❶ 关于信用卡信用风险的英文文献
第一篇
Minimize the Risk of Credit Card Fraud
If you are a consumer, the chances of your credit card number being intercepted as it travels over the Internet is very small. It is actually at a higher risk when you use it in a real life store, as the merchant not only has all of your credit card details, but also a of your signature.
If you are an online merchant, the chances of getting orders with stolen credit card numbers are greater. As the person who is using the stolen credit card cannot be seen and may even be located in another country. Unfortunately, merchants are not provided the same protection as consumers when it comes to credit card fraud. In fact, merchants are completely at risk and bear all of the losses. Even when reporting the fraud, the banks, merchant providers, and police are not always able to help -- mainly because they are too busy or feel that the dollar amount involved is not significant enough to warrant further action.
Did you know that thieves can now create fictitious credit card numbers based on the algorithms used to proce authentic numbers?! These fictitious credit card numbers pass through verification and will be given approval codes. Further, there are newsgroups that post stolen credit card data (so if your card number is stolen, it may be posted to the world in a matter of minutes).
The following are some steps you can, and should take to minimize your risk of credit card fraud:
Begin taking a few extra steps to validate each order. Don't accept orders unless complete information is provided (including full address and phone number). You may even want to require Address Verification for all credit card orders.
Do not accept orders from untraceable email addresses. Free email addresses, such as Hotmail, are often used with fraulent orders. You can find a list of 700+ of free email services at http://www.antifraud.com/redflag.htm
Multiple orders of the same proct. Why would someone want to buy 3 video cameras?
Large orders. The average order on the Internet is about $50.00. It is usually lower for first time orders, as customers often place a small test order to check out the quality of the goods. So beware if you have a first time order for multiple items, costing hundreds or thousands of Dollars.
Pay extra attention to international orders. Do everything you can to validate the order before you ship your proct to a different country.
Shipping address differs from the credit card billing address. Not uncommon, but is something to watch for.
Express shipping. Thieves want to receive the items quickly and then move on to another location.
If you are suspicious for any reason, call the customer to confirm the order. It will save you a lot of time, and money, in the long run.
Other Resources
An excellent book on how to protect yourself against online scams and cyberspace invaders called Risky Business: Protect Your Business from being Stalked, Conned or Blackmailed on the Web, by Dan Janal, provides good ideas for merchants to minimize the risk of credit card fraud. You may obtain this book now by clicking here.
AntiFraud.com - A web site dedicated to assisting merchants greatly rece the chances of online credit card fraud
第二篇
Getting a Merchant Account:
What Constitutes Credit Card Risk?
by Mark Wilson
All credit card risk refers to the risk of the merchant to incur "charge backs" or disputes, from their customers. Charge backs are not related to charges or credits, but instead refer to unhappy customers initiating a dispute of a charge that has shown up on their statement.
Most of these disputes consist of the customer indicating that the charge was false, or that their card number was misappropriated by another indivial and used for purchases that were not approved. Sometimes the charge back isn't initiated by the indivial cardholder but instead by the card-issuing bank. Once a charge back is initiated, the merchant is generally sent a "retrieval request" which is just a request by the card acquiring (or underwriting) bank for the proof of the sale. This proof would usually consist of copies of the signed receipt and any other signed corroborating documents that the merchant might have. The merchant's proof is weighed against the cardholder's dispute and then the banks will determine whose position is more valid.
Another common reason that cardholders initiate charge backs is when they indicate that the merchandise purchased was of less quality than what was promised. If the merchandise is a custom built item or a service, the customer generally knows that they cannot return it and receive a credit. So instead they will initiate a charge back to attempt to get their money back. It is important to remember that anyone can initiate a charge back for any stated reason, but this doesn't mean that they will win.
When evaluating a prospective business for charge back risk, the underwriting bank will usually look at as many factors as they have access to. This would include the instry type, the history of the business itself and any personal information that they can discover about the people owning and running the business.
Different instry types are of higher risk than are others. For example, any business in a nonswiped environment would be considered high risk. That is because when in a swiped environment, the magstripe on the card is read indicating that the physical card is in the merchant's hand and the signature can be compared. These fraud risk tools are not available when the sale is concted over the phone or the Internet. The only tools that the merchant has to indicate whether the card number is stolen are AVS (Address Verification System) and CVV2 (Card Verification Value 2). Other instry types that would have a high ratio of charge backs include custom furniture stores and any business providing future service (such as a gym with annual memberships). This is because many times a customer who has already purchased a custom item or future service might start feeling buyer's remorse before they can take possession of the item or complete the service and so might attempt to recover their funds with a charge back.
