Ⅰ 急求一篇毕业论文外文翻译,有关绿色营销的
21世纪的营销主流——绿色营销
内容概要
绿色营销,是指企业以环境保护观念作为其经营哲学思想,以绿色文化为其价值观念,以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点,力求满足消费者绿色消费需求的营销策略。通过绿色营销活动,协调了企业利益保护环境社会发展的关系,使经济的发展既能满足当代人的需求,又不至于对后代生存和发展构成危害和威胁,即实现社会经济的可持续发展。绿色营销的主体归根到底是企业,绿色营销是企业的营销活动,绿色营销的策略主要是企业的一系列营销策略和方法构成的。21世纪将是绿色文明的世纪和绿色经济的时代,:绿色营销必将成为21世纪的经营理念。
相关概念
绿色消费 绿色营销 绿色文化 绿色计划 绿色产品
绿色价格 绿色促销 绿色渠道 绿色管理
一、提出绿色营销的背景:
不断恶性化的今天,人们对环境和资源的忧虑逐渐转化为消费过程中的一种自律行为,更加倾向于适度、无污染、保护环境的消费,绿色需求在世界范围内已经或正被逐渐唤起。这一点在经济发达国家表现得尤为突出,并且已形成了绿色需求——绿色设计——绿色生产——绿色产品——绿色价格——绿色市场开发——绿色消费这种以“绿色”为主线的消费链条。因此,从根本上讲,是绿色需求决定了绿色营销的产生、规模、运作模式和发展趋势。同时,由于经济发展程度不同而导致的绿色需求和绿色技术水平的差异,正越来越多地被发达国家利用来作为遏制他国对外贸易的壁垒,从而形成了一种新型的非关税壁垒——绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barrier)。乌拉圭回合的《技术贸易壁垒协议》中规定:“不得阻止任何国家采取措施来保护人类、动物或植物的生命健康、保护环境。”这样,环境保护就成为不承诺相关的国际贸易规范的一种借口,而实际上确有一些发达国家借保护环境为名,行限制国外产品进口之实。西方国家设置绿色壁垒的主要目标,很大程度上是针对发展中国家出口创汇所主要依赖的劳动密集型、资源密集型产品而设置的,其结果将会使发展中国家的一部分产品逐渐退出国际市场。所以它将严重制约发展中国家对外贸易的发展,进一步恶化其在国际贸易中的困难处境及国际收支状况。随着1999年1月1日欧元的启动,欧盟将更注重扶助区内较落后的国家,这势必也会导致绿色壁垒等贸易保护主义的加强,对此中国政府和企业应及早准备应对措施。绿色壁垒主要包括课征环境进口附加税、限制或禁止进口、绿色贸易制裁、绿色标志制度、绿色卫生检疫制度等。由于其隐蔽性强、技术要求高、灵活多变的特点,在今后相当长一段时期内将会被越来越多的发达国家利用。由此可见,我国企业要想冲破绿色壁垒,进行绿色突围必须加强绿色营销,舍此别无他途。
二、绿色营销的含义:
绿色营销是在绿色消费的驱动下产生的。所谓绿色消费,是指消费者意识到环境恶化已经影响其生活质量及生活方式,要求企业生产、销售对环境影响最小的绿色产品,以减少危害环境的消费。所谓绿色营销,是指企业以环境保护观念作为其经营哲学思想,以绿色文化为其价值观念,以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点,力求满足消费者绿色消费需求的营销策略。
三、绿色营销与传统营销相比, 具有以下特征:
1.绿色消费是开展绿色营销的前提。消费需求由低层次向高层次发展,是不可逆转的客观规律,绿色消费是较高层次的消费观念。人们的温饱等生理需要基本满足后,便会产生提高生活综合质量的要求,产生对清洁环境与产品的需要。满足绿色需求,是绿色营销的出发点。
2.绿色观念是绿色营销的指导思想。绿色营销以满足绿色需求为中心,为消费者提供生产、流通、消费过程中能有效防止资源浪费、环境污染及损害健康的产品。绿色营销所追求的是人类的长远利益与可持续发展,重视协调企业经营与自然环境的关系,力求实现人类行为与自然环境的融合发展。 [NextPage]
3.绿色体制是绿色营销的法制保障。绿色营销是着眼于社会层面的新观念,所要实现的是人类社会的协调持续发展。在竞争性的市场上,必须有完善的政治与经济管理体制,制定并实施环境保护与绿色营销的方针、政策,制约地方政府、部门和企业的短期行为,以全社会和全人类的共同努力,维护全社会和全人类的长远利益。
