① 市場營銷策略有哪些
價格策略、產品策略、渠道策略和促銷策略。
② zara的成功是如何闡述戰略管理的
第一方面是准確的品類管理，快時尚的主要目標是採用一種非常具有成本效益的方式快速地開發並生產滿足客戶需求的產品。作為品牌商，需要分析並發現自己最擅長、最易於滿足客戶需求、利潤最好的品類。為了實現這一目標，需要協調市場營銷部門、開發部門和外部的合作夥伴及時地掌握和分析銷售數據。因此，必須有一個靈活高效的信息化系統來支撐，讓全體參與方基於一個統一的高效溝通和協作平台，准確快速地開發和管理利潤率貢獻高的品類。
第二方面是快速反應的供應鏈，快時尚的重點在於「快」，同時也必須做到「快」而不亂。存在兩類供應鏈：敏捷供應鏈(Agile)和精益供應鏈(Lean)；敏捷供應鏈的原則是和供應鏈上的全部合作夥伴實時共享信息和技術，通過緊密協作減少庫存；精益供應鏈的核心特徵是在正確的時間交付正確的產品。快時尚的供應鏈需要把兩者有機結合在一起，形成「精敏」供應鏈(Leagile)。於是，必須改善和簡化從產品概念、設計、開發、打樣到生產、物流配送的整個流程。經過流程的改善和簡化以後，快速反應的供應鏈就實現了價值的增加和成本的減少，同時對客戶的需求變化得到及時地反饋。要實現「精敏」供應鏈，必須採用當前先進的軟體技術以支撐整個業務流程的順利運行，從而保證流程和數據的准確、實時地執行，不遺漏、不延遲任何一個流程和數據的細節。
第三方面是供應商關系管理，快時尚品牌需要和供應商建立良好並且廣泛的合作夥伴關系。供應商需要和品牌商一起緊跟市場需求和時尚潮流，並且需要在產品設計和開發階段參與進來。為了保證溝通順暢和緊密協作，最好有一個統一的溝通和協作平台，然後合作各方基於平台高效運行每一個業務流程和准確記錄每一個數據細節。
第四個方面是內部關系，和保持良好的外部供應商關系一樣重要的是必須要有協調一致的內部關系。很多組織架構是根據不同的職能部門進行劃分，如市場營銷、設計、采購、生產、質檢等，並且各職能部門之間的溝通協作和信息共享總是不盡如人意。要高效執行快時尚商業戰略，必須要有緊密的關系和快速的市場反應能力。這就要求必須有一個統一的信息化系統來確保溝通的及時和協作的緊密無間。
③ zara的物流策略是什麼
Inditex公司是西班牙排名第一，全球排名第三的服裝零售商，在全球52個國家擁有2000多家分店。旗下擁有ZARA、Pull and Bear、Massimo Dutti等九個服裝品牌，ZARA是其中最成功的，被認為是歐洲最具研究價值的品牌之一。
每一季推出的獨特款式對ZARA品牌的成功的確相當重要。但是可能許多人沒有發現，在快速引領潮流推出新款的背後，供應鏈系統貫穿了整個流程：從每款服裝的設計一直到分配到每個分店。Inditex每年提供12000種不同的產品項目供顧客選擇，從設計理念到成品上架僅需十幾天。這一切不得不歸功於ZARA公司獨特的供應鏈管理：強大供應鏈管理系統及其IT系統支撐，使其成為全球服裝行業中，響應速度與彈性管理的標桿企業，「時裝行業中的戴爾電腦」。
拉動戰略引擎
ZARA創始於1985年，它既是服裝品牌，也是專營ZARA品牌服裝的連鎖店零售品牌。ZARA公司堅持自己擁有和運營幾乎所有的連鎖店網路的原則，同時投入大量資金建設自己的工廠（目前有22家自有工廠）和物流體系，以便於「五個手指抓住客戶的需求，另外五個手指掌控生產」，快速響應市場需求，為顧客提供「買得起的流行時裝」（如圖1）。也就是說，在企業創始之初，就很明確地將戰略安排設計好，讓ZARA這個品牌有了很堅實的基礎，並且在十幾年的發展過程中很完整地貫徹了包括品牌、運營模式、製造以及物流體系的戰略安排。
進一步對Inditex運作模式的研究發現， ZARA為顧客提供「買得起的流行時裝」戰略的成功得益於公司出色的全程供應鏈管理，以及支撐供應鏈快速反應的IT系統應用。ZARA公司採取「快速、少量、多款」的品牌管理模式，這一模式保證了與時尚同步，持續開發新款式，快速的推出新產品。ZARA的每種款式在每個專賣店推出的數量都只有幾件，造成人為「缺貨」，影響消費者的購買意向。這種模式，需要Inditex實現了快速設計、快速生產、快速出售、快速更新，專賣店商品每周更新兩次的目標。
極速全程
ZARA的戰略要求公司在全年中必須不斷而持續地推出大量各種各樣的新產品。ZARA的高級經理Diaz認為公司經營的是「時裝」，不是傳統的賣衣服。顧客購買是因為他們喜歡「時裝」，而不是喜歡公司本身。對於顧客來說，ZARA公司的連鎖店意味著，他們可以在那裡找到最新的、限量供應的「時裝」。在某種程度上，由於公司經營的是「時裝」（但價格卻不高）的形象，連鎖店的存貨水平非常低。由於低庫存的方針，每天營業後經常可以看到空空的貨架，連鎖店非常依賴有序而又迅速的新產品來補充貨源。