When evaluating the particular business, the bank will contact whichever trade references are given in order to ascertain if the business pays their vendors in a timely fashion. The time in business and the length of time left in a location lease is also important because it demonstrates history and stability. The owner's personal credit is also important because it demonstrates the manner in which that indivial concts their personal life and probably the way that they would run their business. Bad personal credit also many times will give the bank a clue as to who might have a high probability for concting fraulent business (i.e. being a criminal).
Mark Wilson is President of Advanced Payment Solutions located in Tampa, Florida. He can be reached via telephone at (813) 985-5600 or email at [email protected]. You may visit his web site at http://www.apscreditcards.com.
祝你成功！
credit risk
Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitions
Definition
The possibility that a bond issuer will default, by failing to repay principal and interest in a timely manner. Bonds issued by the federal government, for the most part, are immune from default (if the government needs money it can just print more). Bonds issued by corporations are more likely to be defaulted on, since companies often go bankrupt. Municipalities occasionally default as well, although it is much less common. also called default risk
❷ 求:关于信用卡的研究文献(中外文均可)
1． Ausubel, Lawrence M., The Failure of Competition in the Credit Card Market, American Economic Review, 1991, 81(1):50-81
2． Ausubel, Lawrence M., Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, working paper, University of Maryland, 1999
3． Berlin, Mitchell and Mester, Loretta J., Credit Card Rates and Consumer Search, Review of Financial Economics, 2004,13:179-198
4． Brito Dagobert L. and Hartley Peter R., Consumer Rationality and Credit Cards, Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:400-433
5． Calem, Paul S. and Mester, Loretta J., Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit-Card Interest Rates, American Economic Review, 1995, 85(5):1327-1336
6． Gross, David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., Do Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence From Credit Card Data, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,117:149-185
7． Gross,David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., an Empirical Analysis of Personal Bankruptcy and Delinquency, Review of Financial Studies, 2002,15:319-347
8． Stango, Victor, Competition and Pricing in the Credit Card Market, Review of Economics and Statistics, 2000,82:499-508
9． Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information, American Economic Review, 1981,71:393-409
10. 叶德珠，基于时间偏好不一致的信用卡利率结构设计[J]，数量经济技术经济研究，2004，8：134-142
11. 胡少华，信用卡市场消费者行为研究：文献综述[J]，新金融，2005，10：57-62
12. 吴恒兵. 信用卡业务风险的防范[J]. 河南科技 , 2003,(11)
[1] 尹龙. 信用卡业务管理与监管制度的发展[J]. 中国信用卡 , 2008,(02)
[2] 《中国信用卡》2005年总目录[J]. 中国信用卡 , 2005,(12)
[3] 周宁. 商业银行信用卡业务发展思考[J]. 新金融 , 2003,(12)
[4] 王青山, 宋晓波. 转变陈旧观念 树立全新意识[J]. 中国信用卡 , 1997,(04)
[5] 胡大国，李惠. 信用卡业务必须整治[J]. 江西社会科学 , 1996, (09)
[6] 朱溪, 杨杨, 林佳. 银行:挑战与机遇并存的盛宴[J]. 大经贸 , 2003,(09)
[7] 辛云勇. 边缘者的出路[J]. 互联网周刊 , 2005,(30)
[8] 林雪丹. 商业银行应加强信用卡业务的风险防范[J]. 福建金融 , 1998,(09)
[9] 马腾. 信用卡业务亟待整合[J]. 了望 , 2005,(13)
[10] 吴国民. 论我国商业银行信用卡业务的地位和发展战略[J]. 中国信用卡 , 1997,(05)
❸ 求关于信用卡的英文文献或著作
1. Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory
Thomas L. Sporleder, Robert R. Wilson
American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Feb., 1974), pp. 129-134
Abstract:
This article treats the theoretical consequences of consumer credit card use. A delayed
repayment model provides consumer optimization and indifference conditions between cash
and credit card transactions. Under realistic interest and opportunity cost rates, consumers
can rationally let a balance revolve about 39 percent of the time and maintain indifference
over time.
Key words: credit; consumer behavior; marketing.