4.绿色科技是绿色营销的物质保证。技术进步是产业变革和进化的决定因素,新兴产业的形成必然要求技术进步;但技术进步如背离绿色观念,其结果有可能加快环境污染的进程。只有以绿色科技促进绿色产品的发展,促进节约能源和资源可再生、无公害的绿色产品的开发,才是绿色营销的物质保证。
四、绿色营销的功能:
1. 绿色营销所倡导的绿色文明。通过绿色营销活动,协调了企业利益保护环境社会发展的关系,使经济的发展既能满足当代人的需求,又不至于对后代生存和发展构成危害和威胁,即实现社会经济的可持续发展。
2. 绿色营销有利于企业占领市场和扩大市场销路。随着消费者“绿色意识”的增强,消费者购买绿色产品成为时尚和明智之举。
3. 绿色营销促进企业文化建设和优化企业行为。绿色营销促使企业采取防治和防止污染技术或使用无污染技术,在企业内部营造清洁和安全的工作环境,有利于企业职工的身心健康,在企业外部通过绿色营销,树立企业“绿色”形象,促进产品销售和企业发展。
五、绿色营销组合实施要点分析:
1. 制定绿色计划。实施绿色营销战略和生产真正绿色产品的先决条件是要有一个适宜 绿色计划。在企业绿色计划中,应明确企业的环境事务的方针和方向,不仅要阐明企业自身应当承担的研制和营销绿色产品的义务,还要具体说明环保的努力方向以及如何尝试,并用以指导日常决策。此外,企业绿色计划还必须与企业长期战略计划相组合,保证资源的充分利用。
2. 绿色产品策略。开发绿色产品,要从产品设计开始,包括材料的选择,产品结构、功能、制造过程的确定,包装与运输方式,产品的使用及产品废弃物的处理等都要考虑环境的影响。绿色设计是本阶段的关键,它强调对资源与能源的有效利用。在产品设计时,要综合考虑各种因素,如材料选择、产品制造品牌、功能、包装、回收、无污染、安全等。绿色产品的生产过程应该是“一种清洁生产”,这是一种物料和能耗最少的人类生产活动的规划和管理,将废物减量化、资源化和无害化,或消灭于生产过程之中。企业在给产品命名和选择品牌时,要符合绿色标志的要求,符合“环境标志”。而且绿色包装也是一个极其重要组成部分,应选择纸料等可分解、无毒性的材料来包装,并使包装材料单纯化,避免过度包装等。企业在产品或劳务满足绿色消费的同时,要考虑废弃物的再生利用性、可分解性,并搞好包装品及其废弃物的回收服务,以免给环境带来污染。
3. 绿色价格策略。利用人们的求新、求异、崇尚自然的心理,采用消费者心目中的“觉察价值”来定价,而且消费者一般都认为绿色产品具有更高的价值,愿意为此支付较高的价格。二是根据“污染者付费”和“环境有偿使用”的现代观念,企业用于环保方面的支出应计入成本,从而成为价格构成的一部分。但是,绿色产品价格上扬的幅度不仅取决于绿色产品品质提高的幅度和环保费用支出的多少,而且还取决于消费者对绿色产品价格的理解。在工业发达国家,绿色产品价格上扬幅度较大,消费者也乐于接受。在我国,由于消费者的绿色意识较弱,绿色产品价格上扬幅度不宜过大,在大中城市市场价格可略高些。 [NextPage]
4. 绿色渠道策略。绿色营销渠道的畅通是成功实施绿色营销的关键,既关系到绿色产品在消费者心中的定位,又关系到绿色营销的成本。因此,企业选择绿色渠道时:一是选择具有绿色信誉的中间商。如关心环保,在消费者心中有良好信誉的大中间商,借助该中间商本身的良好信誉,推出绿色产品。二是设立绿色产品专营机构,以回归自然的装饰为标志,招徕顾客。三是所选择的中间商应不经营相互排斥的、相互竞争的,而且相互补充的非绿色产品,便于中间商虔心地推销企业绿色产品。
5. 绿色促销策略。绿色促销就是围绕绿色产品而开展的各项促销活动的总称。其核心是通过充分的信息传递,来树立企业和企业产品的绿色形象,使之与消费者的绿色需求相协调,巩固企业的市场地位。因此,绿色营销首先是一种观念。企业要通过宣传自身的绿色营销宗旨,在公众中树立良好的绿色形象;其次绿色营销又是一种行动。企业可以利用各种传媒宣传自己在绿色领域的所作所为,并积极参与各种与环保有关的事务,以实际行动来强化企业在公众心目中的印象;最后,企业还应大力宣传绿色消费时尚,告诫人们使用绿色产品,支持绿色营销,本身就是对社会、对自然、对他人、对未来的奉献,提高公众的绿色意识,引导绿色消费需求。因此,制定绿色促销策略,应注意长远目标与现阶段任务相结合,要突出重点、切忌空泛。
