將成為農產品國際商戰中攻守皆宜的利器,成為影響農產品國際市場供求關系的重要因素,成為 世紀國際市場上一項更重要的促銷手段,而獲得了綠色標志的有機食品也就掌握了進入國際市場的通行證。(二)綠色食品營銷的國內環境。隨著國際有機食品營銷環境的變化,國內人均生活水平從溫飽型向小康型轉變, 年國家提出發展綠色食品,並在十年的發展進程中,形成了國內組織、法規、技術、社會實踐及市場需求基礎,使綠色食品營銷的國內市揚環境基本具備。 .組織基礎。農業部成立了「綠色食品發展中心」和「中國綠色食品總公司」,並由該中心注冊綠色食品標志,負責推行和管理此標志,同時制定了綠色食品標志管理法及申請使用綠標的審核程序,並在 個省(市)建立了相應機構負責綠色食品的監督管理等,為國內綠色食品營銷奠定了組織法律基礎; .法規、技術基礎。我們已經制定並頒布了有關綠色食品方面的法規及其規章制度,制定了綠色食品的產品或產品原料的生態環境標准,綠色食品種植業、畜禽養殖、水產養殖及加工的生產技術操作規程,以及最終產品的質量衛生標准等,形成了綠色食品營銷的技術基礎; .社會實踐及市場需求基礎。截止目前,我國已開發了包括糧油、蔬菜、果品、飲料、畜禽蛋奶、水產酒類等 大類 多種的綠色食品,建成了千餘家綠色食品企業和 多個綠色食品生產示範基地,以及百餘個生態農業示範縣的建設,形成了綠色食品營銷的社會實踐。同時,隨著人們生活水平的提高,在我國東部沿海等發達的大中城市,人們對自然、無污染的食品的渴望程度相當高,已經形成了一定的消費群體,這也就是綠色食品的市場需求基礎。二、綠色食品營銷戰略綠色營銷是指企業在整個營銷過程中充分體現環保意識和社會意識,向消費者提供科學的、無污染的生產和銷售方式,引導並滿足消費者的有利於環境保護及身心健康的消費需求。企業選擇並實施綠色營銷戰略,在其經營活動中採用現代營銷模式,追求經濟效益、社會效益和環境效益的統一。因此,綠色營銷作為實現農業可持續發展的有效途徑,無疑成為現代企業,尤其是綠色食品生產企業市場開拓的必然選擇。針對綠色食品營銷存在的主要問題,即:綠色食品市場開發相對滯後、綠色食品營銷網路尚未形成,綠色食品企業廣告宜傳力度不夠,假冒偽劣綠色食品擾亂市場,綠色食品的科研和技術推廣體系較為薄弱,我國環境污染形勢嚴峻與綠色食品產品對環境要求的嚴格性之間存在矛盾等,應採取如下 P策略。(一)制定綠色營銷戰略計劃,實行大市場營銷策略。(PLAN)實行綠色營銷戰略管理計劃是關繫到企業興衰成敗的關鍵性措施。綠色食品生產企業只有制定明確的綠色營銷戰略,才能正確實現綠色食品的市場營銷管理。大市場營銷是針對企業進入具有貿易障礙的市場而設計的,企業實行大市場營銷時,在策略上要協調地運用經濟心理、社會、政治等手段,特別是權利和公共關系,以取得國際目標市場的各有關方面的合作與支持。首先要根據綠色消費趨勢,發現市場機會,確定綠色食品營銷的戰略任務;其次,根據綠色食品標准,確定綠色食品的業務組合計劃,對綠色食品市場進行市場細分後再選擇目標市場,並進行產品開發和研製,選擇恰當的發展戰略,制定包括清潔生產在內的戰略規劃;第三,根據綠色消費的要求制定綠色營銷策略計劃。(二)運用綠色廣告戰略,宣傳綠色消費(PROMOTE)綠色消費的需求和慾望已進入中國消費市場,運用綠色營銷觀念,指導企業的市場營銷實踐,已成為必然趨勢,其中重要的一環是要推行綠色廣告。綠色廣告是宣傳綠色消費的銳利武器,是站在維護人類生存利益的基點上推銷產品的廣告,它的功能在於強化和提升人們的環保意識,使消費者將消費和個人生存危機及人類生存危機聯系起來,使消費者認識到錯誤的消費影響到人類的生存,並最終落實到個體身上,這樣消費者就會選擇有利於個人健康和人類生態平衡的包括綠色食品在內的綠色產品。運用綠色廣告就可以迎合現代消費者的綠色消費心理,對綠色食品工程宣傳,容易引起消費者的共鳴,從而達到促銷的目的。目前在中國,綠色廣告作為一種市場營銷戰略還未引起廣大綠色食品生產者、經營者的普遍重視,因此,綠色食品生產、經營企業應該利用各種廣告媒體,推行和運用綠色廣告,引發綠色食品消費。(三)選擇恰當的綠色銷售渠道,努力拓展綠色食品銷售市場(PLACE)這是拓展市場,提高綠色食品市場佔有率,擴大綠色食品銷售量,成功實施綠色營銷的關鍵。綠色食品和一般的農產品不同,應建立自己的專業流通體系和流通渠道,這一流通體系由生產基地、供貨中心、銷售渠道三部分組成。只有發揮這三部分相輔相成作用,才能使綠色食品流通體系得以完善。實行綠色渠道和綠色促銷策略,採用無污染的運輸工具,合理設置供應配送中心和配送環節,選擇環保信譽好的中間商,並逐漸培養自己的供銷商,以維護產品的綠色形象。對推銷人員實行綠色培訓,在廣告、公共關系等促銷手段中,強調綠色環保特徵,把產品、企業與環保有機聯系起來。