2. Credit Cards and Interest Rates: Theory and Institutional Factors
Robert F. Stauffer
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Winter, 2003-2004), pp. 289-301
Published by: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
3 The Effect of Credit on Spending Decisions: The Role of the Credit Limit and Credibility
Dilip Soman and Amar Cheema
Marketing Science, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), pp. 32-53
Published by: INFORMS
Abstract
The objective of the present research is to study consumer
decisions to utilize a line of credit. The life-cycle hypothesis
from economics argues that consumers should intertemporally
reallocate their incomes over their life stream to maximize
lifetime utility. One form of intertemporal allocation is
to use past income (in the form of savings) in the future. A
second form is the use of future income in the present. This
can only be done if consumers have access to a temporary
pool of money that they can draw from and replenish in the
future-a function performed by consumer credit. However,
our research reinforces prior findings that consumers are
unable to correctly value their future incomes, and that they
lack the cognitive capability to solve the intertemporal optimization
problem required by the life-cycle hypothesis. Instead,
we argue that consumers use information such as the
credit limit as a signal of their future earnings potential.
Specifically, if consumers have access to large amounts of
credit, they are likely to infer that their lifetime income will
be high and hence their willingness to use credit (and their
spending) will also be high. Conversely, consumers who are
granted lower amounts of credit are likely to infer that their
lifetime income will be low and hence their spending will
be lower.
However, based on research in the area of consumer skepticism
and inference making, we also argue for a moderating
role of the credibility associated with the credit limit.
Specifically, we argue that the above effect of credit availability
would be particularly strong for consumers who believe
that the credit limit credibly signals their future earnings
potential (i.e., a naive consumer who has limited
experience with consumer credit). However, as consumers
gain experience with credit, they start discounting credit
availability as a predictor of their future and start questioning
the validity of the process used to set the credit limit.
Hence, with experience the effect of credit limit on the willingness
to use credit should be attenuated.
We test these predictions in five separate studies. In the
first experimental study, we manipulate credit limit and
credibility and pose subjects with a hypothetical purchase
opportunity. Consistent with our prediction, credit limit impacted
the propensity to spend, but only when the credibility
was high. In the second experimental study, we rep-
MARKETING SCIENCE ? 2002 INFORMS
Vol. 21, No. 1, Winter 2002, pp. 32-53
licate these findings even when subjects were given
information about their expected future salaries, and also
show that the credit limit influences their expectation of future
earnings potential. In the third study, we show that the
mere availability (and increase) of current liquidity cannot
explain our findings. In the fourth study, we conct a survey
of consumers in which we measure a number of demographic
characteristics and also ask them for their propensity
to spend in a given purchase situation. In the fifth
study we use the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) dataset,
a triennial survey of U.S. families that is designed to
provide detailed information on the use of financial services,
spending behaviors, and selected demographic characteristics.
Results from both studies 4 and 5 provide further support
for our proposed framework-credit limits influence
spending to a greater extent for consumers with lower credibility:
younger consumers and less-ecated consumers.
Across all studies we achieved triangulation by using a variety
of approaches (surveys and experiments), subjects
types (young students and older consumers), nature of predictor
variables (manipulated and measured), dependent
measures (purchase likelihood, credit card balance, new
charges), and methods of analysis (ANOVA and regression),
and consistently found that increasing credit limits on a
credit card increases spending, especially when the credibility
of the limit is high.
This paper joins a growing body of literature in marketing
and behavioral decision theory that goes beyond the traditional
domains of inquiry (e.g., proct choice, effects of
marketing mix variables) and focuses on consumer decisions
relating to the appropriate use of income to finance consumption.
Our framework differs from prior research on the
effect of payment mechanisms on spending in two significant
ways. First, we are interested in the effects of the availability
of credit on spending, and not necessarily in the effect
of the transaction format that is associated with each
payment mechanism. Second, while prior research has studied
the point-of-purchase and historic (i.e., prepurchase) effects
of credit, the present research is concerned with the
availability of credit in the future. Specifically, our framework
is invariant to the current and prior usage of credit by
the consumer.