④ 市場服裝營銷的基本策略有哪些
服裝營銷策略
關系營銷的各種策略
關系營銷是與關鍵顧客建立長期的令人滿意的銷售關系的活動,應用關系營銷最重要的是掌握與顧客建立長期良好業務關系的種種策略。
設立顧客關系管理機構
建立專門從事顧客關系管理機構,選派業務能力強的人任該部門總經理,下設若干關系經理。總經理負責確定關系經理的職責、工作內容、行為規范和評價標准,考核工作績效。關系經理負責一個或若干個主要客戶,是客戶所有信息的集中點,是協調公司各部門做好顧客服務的溝通者。關系經理要經過專業訓練,具有專業水準,對客戶負責,其職責是制定長期和年度的客戶關系營銷計劃,制定溝通策略,定期提交報告,落實公司向客戶提供的各項利益,處理可能發生的問題,維持同客戶的良好業務關系。建立高效的管理機構是關系營銷取得成效的組織保證。
個人聯系
個人聯系即通過營銷人員與顧客的密切交流增進友情,強化關系。比如,有的市場營銷經理經常邀請客戶的主管經理參加各種娛樂活動,如滑冰、野炊、打保齡球、觀賞歌舞等,雙方關系逐步密切;有的營銷人員記住主要顧客及其夫人、孩子的生日,並在生日當天贈送鮮花或禮品以示祝賀;有的營銷人員設法為愛養花的顧客弄來優良花種和花肥;有的營銷人員利用自己的社會關系幫助顧客解決孩子入托、升學、就業等問題。
通過個人聯系開展關系營銷的缺陷是:易於造成企業過分依賴長期接觸顧客的營銷人員,增加管理的難度。
頻繁營銷規劃
頻繁營銷規劃也稱為老主顧營銷規劃,指設計規劃向經常購買或大量購買的顧客提供獎勵。獎勵的形式有折扣、贈送商品、獎品等。通過長期的、相互影響的、增加價值的關系,確定、保持和增加來自最佳顧客的產出。美國航空公司是首批實施頻繁營銷規劃的公司之一,80年代初推出了提供免費里程的規劃,一位顧客可以不付任何費用參加公司的AA項目,乘飛機達到一定里程後換取一張頭等艙位票或享受免費航行和其它好處。由於越來越多的顧客轉向美國航空公司,其它航空公司也相繼推出了相同的規劃。許多旅館規定,顧客住宿達到一定天數或金額後,可以享受上等住房或免費住宿。信用卡公司也向持卡人提供折扣。
頻繁營銷規劃的缺陷是:第一,競爭者容易模仿。頻繁營銷規劃只具有先動優勢,尤其是競爭者反應遲鈍時,如果多數競爭者加以仿效,就會成為所有實施者的負擔。第二,顧客容易轉移。由於只是單純價格折扣的吸引,顧客易於受到競爭者類似促銷方式的影響而轉移購買。第三,可能降低服務水平。單純價格競爭容易忽視顧客的其它需求。
俱樂部營銷規劃
俱樂部營銷規劃指建立顧客俱樂部,吸收購買一定數量產品或支付會費的顧客成為會員。日本的任天堂電子游戲機公司建立了任天堂俱樂部,吸引了200萬會員,會員每年付16美元會費,可以每月得到一本任天堂雜志,先睹或回顧任天堂游戲,贏者有獎,還可以打「游戲專線」電話詢問各種問題。哈萊·戴維森公司建立了哈萊所有者團體,擁33企業活力1999年第10期nn營銷籌劃YINGXIAOCHOUHUA有30萬會員,向會員提供一本雜志（介紹摩托車知識,報道國際國內的騎乘賽事）、一本旅遊手冊、緊急修理服務、特別設計的保險項目、價格優惠的旅館,經常舉辦騎乘培訓班和周末騎車大賽,向度假會員廉價出租哈萊·戴維森摩托車。第一次購買哈萊·戴維森摩托車的顧客可以免費獲得一年期的會員資格,在一年內享受35美元的零件更新。目前,該公司佔領了美國重型摩托車市場的48%,市場需求大於供給,顧客保留率達95%。
顧客化營銷
顧客化營銷也稱為定製營銷,是根據每個顧客的不同需求製造產品並開展相應的營銷活動。其優越性是通過提供特色
關於服裝折扣業營銷的知識與技巧
折扣服裝導購的工作是要找出具體銷售工作中致勝的關鍵。只有找到折扣銷售致勝的關鍵，導購員才能夠有的放矢。
世界上最頂尖的導購人員曾總結出10個成功的關鍵：明確的目標、健康的身心、極強的開發顧客的能力、自信、專業知識、找出顧客的需求、好的解說技巧、善於處理反對意見、跟蹤顧客和收款。
⑤ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
⑥ 假如你是zara的營銷總監,你如何定位市場如何細分市場
我覺得這個定位不是隨便說說的，一定要根據zara多年來的大數據做參考的，是擴大還是繼續走細分要有可以秉承的戰略方向作為條件。