加大各零售商的競爭力度,完善綠色食品企業分銷系統合理運行市場營銷的真實結果是把產品推向市場,爭得消費者的認可。目前,綠色食品的消費群在大中城市,它的直銷窗口就是各綠色食品專櫃、專賣店。綠色食品企業為了爭得市場佔有份額,不但要在產品質量、包裝上下功夫,更重要地是要充分考察各零售商店的地理位置,管理水平,經濟實力和效益。只有具備有關規定的條件,才能建立銷售網點或投放自己生產的產品,這樣就為各零售商增強了市場競爭意識;同時,通過運行,企業才能檢驗自己的產品定位、分銷系統定位是否合理。因此,各綠色食品企業只有運用良好的營銷手段,才能使自己的產品走向千家萬戶。同時,各零售商店、配送中心的合理運行又為各綠色食品企業增強了產品上櫃的競爭意識。所以市場營銷、各大城市零售商的設置及分銷系統合理布局為綠色食品企業提供了很好的運作形式。 .在大中城市建立綠色食品物流中心大中城市一般具有優越的地理位置,建立綠色食品物流中心,既可以作為一個銷售窗口,用於展示本公司的綠色食品:又可以作為一個信息窗口,溝通生產企業與市場的聯系,架起聯產促銷的橋梁。 .建立綠色食品連鎖商店綠色食品銷售網點可以借鑒國內外連鎖商業的成功經驗,結合各地具體情況,實現嚴格的「八個統一管理」,即要統一裝修格式、統一服務規范、統一進貨、統一庫存調配、統一商號、統一價格、統一核算、統一管理。這樣可以對企業員工強化「綠色服務」意識的訓練,樹立為消費者提供綠色服務的企業精神,形成與「綠色消費」相適應的企業文化。在建立連鎖商店的同時,還要成立連鎖總店的配送中心,組織聯購分銷,既可以因為大批量直接送貨享受價格優惠,增強與其他同類產品的競爭力,又能夠縮短銷售渠道,減少和降低銷售成本。 .藉助社會渠道,建立一批綠色食品專櫃或專營店選擇經銷尚時要把重點放在與本企業有相同的環境保護意識,有良好的綠色形象並能真正合作的中間商上。商店一般要選擇繁華地段,居民文化層次比較高及客流量比較大的地區。 .直銷對於一些易腐爛變質或喪失鮮活性的綠色食品,如蔬菜、水果等要盡置縮短流通渠道,可以採取直銷方式,這樣,既可以避免產品腐爛變質,又可以減少環境污染。現在有些大中城市出現配送包月菜的形式,可以借鑒。通過直銷綠色食品蔬菜,既減少了流通環節,避免了污染,又降低價格,擴大市場銷售量。 、靈活運用其他綠色營銷策略一是靈活運用促銷策略,要把環境支出計入成本。利用人們回歸自然、崇尚自然的心理採用高價促銷策略;二是運用產品包裝策略,包裝相當於食品的門面,它是產品呈現給消費者的第一形象。實行綠色營銷策略,應對產品實行綠色包裝,世界上發達國家確定了包裝要符合「 R+ D」的原則,則低消耗、開發新綠色材料、再利用、再循環和可降解。目前,國內食品的綠色包裝還處於薄弱環節,「 R+ D」原則沒有得到很好體現,包裝的主要材料還是塑料,這和綠色產品所宣揚的環保觀念是相悖的。在新型的環保材料沒有出現之前,紙是最好的包裝材料。可選擇紙料等可降解材料、無毒性材料進行包裝或採用包裝材料簡單化、方便化策略;三是實施名牌戰略,經營綠色食品的企業要努力提高和保持綠色食品質量和特性,創造名牌,並按整體產品概念,除實現產品的功能外,要注重產品的附加功能和延伸功能,以加速名牌的形成。四是靈活利用公共關系宣傳,如舉綠色食品論壇、舉以「環境保護」、「綠色健康生活」為主題的促銷宣傳活動,塑造企業形象,打造企業品牌。(四)、實施綠色價格策略(PRICE)綠色食品的價格允許比一般食品高,是因為企業在生產中承擔了一部分改善環境的成本。因此,在綠色食品定價上可以實行一定的加價率,企業在生產中要嚴格把好質量關。 .對一些綠色食品實行新產品定價策略許多綠色食品可以作為新產品看待,而有的綠色食品本身就是新產品,為此這些產品可以採用新產品定價策略。 .滿意定價策略根據市場出現的相同或相似的綠色食品的價格水平定價,所謂隨行就市定價策略。 .目標價格策略根據企業預期的利潤收益,結合市揚對本綠色食品的需求量和綠色食品的成本費用,來確定產品的價格策略。 .心理定價策略很多情況下,綠色食品可以滿足消費者的某種心理需求,如自然、安全或趕時尚等,這就為綠色食品進行心理定價提供了依據。品牌戰略(BrandStratagem)用品牌戰略開發市場在市場經濟條件下,品牌就是價值,品牌是龍頭企業發展壯大的一個關鍵因素,也是提高企業競爭力的主要手段。實踐證明,只有企業走聯營聯合之路,打造一批能在國內、國外市場參與競爭的航空母艦,形成拳頭產品,才能盡快的走進國際市場,才能有一定的競爭能力,才能實現企業利潤的最大化。但在構造綠色食品品牌時,應注意把握以下三條原則:一是要堅持按市場競爭構造品牌的原則;二是要堅持用質量標准體系構造品牌的原則;三要堅持用產業化經營的方式構造品牌的原則。品牌不僅僅是企業創造出來的,而是通過消費者不斷認知並長久忠誠形成的。