(Consumer Credit; Credit Cards; Intertemporal Choice; Mental
Accounting; Self-Control)
不够的话吱一声
❹ 求一篇信用卡风险管理外文文献，急求~~ 最好有中文翻译，比较新的，不要太长
童鞋你好！
这个估计需要自己搜索了！
当然了，如果果真找不到追问一下！
网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！
我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：
----------------------------------------------------------
⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
⑵Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
⑶EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会
⑷ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会
⑸Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库
⑹Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书
⑺ProQuest学位论文全文数据库
⑻国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库
⑼推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
-----------------------------------------------------------
中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。
弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！
学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！
外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！
所以，很容易过去的！
祝你好运！
❺ 求一篇关于信用卡套现的外文文献
1． Ausubel, Lawrence M., The Failure of Competition in the Credit Card Market, American Economic Review, 1991, 81(1):50-81
2． Ausubel, Lawrence M., Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, working paper, University of Maryland, 1999
3． Berlin, Mitchell and Mester, Loretta J., Credit Card Rates and Consumer Search, Review of Financial Economics, 2004,13:179-198
4． Brito Dagobert L. and Hartley Peter R., Consumer Rationality and Credit Cards, Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:400-433
5． Calem, Paul S. and Mester, Loretta J., Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit-Card Interest Rates, American Economic Review, 1995, 85(5):1327-1336
6． Gross, David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., Do Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence From Credit Card Data, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,117:149-185
7． Gross,David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., an Empirical Analysis of Personal Bankruptcy and Delinquency, Review of Financial Studies, 2002,15:319-347
8． Stango, Victor, Competition and Pricing in the Credit Card Market, Review of Economics and Statistics, 2000,82:499-508
9． Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information, American Economic Review, 1981,71:393-409
❻ 求关于信用卡的英文文献
TOPIC 1:
Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market (信用卡市场的逆向选择)
作者及写作年份:
Lawrence M. Ausubel
June 17, 1999
部分摘要:
trading situations where one (informed) party possesses information which is relevant to his (uninformed)trading partner, the informed party may find it advantageous to engage in trade only in states of informationwhich are relatively unfavorable from the viewpoint of the uninformed party. Thus, a firm which offers acontract to the general population may find that the composition of the pool of customers who accept thefirm's contract is inferior to the composition of the general population. The particular contractual termsoffered by the firm may influence the composition of the customer pool and, in some informationalenvironments, adverse selection may lead to a complete unraveling of the market (George A. Akerlof,1970).Many of the economically-richest implications of adverse selection have been drawn in creditmarkets. High interest rates charged to borrowers may ince adverse selection on default probability,leading banks to engage in credit rationing in high-interest environments (Joseph E. Stiglitz and AndrewWeiss, 1981). Competition along particular dimensions in credit card pricing may result in adverseselection, blunting the usual effects of competition, and contributing to sticky interest rates and extranormalprofits (Lawrence M. Ausubel, 1991). And, when borrowers have the opportunity to engage in signalingbehavior, the same structure of asymmetric information as in adverse selection models yields signalingstories which have important implications for corporate investment and the capital structure of firms (see,for example, Sudipto Bhattacharya, 1979, and Stewart C. Myers and Nicholas S. Majluf, 1984).Yet despite a burgeoning economics and finance literature consisting of literally hundreds of articlesexploring the implications of adverse selection in credit markets, there remains little in the way of empiricalstudies which convincingly document the existence of adverse selection in credit markets as a real-worldphenomenon. The objective of the current paper is to present compelling direct evidence of adverseselection in one specific credit market.The stakes in such an empirical exercise are quite considerable. It is frequently argued that virtuallyany conclusion may be reached from a suitably-chosen economic model of incomplete information.However, to the extent that adverse selection can be shown to be a genuine empirical phenomenon in creditmarkets, then we can have confidence that at least one important component
阅读全文PDF格式: http://www.bsos.umd.e/econ/bankruptcy/adverse.pdf
阅读全文word格式: http://66.102.1.104/scholar?num=50&hl=en&lr=&q=cache:2f3mYpRpwgYJ:www.bsos.umd.e/econ/bankruptcy/adverse.pdf+Adverse+Selection+in+the+Credit+Card+Market
TOPIC 2:
Consumer Search Behavior in the Changing
Credit Card Market (不断变化的信用卡市场中,消费者的行为研究)
作者及写作时间:
Sougata Kerr & Lucia Dunn
September 2002
部分摘要:
Credit card balance switching has become an important issue in the banking community as cardholders seek to move their revolving credit to the lowest-cost lenders. This kind of “search and switch” behavior would be expected to put downward
pressure on credit card interest rates. Previous research on the credit card market focused on why its interest rates persisted at levels greater than those for other types of consumer loans, and one explanation put forward was the inhibiting nature of high search costs in this market, especially for large-balance cardholders whose probability of credit rejection
is high. Recent developments in the credit card instry – in particular the Truth-in-
Lending Act of 1988 together with a large increase in direct solicitations – have changed the environment of this market substantially. Because of this new environment, as well as improvements in data availability, the issue of credit card search needs to be revisited.
The current paper identifies those consumers whose probability of rejection is
high and tests whether this probability has any impact on their search propensities. It
does this by analyzing (i) the effect of large balances on the consumer’s probability of credit application rejection and (ii) how these factors – large balances and rejection probability –affect consumers’ search propensities. In testing the search-cost hypothesis, the issue of endogeneity between consumers’ search and the likelihood of rejection is dealt with by estimating a simultaneous equations model. The results presented here show no evidence that search costs deter consumer
interest rate search in the credit card market of the 1990s, either for high-balance. This is officially known as the Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act of 1988. cardholders with a greater probability of rejection or for low-balance cardholders. In the next section we review the relevant literature on this market and discuss recent changes in the market environment. Section III discusses our methodology and improvements in the
recent data. Section IV presents our results. Finally, Section V concludes by
summarizing our find....
......
......
......
阅读全文PDF格式:
http://www.econ.ohio-state.e/pdf/lnn/wp02-03.pdf
阅读全文word格式: http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:CL_NcOSxp84J:www.econ.ohio-state.e/pdf/lnn/wp02-03.pdf+%22Ausubel%22+%22Credit+Card+Defaults%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=uk
❼ 信用卡营销相关的英文文章
http://203.208.33.101/search?q=cache:xUvP-MbHQuQJ:weber.ucsd.e/~aronatas/conference/adverse.pdf+credit+card+marketing&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=cn&st_usg=ALhdy28-chMwjVl4wsubQoX9UUzIlWjJUg
http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=whlgdxxb-sk200402011
❽ 中国银行信用卡市场战略文献综述
中国银行概述
中国银行，全称中国银行股份有限公司，是中国大型国有控股商业银行之一。中国银行的业务范围涵盖商业银行、投资银行和保险领域，旗下有中银香港、中银国际、中银保险等控股金融机构，在全球范围内为个人和公司客户提供全面和优质的金融服务。按核心资本计算，2008年中国银行在英国《银行家》杂志“世界1000家大银行”排名中列第10位。
中国银行主营传统商业银行业务，包括公司金融业务、个人金融业务和金融市场业务。公司金融业务基于银行的核心信贷产品，为客户提供个性化、创新的金融服务。个人金融业务主要针对个人客户的金融需求，提供基于银行卡之上的系统服务。金融市场业务主要是为全球其他银行、证券公司和保险公司提供国际汇兑、资金清算、同业拆借和托管等全面服务。
中国银行全资附属投资银行机构——中银国际控股有限公司（下称“中银国际”）是中国银行开展投资银行业务的运行平台。中银国际在中国内地、香港及纽约、伦敦、新加坡设有分支机构，拥有高水准的专业人才队伍、强大的机构销售和零售网络。中银国际全球性的管理运作，可为海内外客户提供包括企业融资、收购兼并、财务顾问、定息收益、证券销售、投资研究、直接投资、资产管理等在内的全方位投资银行服务。