品牌戰略的重要在於創新市場機制,關注消費者的反應。著眼消費者,不斷地培養消費者的品牌價值觀,並依據企業的經營戰略來進行各項策略的擬訂,並有效地組合成一個整體,透過品牌傳達齊一的品牌個性,不斷的創新市場機制,來實現品牌持久的競爭優勢,從而鞏固市場的地位。 .緊緊盯住消費者來制訂品牌戰略。 .為好的產品制訂科學系統的品牌發展戰略。 .目標不僅是銷售好的產品,而且創造好的品牌。 .給品牌注入生命和靈魂,不斷地演繹品牌策略。 .建立信賴比獲取市場佔有率更重要。 .建立長期的關系比短期內增加利潤更重要。 .建立整齊一致的品牌個性,並統一傳播。 .現代企業的行銷活動,必須透過品牌,保持統一形象。新經濟時代是一個創新時代。無形資產決定企業價值,新經濟在向企業展示其無窮魅力的同時,也對企業提出了更高的要求。因為你的競爭對手、你的用戶不再局限於地區性的市場、商場,而是同在相互不謀面的全球性網路。用戶對你認可還是否定都在瞬間完成,而起決定性作用的是品牌的美譽度。這些無形資產的經濟價值要遠大於其有形資產,其巨大的產權份量增強了企業發展的後勁,也是公司經濟實力的體現。豐力公司目前的拳頭產品是冷凍淡水產品和綠色果蔬,需要發揮產品特色,盡快打出品牌。整合食品銷售網路食品企業的市場營銷環境在不斷變化,食品企業的銷售網路也必須不斷改變,才能把握新銷售機會,提高銷售網路的有效性。根據每個經銷商的具體表現以及不同地區市場變化狀況,食品企業要定期地分析現有的渠道是否能滿足需求,是否需要開發新的渠道,或增加渠道中的個別經銷商,乃至調整整個銷售渠道等。食品企業在整合銷售網路時,應按以下四個步驟循序而進:步驟一:明確銷售渠道的目標 提高滲透率——如將現有的經銷店由 家擴充為 家。 開辟新的銷售渠道——食品企業開發出新的產品,或利用新的市場機會,開發新的銷售渠道。 確定各銷售渠道的銷貨比率組合——食品企業可依據各種銷售渠道的獲利狀況、政策需要、競爭策略等,設定銷貨比率組合目標,如:百貨公司 %,超級市場 %,量販店 %,特殊銷售渠道 %。 提高經銷店的銷售周轉率——這是食品企業提高經營效率的重要目標。 確定物流成本服務質量目標——財務人員往往強調低物流成本,但是一味地降低物流成本而忽視客戶滿足度,也是市場營銷所不能接受的,因此設定物流成本及服務質量目標也是銷售渠道的一項重要目標,例如配送的速度是食品營銷成功的重要因素,為了滿足各戶迅速配送的要求,增加運輸費用也是必要的。 確定食品企業及經銷商保有存貨的目標。 確定不同銷售渠道的投資報酬目標。 確定流通信息化的建立目標。步驟二:找出目前食品銷售渠道的問題 食品業界使用的銷售渠道。首先要了解業界所用的銷售渠道情況,以做到「知已知彼」。包括以下三方面:( )業界所使用的銷售渠道方式,如業界使用直營式,或重點地區直營其他地區經銷,或獨家代理,或選擇性分銷,或使用特殊的銷售渠道等。( )評估地區的覆蓋率,即評估業界在各地區的市場覆蓋率。( )評估客戶的實力,如各個銷售點的人員數量及素質、地點、是否專賣、客戶對企業的忠誠度等。 與本企業所使用的銷售渠道的差異比較。對於主要競爭對手,企業要進行銷售渠道差異分析,以了解本企業在業界中所處的地位。 .目前銷售渠道中存在的問題:( )企業與經銷商間的沖突。如廠家抱怨批發商銷售的品牌太多沒有重點推銷本企業的產品、沒有及時反饋市場信息等;而經銷商則抱怨利潤不高、價格混亂、廠家直接開設零售店等。( )經銷商與經銷商之間的沖突。如互相爭奪客戶、低價傾銷、跨區銷售等。( )要選擇多少經銷商。企業選擇銷售渠道的策略有四種:密集分銷、選擇性分銷、獨家代理、多重銷售渠道,每種銷售渠道都有它的特點,也都可能產生問題,所以企業必須了解目前存在的問題是什麼。步驟三:提出創造性的解決問題策略解決食品銷售渠道問題的第一步是企業應隨時知道自己的客戶(使用者及購買者)是誰?他們在哪裡?何時會購買?為什麼會購買?對客戶了解清楚後,才能提出有效的策略,才能解決目前的困擾及開創新的機會,以實現銷售渠道的目標。食品銷售渠道中的問題及應對策略如下: 經銷商對企業產品銷售不重視。針對這一問題可採取:提供銷售獎勵法;協助經銷商開展促銷活動;對經銷商進行銷售知識培訓,如進行商品陳列、銷售技巧、店面管理、庫存管理、訂貨系統等方面的培訓。 食品銷售渠道間的利益沖突。這是在所難免的,企業不能視而不見,必須通過有效的管理與控制手段,解決銷售渠道間的沖突,否則,這種沖突會毀掉市場。 向前整合/向後整合策略。向前整合策略是指食品企業設立與本企業有關的銷售點,全權掌握下游的銷售渠道,如雙匯集團准備在全國建立 家雙匯產品專賣店,五糧液集團在全國設置的五糧液專賣店等;向後整合策略指廠家或經銷商設立自己的物流中心、配送中心,提高整體的營運效率及能力。 競爭對策。競爭對手開辟了哪些新的渠道,實施了哪些新的食品銷售策略,企業必須根據競爭對手的情況提出應對之策。 食品銷售渠道信息化。銷售渠道的一個重要功能就是信息功能,企業要通過銷售渠道不斷地收集和反饋市場信息。 開發新的食品銷售渠道。這使企業能更接近特殊的細分市場客戶,把握新的市場機會,擁有新的競爭優勢,從而提高企業的市場佔有率。 加強深度分銷。以提高鋪貨率和提升在專營店的表現,減少通路沖突,增強競爭優勢。步驟四:費用預估及評估。不同的食品銷售渠道會產生不同的費用,而銷售費用往往影響著企業的獲利率及價格的競爭能力,食品銷售渠道策略一旦制定,將會長期影響企業的發展。因此,企業必須從長期出發評估銷售渠道策略。渠道需要溝通。經常的溝通是企業保持渠道順暢的主要方式,也是企業了解和幫助分銷商的重要途徑。分銷商衡量企業的一個主要標準是短期有利可圖,長期可持續發展,這個標准就長期來說是要看企業在行業中的領先地位和發展情況,短期來說是要看經營利潤。這種標准說道底是一種利益標准,所以有效的渠道溝通就是有關分銷商利益的溝通。如何進行利益溝通,許多跨國公司如寶潔、聯合利華常常採用一種溝通工具:ROI分析,即投資回報率分析。總之,根據產品系列和生產能力,綠色食品銷售銷售應走兩個市場:國際市場和國內市場。國內市場開拓的首要任務是銷售通路建設。綠色食品須保鮮、易變質,較宜採用短通路。以下是四種消費品銷售通路,我的看法是:在本地區及中小城市應走(一)、(二),在密集型消費的大城市取(四),縣城地區取(三)。銷售通路圖:(一)直銷(二)網狀銷售(三)批發市場輻射(四)平台銷售中小食品企業市場營銷策略三準備夯實營銷基礎中小食品企業進行市場營銷首先要做好以下三個方面的基礎工作:做好產品包裝設計對許多中小食品企業來說,包裝表表形式跟不上市場變化,內外包裝設計檔次低,產品包裝沒有自身的特色等到毛病會讓中閃電戰商及消費者從視覺和心理上產生不信傷感。包裝形式及內外包裝同質量相一致甚至高出產品質量,對中小食品企業特別是質量較好或新上市的中小食品企業顯得尤其重要。一方面,好的包裝能夠給人產品質量的信心;另一方面,好包裝會給商家信心和良好的感覺;再則,好的包裝能夠產生企業生產成本高導致的價格高的效果,給產品以相應的價格空間。准備好宣傳促銷品許多中小食品企業由於各種原因,便宣傳促銷品要麼准備不全,要麼製作出的宣傳促銷品水平和檔次低,給市場營銷實操過程造成很多困難,從而打擊了經銷商和業務人員的信心。對食品企業來說,電視廣告片、宣傳、企業及產品宣傳冊至手提袋、POP弔旗及常規促銷品如圓珠筆、打火機等都應當准備,並且這些宣傳促銷品應當同主品特點和產品包裝相統一,保持較高的質量。保持產品的穩定性中小食品企業還應注意的一個問題是產品的穩定性,所謂產品的穩定性,一是指產品配方的穩定,對食品來說,就是產品口感和口味的穩定。產品的穩定性還指產品質量的穩定,任何產品質量問題,對市場、經銷商和業務人員都是沉重的打擊,所以企業必須保證產品質量盡量不出或少出質量事故。四種策略確保營銷成功做好以上工作,企業進行主市場營銷時就有一個比較良好的基礎,關於具體的市場營銷策略,應注意以下幾方面:逐步推進的市場策略中小食品企業的實力不允許企業進行全國性市場營銷,而只能採取「小心翼翼」逐步推進的市場拓展策略。中小食品在採取逐步推進的市場策略時,應注意以下幾條原則: 、迴避原則許多企業喜歡首先在城市或省份做出樣板市場來,然後再向其它市場推進。這種做法,不應當該意追求。「牆內開花牆外香」及「外來和沿好念經」的事比比皆是,因此有時應迴避本地市場,而根據產品特點、各地的消費習慣和對產品的接受容易程度來選擇前期市場。對中小企業而言,市場開發最好先迴避中心城市,而開發市場投入小、啟動較為容易的地級城市,通過它們來包圍中心城市,同時;輻射縣能、級城市市場。 、「兩手抓」原則所謂「兩手抓」,即一手抓回款,五手建立根據地市場。盡可能多的回款,一方面可以保證企業的正常經營活動,另一文獻可以保證企業員工的信心,同時,還可滿足企業其它方面和層次的需要。 、重視市場時機中小食品企業應根據自身產品特點在適當的時間全力進行經銷商開發,避免許多企業經常出現的在旺季或旺季之後才進行開發的情況。終端為先的通路策略資金並不充裕的中小食品企業,在進入一個新的市場後,終端的建設更加重要。因為新產品甚至高價位的新產品要通過批發市場直接較大量走貨幾乎是不可能的,只有通過終端的努力鋪貨、促銷、宣傳、並結合適當的其它工作,才能逐步提高品牌知名度,從而帶動以批發市場為主的其它通路的產品銷售。整合的產品宣傳策略所謂整合宣傳策略,一方面指要將廣告、常規促銷、其它促銷、人員推銷同鋪貨甚至公關活動相結合,充分利用它們各自的宣傳、銷售、引導等作用,做到互相促進、互相補充、互相提高;另一方面則是指宣傳促銷的立體化和規模效應。全面的廠商關系策略