中国银行通过全资子公司中银集团保险有限公司及其附属和联营公司经营保险业务。其中，在香港拥有中银集团保险有限公司及其六家分公司、中银集团人寿保险有限公司、东亮保险专业有限公司和堡宜投资有限公司，在内地拥有中银保险有限公司，澳门地区有联丰亨保险有限公司。成立于1992年7月的中银集团保险有限公司在香港保险市场经营一般保险业务，业务品种齐全繁多，业务量多年位居当地同业前列。
中国银行是中国国际化程度最高的商业银行。1929年，中国银行在伦敦设立了中国金融业第一家海外分行。此后，中国银行在世界各大金融中心相继开设分支机构。目前，中国银行拥有遍布全球29个国家和地区的机构网络，其中境内机构超过10,000家，境外机构600多家。1994年和1995年，中国银行先后成为香港、澳门的发钞银行。
中国银行所属的中国银行（香港）有限公司（简称“中国银行（香港）”或“中银香港”），于2001年10月1日正式成立，是一家在香港注册的持牌银行。中国银行（香港）合并了原中银集团香港十二行中十家银行的业务，并同时持有香港注册的南洋商业银行、集友银行和中银信用卡（国际）有限公司的股份权益，使之成为中银香港的附属机构。中银香港是香港地区三家发钞银行之一，也是香港银行公会轮任主席银行之一。重组后的中银香港于2002年7月在香港挂牌上市。
作为中国金融行业的百年品牌，中国银行在稳健经营的同时，积极进取，不断创新，创造了国内银行业的许多第一，在国际结算、外汇资金和贸易融资等领域得到业界和客户的广泛认可和赞誉。
在近百年辉煌的发展历史中，中国银行在中国金融史上扮演了十分重要的角色。中国银行于1912年由孙中山先生批准成立，至1949年中华人民共和国成立的37年间，中国银行先后是当时的国家中央银行、国际汇兑银行和外贸专业银行。中国银行以诚信为本，以振兴民族金融业为己任，在艰难和战乱的环境中拓展市场，稳健经营，锐意改革，表现出了顽强的创业精神，银行业务和经营业绩长期处于同业领先地位，并将分支机构一直拓展到海外，在中国近现代银行史上留下了光辉的篇章。
1949年，中国银行成为国家指定的外汇外贸专业银行，为国家经济建设和社会发展做出了巨大贡献。1994年，随着金融体制改革的深化，中国银行成为国有独资商业银行，与其它三家国有独资商业银行一道成为国家金融业的支柱。
2003年，中国银行被国务院确定为国有独资商业银行股份制改造试点银行之一。围绕“资本充足、内控严密、运营安全、服务和效益良好、建设具有国际竞争力的现代股份制商业银行”的目标，中国银行进一步完善公司治理机制，加强风险管理和内控体系建设，整合管理流程和业务流程，推进人力资源管理改革，加快产品创新和服务创新，稳步推进股份制改造工作。2004年8月26日，中国银行股份有限公司挂牌成立，标志着中国银行的历史翻开了崭新的篇章，启动了新的航程。
2006年6月1日、7月5日，中国银行先后在香港证券交易所和上海证券交易所成功挂牌上市，成为首家A+H发行上市的国有商业银行。按截至2007年12月31日的市值计算，中国银行为全球第四大银行。
2004年7月14日，中国银行在激烈竞争中脱颖而出，成为北京奥运会唯一的银行合作伙伴。中国银行将为国内外客户提供高效优质的金融服务，宣传和普及奥运精神，促进本次体育盛会圆满成功，提升中国银行的品牌形象。
中国银行多年来的信誉和业绩，得到了银行同业、国内外客户和权威媒体的广泛认可。目前，中国银行曾先后8次被《欧洲货币》评选为“中国最佳银行”和“中国最佳国内银行”，连续19年入选美国《财富》杂志“世界500强”企业，多次被《财资》评为“中国最佳国内银行”，被美国《环球金融》杂志评为“中国最佳贸易融资银行”及“中国最佳外汇银行”，被《远东经济评论》评为“中国地区产品服务10强企业”，被《亚洲风险》杂志评为2006年度“中国最佳银行”。在美国知名财经杂志《财富》与世界知名的管理咨询公司Hay（合益）集团合作评选的25家“最受赞赏的中国公司”中，中国银行榜上有名。在A+H资本市场整体上市后，中国银行荣获《投资者关系》“最佳IPO投资者关系奖”等多个重要奖项。
在近百年岁月里，中国银行以其稳健的经营、雄厚的实力、成熟的产品和丰富的经验，深得广大客户信赖，并与客户建立了长期稳固的合作关系。中国银行将秉承“以客户为中心，以市场为导向，强化公司治理，追求卓越效益，创建国际一流大银行”的宗旨，依托其雄厚的实力、遍布全球的分支机构、成熟的产品和丰富的经验，为客户提供全方位、高品质的银行服务，与广大客户携手共创美好未来。
❾ 求一篇关于信用卡风险管理的英文文献
全文下载，作者、期刊等内详
Application of Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Neural Network) to Assess Credit Risk: A Predictive Model For Credit Card Scoring
MS Islam, L Zhou- 2009
http://www.bth.se/fou/cuppsats.nsf/all//$file/Thesis.pdf
Financial regulation, credit risk and financial stability
CAE Goodhart - National Institute Economic Review, 2005
http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/laws/420126-1.html