❻ 求一份營銷策略方面的論文文獻,要中英文都有的

參考文獻
〔l」黃鳳玲.關注煙草經濟高增長下的深入調整,《中國煙草》,2005.3,
38一39頁
〔2」〔美〕斯蒂芬衛羅賓斯.《管理學》第7版,中國人民大學出版社,2004,
365頁
〔3」鍾濤、何立眠、朱佳著.《整合營銷》,山西經濟出,1998,127頁
[4」麥克爾.波特.《競爭優勢》,華夏出版社,2005,202頁
[5]呂忠信.《世界煙草經濟》,中國科學技術大學出版社第1版,2006,
65頁
〔6〕國家局經濟運行司.盤點成果穩中進取,《中國煙草》,2005.3,
21頁
[7〕編者.2004中國煙草回眸,《中國煙草》,2005.3,45頁
[8]徹納東尼和麥唐納著.《創造強有力的品牌》,中國經濟出版社,2004:
26頁
[9」劉鍾詳.國際卷煙流行口味特點及其對我國消費的影響,《煙草科
技》,2006.4,61頁
仁10〕編者.2007中國煙草回眸,《中國煙草》,2007.12,12頁
【11]劉宗柳.卷煙消費的市場現狀與潛力分析,《中國煙草》,2006.6,
47頁
〔1幻王長根.《學習型企業文化理論與實踐》中國經濟出版,2005,
123一124頁
「13〕於建原.《營銷管理》,西南財經大學出版社,2003,96頁
〔14」中國江西網,中國卷煙零售戶經營狀況調查,W卿.jxcn.。n
〔15〕龔錦華.((企業戰略、文化、管理研究報告》,2006,162頁
〔16」畢長敏主編.煙草流通企業戰略與管理,東北財經大學出版社,
2004.6,137頁
〔17」劉志峰.零售業態之變催促煙草流通改革,《中國煙草》,2006.8
55頁
[18]中國煙草在線http://WWW,tob

❼ 求 關於鋁業公司進出口策略的英文文獻。急 萬分感謝

首先要告訴你的是鋁業進出口有限公司營銷策略的英文是
The marketing strategies of aluminium enterprises in importing and exporting.

我幫你找了些資料,希望會對你有幫助;D

http://www.sibran.ru/psb/phsb/papers/CSD2004_4e_12.pdf

http://www.thehinbusinessline.com/2006/05/28/stories/2006052801960200.htm

http://www.bharatbook.com/businessreports/European_Aluminum_Market_(2007).html

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/packaging-accord-action-plans-jul04/plan-aluminium.html

http://dsir.nic.in/pubs/te/te200603.pdf

http://www.prime-tass.com/news/show.asp?topicid=65&id=426711

Chinese Aluminium Demand This Year Will Be About 14.9 Million Tons, A 24 Percent Rise From 2007

DUBLIN, Ireland--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c88404)has announced the addition of China Instry Research and Investment Analysis: Aluminium Mining and Dressing Instry to their offering.

One of the exits for a U.S. recession is... China. In fact, China's continuing demand for metals for its economic growth is buffering the impact of a U.S. recession on mining procers. China's economy expanded last year at its strongest pace in 13 years, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth. A U.S. recession only has a minimal impact on China's demand for metal.

Aluminum is the third-best performing instrial metal in the world.

Aluminum price is rising because of a supply shortage. High demand growth for primary alumina in China will be a key support for prices going forward.

http://msl1.mit.e/msl/meeting_05082000/prz_pdf/Globalization.ppt#447,14,CASE STUDY: ALUMINUM ENGINE BLOCKS IN BRAZIL

The supply is tight and the demand is higher than ever. China is the world's largest aluminum procer but there is a scarcity because of snowstorms in China in 2008. On the demand side, China has become the world's largest aluminum procts maker and consumer. Chinese demand this year will be about 14.9 million tons, a 24 percent rise from 2007. The country will account for 35% of total demand by 2020 from 13% in 2000.

"China Instry Research and Investment Analysis: Aluminum Mining and Dressing Instry, 2008"", is an invaluable asset for anyone who wants to invest in the aluminum mining and dressing instries, to import into China, to partner with one of the key Chinese corporations, or to compete in the segment. The report provides in-depth analysis and detailed insight into China's aluminum mining and dressing instries, market drivers, basic instry indices, competitive landscape, key enterprises and their strategies, as well as technologies and investment trends.

This report is divided into 8 parts (a total of 19 chapters):

1. Instry overview

2. Basic indices

3. Economic operation

4. Competitive landscape

5. Key enterprises

6. Business strategy

7. Market investment

8. Technology

Data source: national statistics, market research and monitoring, instry associations and institutions, import-export statistics, and others.

In 2008, China's domestic consumption, investments, and exports are all expected to continue their rapid growth. In addition, China's hosting of the 2008 Olympics will give rise to an Olympic boom that will boost domestic consumption. Get the report and see how China impacts the world!

Content Outline:

Part 1 Instry Overview

1 Definition of the instry and an overview of its development

2 Analysis of the instry』s macro environment and impact

3 Analysis of the instry』s international market

4 Analysis of the instry』s domestic market

Part 2 Basic indices

5 Analysis of the instry』s scale and condition: 2004-2007

6 Analysis of the instry』s asset status: 2004-2007

Part 3 Economic operation

7 Analysis of the instry』s gross instrial output value: 2004-2007

8 Analysis of the instry』s sales revenue: 2004-2007

9 Analysis of the instry』s gross profit: 2004-2007

10 Analysis of the instry』s import/export sector: 2007

Part 4 Competitive landscape

11 Analysis of the instry』s competitive landscape

12 Comparative analysis of the competitiveness of the instry』s key enterprises

Part 5 Key enterprises

13 Comparative analysis of the economic indicators of the instry』s key enterprises

Part 6 Business strategy

14 Development bottlenecks and coping strategies of the instry

15 Analysis of enterprise development strategies in the instry and recommendations

Part 7 Market investment

16 Comparison and analysis of investment activity coefficients and investment returns in the instry

17 Analysis of the instry』s investment environment and investment risks

Part 8 Technology

18 Current situation and trends of the newest technology applications in the instry

19 Development trends of and operating capacity forecast for the instry 156

EJEP』s seminar advances strategy on Aluminium exports to EU

In its drive to promote Jordan』s exports of Aluminium procts, the Euro-Jordanian Action for the Development of Enterprise (EJADA) held a seminar in Amman last month under the auspices of its Euro-Jordanian Export Programme (EJEP).

Addressing the seminar, Mr Vogt Otfried (project consultant) presented the export penetration strategy for Aluminium extruders and fabricators into European markets.

Mr.Otfried detailed his findings over the prospects that exist for Jordanian Aluminium extruders and fabricators to export to EU countries, and he summarized his recommendations on how best to prepare a penetration strategy taking into consideration the existing demand and supply factors governing the EU markets.

Mr. Otfried summarised the results of the Inward Buying Mission that took place in Jordan ring the 3rd week of September 2005 when six European buyers (extruders and fabricators) held one-to-one business meetings with their Jordanian counterparts (SMG members). In the strategy, Mr Otfried recommended that Jordanian companies within this sector should: become sub-suppliers to extruders in the Western European countries; cooperate with EU companies in promising instries other than Construction as the prices in Construction standard profiles in Europe are hardly cost effective.

The companies should concentrate on added value manufacturing processes and aim at establishing joint ventures with partners in Central Europe and the Balkan States to enable them to participate in tender bids in Europe. Addressing Jordanian Aluminium fabricators Mr. Otfried suggested that, to penetrate the EU market, several significant changes need to be managed successfully on a short term and to start in the non-EU states through establishing partnerships. He said that the first results from the Inward Buying Mission for the Aluminium fabricators are promising and fabricators should build-upon the business opportunities that were presented to them under this mission.

On the other hand, Mr Otfried recommended that Aluminium manufacturers should consolidate through establishing their own sector representative association. Mr Otfried recommended that the association be grouped by proct. A sample association structure was presented to the participants ring the meeting. 「The meeting was quite fruitful, and we hope that regular visits by experts would enhance our proction quality and our export potential to enable us to penetrate efficiently into EU markets,」 said Mr. Mohammad Marashdeh, general manager of Arab Aluminium Instry Co., extruder. He indicated that the sector needs ample support in the field of investment in training through donor programmes, and he lauded the Royal Scientific Society』s support which has benefited the sector through the bringing in of experts to give advice on Clean Proct, and on methods to save energy and rece water consumption.

Marashdeh suggested that outsourcing by EU companies from Jordan would be the most viable option to enhance exports of Aluminium profiles and casts. Mr. Naji Al-Naji, sales manager of Modern Aluminium Instries Co., extruder, hailed the seminar as an eye opener and said, 「More visits by experts are needed to upgrade the instry to European standards.」 On the fabricators side, Mr. Shadi Izmiqna, projects manager of Al-Faqeer Instrial Co., said the meeting was useful as it pegged our instry』s capabilities against the standards in Europe. 「The comparison enables ground for improvement and hence there would be always need for experts』 visits to evaluate the scope of development that we would require to attain European standards…Visits by SMG sector members to EU instries would also give us a hands-on knowledge of proceres implemented there.

On his part, Mr. Omar Shegem, managing partner of Petra Aluminium Co. said, 「EJEP has implemented its role as an entity geared towards helping Jordan』s Aluminium exports.」 However he was critical of the buying mission that visited Jordan. 「The Inward Buying Mission included two European companies that were more interested in exporting to Jordan; however one company from one of the Baltic States has shown interest to buy from our company,」 Shegem declared.

http://www.1stjordan.net/actuuk/archivesuk/resultat.php?id=934&debut=0

http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=aluminium+export+strategies&btnG=Search&meta=

❽ 誰幫忙寫篇酒店市場營銷策略英語文章

給你一篇範文參考下,但是沒有英文的:今天,國內酒店市場的寒冬正在悄然逼近。受此次危機影響,首先,酒店行業的入境客源明顯減少;其次,多數國內公司開始嚴格控制差旅費用支出,導致商務出行人數、次數與酒店住宿等級降低;再者,國內某些地區已經出現的高星級酒店供大與求的現象更加惡化。凡此種種皆與人們的信心產生了互為因果的關系。
為應對全球金融危機在中國可能出現的蔓延與加劇,中國政府迅速提出了四萬億人民幣的經濟刺激計劃,國家旅遊局與相關部門也在制訂「國民休閑計劃」,進一步落實職工帶薪休假制度。那麼,在營銷方面,酒店應該做什麼呢?
一、在市場定位不變的情況下,整體價格構成向下調整。降價是原則,如何操作,則是技巧;降價的目的非常明確:給顧客以實惠,穩定主體客源;合理減少GOP,爭取營業收入最大化。在酒店營銷諸要素中,價格最敏感、最直接、最有效。
酒店運用價格杠桿,有這樣幾點理由:首先是顧客的需求改變,這種改變表面上是顧客需求標准降低,例如由行政樓層降為標准客房,實質上是支付能力下降,也就是說,顧客並不是自願降低自己的住宿標准,而是無力維持原住宿標准,因此,顧客,尤其是對於公務出差的顧客而言,這樣的改變是痛苦的和被迫的,他們仍然渴望維持原狀,在這種情況,如果酒店降價,這些顧客就可能繼續留住,如果酒店堅持不降,這些顧客就可能流向其他酒店;其次,對於酒店產品而言,由於其無法貯藏的特性,今天未賣掉的房間,其價值就是零,直接受損失的是酒店;此外,就酒店營銷而言,盡管許多業內人士對降價都持反對態度,但是筆者認為,該降的時候,一定要降,除非有足夠的現金流,否則,就應該隨行就市。
降價操作當然有技巧,要考慮市場需求、競爭對手、產品特點等諸多因素的相互作用關系。同時必須指出,降價不是營銷的唯一手段,不能造成市場錯位;降價與否也許是酒店可以獨自決定的事情,但是降價的效果如何卻非酒店獨自可以決定的。這里,與顧客的溝通,特別是與大客戶、常客的主動、積極溝通至關重要,我們不能採取簡單的線性思維方式———酒店降價→顧客佔便宜→顧客當然不反對,那麼,酒店只要告知顧客就可以了,沒有必要搞什麼復雜的溝通。這樣想法不能算錯,但過於簡單,因為降價的目的首先是酒店獲益,酒店由於沒有更好選擇而不得不降價,而顧客則總是有更多其他酒店的選擇。因此,降價溝通做得好,有利於酒店與顧客的雙贏,顧客得到了自己想要的價值,酒店的資源得到了最大化的利用。
二、在主打產品基本不變的情況下,增加產品價值,豐富顧客選擇。一般來說,在酒店可研階段,客源定位就基本確定,由此與之配套的主打產品設計成型。因此,面對當前經營困境,一家高星級酒店沒有必要考慮將適應商務客源需求的主打產品轉型去適應旅遊客源需求,而應該考慮將適應境外商務客源需求的產品轉向適應境內商務客源需求,即調整這兩部分客源的構成比例,將境外商務客源的減少部分,力爭通過開發境內市場進行彌補。
具體可採取如下幾種做法。首先,留住核心客戶群,方法是在他們支付能力被迫降低的情況下,酒店通過降價或升級手段,盡量維持提供客戶的產品標准不變;其次,吸引更多的顧客,最大限度地增加所有產品的價值,而增值部分必須為其細分顧客群所認認可。例如比較常見但也確實為顧客樂意接受的方法有減免服務費、提供免費早餐、贈送自助餐券、VIP升級、常客計劃雙倍積分獎勵等;再者,在整合酒店內部資源(例如房間與餐飲、娛樂等的捆綁銷售)基礎上,整合酒店外部相關可利用資源,例如,國內有些酒店與提供天然健康睡眠用品的公司合作,向客人提供具有安眠功效的睡枕,酒店的目的是發掘、誘導客人的住房需求,而睡枕公司的目的宣傳自己的產品。那麼,當客人在用了酒店的睡枕感到確實舒服有效的時候,酒店可以把同樣的睡枕賣給客人。
酒店在整合外部資源時,必須遵守這樣幾條原則:第一,酒店、顧客與合作方三方均合理受益;第二,整合進來的外部服務/產品要貨真價實;第三,酒店受益不是體現在通過賣合作方的服務/產品獲得利潤,而是作為促銷手段,銷售酒店自身的產品;第四,此類做法只是錦上添花,不可過多過濫,影響酒店主業形象。
三、在發揮銷售人員主導作用的情況下,提高一線面客員工銷售意識。面對正在到來的市場寒冬,首先感覺到寒氣逼人的,就是酒店的銷售人員———今年的銷售任務能不能完成,明年的預算指標是不是還要年年加碼?作為酒店的經營決策者,首先要做的工作就是穩定並強化銷售隊伍。
第一,要深入銷售一線,同銷售人員一起分析市場的形勢與酒店的任務,目的是對市場達成基本共識,對酒店的經營目標達成基本共識;第二,在共識的基礎上制定靈活的銷售策略,隨著市場變化迅速調整;第三,客觀地制定銷售人員的業績考核指標,促使他們完成指標的相應支持,包括管理支持,例如各種政策的傾斜,也包括產品支持,例如酒店的客房、餐飲的質量、特色保證等;第四,調動那些有銷售才華或有培養潛力的其他部門員工充實到銷售隊伍中。
酒店的銷售離不開全體部門和人員的共同努力,應使全體員工,特別是一線面客員工真正理解並切身感受到酒店銷售業績好壞與自己的關系,例如個人收入、工作評價等。這里並不是說,因為市場形勢不好,所以酒店全體員工不管是什麼崗位都分配指標去拉客戶,而是要求大家在完成好崗位職責的基礎上,能夠站在酒店銷售的立場上,思考酒店的經營與管理。對於一線面客員工,如果他們銷售意識提高了,就更容易與二線、銷售部合作,形成立體的銷售網路。要做到這一步,管理要扁平化,授權向一線下移。
此外,對於基層員工,不要進行過多的原則、理念灌輸,應該著重通過案例分析、集體討論來增強其銷售意識,通過啟發的方式逐步讓一線員工體會、認知、固化。談銷售並不一定就是向顧客推銷什麼酒店的產品,而是根據自己的崗位特點與顧客的需要隨機處理。有時顧客需要的只是一個真誠的微笑,有時顧客需要的只是聊上幾句貼心的家常,這些看似簡單平常的待客行為,都可以起到意想不到的銷售效果。

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