6. 推行绿色管理。“绿色管理”就是融环境保护的观念于企业的经营管理和生产活动之中。这一思想可概括为“5R”原则:研究(Research):把环保纳入企业的决策要素之中,重视研究本企业的环境对策;减消(Rece):采用新技术、新工艺,减少或消除有害废异物的排放;再开发(Rediscover):变传统产品为“绿色产品”,积极争取“绿色商标”;循环(Recycle):对废旧产品进行回收处理,循环利用;保护(Reserver):积极参与社区的环境整治,对员工公众进行环保宣传,树立绿色企业形象。企业只有在绿色管理原则下,才能加快向绿色企业发展转变,推动企业采用各种环保技术,实行清洁生产,生产出符合社会和消费者需要的绿色产品,从而实现经济的可持续发展。
六、绿色营销——21世纪的营销:
绿色营销将成为21世纪营销的主流,这是因为:
1.社会可持续发展战略呼唤绿色营销。可持续发展战略是指社会经济发展必须同自 环境及社会环境相联系,使经济建设与资源、环境相协调,使人口增长与社会生产力发展相适应,以保证社会实现良性循环发展的长远战略。然而,社会经济的长足发展,在为社会创造巨大财富,给广大消费者提供物质福利及给企业带来巨额商业利益的同时,却严重地浪费了自然资源,破坏了自然生态平衡,污染了环境,并造成恶劣的社会环境,严重地威胁着人类生存环境的良性循环。因此,保护自然环境,治理环境污染,解决恶劣的社会环境,实施可持续发展战略已势在必行。70年代,西方国家提出了可持续发展问题。80年代是逐步树立环保意识的年代,被称为“环保崛起的十年”。90年代则将环保付诸于行动,称为“环境行动的十年”。至今,世界各国,尤其经济发达国家掀起了制定“环保标志”,实施“环保意识”的战略及方针。可持续发展战略的实施,从宏观方面,要求政府重视制定及实施可持续发展战略的总体目标、方针及具体办法;从微观方面,要求各类企业将营销活动同自然环境、社会环境的发展相联系,使企业营销活动有利于环境的良性循环发展,也就是说,要求企业从实施可持续发展战略的高度来开展绿色营销。
2.21世纪的消费者趋向于绿色消费。消费者趋向于绿色消费主要源于两方面的原因:一是,社会经济发展在为社会及广大消费者谋福利的同时,造成恶劣的自然环境及社会环境,已直接威胁着人们的身体健康,因此,人们迫切要求治理环境污染,要求企业停止生产有害环境及人们身体健康的产品;二是,社会经济的发展,使广大居民个人收入迅速提高,他们迫切要求高质量的生活环境及高质量的消费,亦即要求绿色消费。
3.政府更加重视制定和严格实施规范企业营销行为的立法。政府对企业立法调控行为日趋严厉,既囿于保护消费者利益运动及保护生态平衡运动的压力,同时,市场经济日益发展,市场经济体制日趋成熟,亦促使政府宏观调控手段更加成熟。
4.绿色营销是21世纪企业兴衰的根本。21世纪的企业将面临着一系列的挑战。 先是宏
观环境的压力,诸如保护消费者利益运动和保护生态平衡运动的压力,以及政府规范化立法的压力,从而驱使企业必须树立环保观念,开展绿色营销;其次是广大消费者对绿色消费的需求剧增,企业必须顺应消费者的绿色消费需求,开展绿色营销,才能赢得顾客;最后是市场竞争优胜劣汰规律的作用,迫使企业改变经营观念,开展绿色营销,才能有力地对付竞争对手,不断地提高市场占有率。
5.传统经济为现代经济所替代,为企业开展绿色营销奠定了基础。众所周知,传统经济只重视劳动力和资本在经营活动中的作用,而忽略了土地等自然资源的重要作用。过去,人们认为自然资源是无价值的,例如,在种植业中认为唯一成本是开发及耕种,而土地是无价格的。在这种观念的支配下,对自然资源的过度开采,甚至掠夺式开发也就不足为奇了。这同早期市场营销理论一样,倾向于产品及生产导向,其发展的重点是物品数量及服务创造,而非生活的品味及消费者的满意度。如今,现代经济已取代传统经济,现代经济不仅重视劳动力、资本,而且同样重视自然资源在经营活动中的作用,强调社会经济发展必须同环境相协调,从而为企业从传统营销转化为绿色营销提供了理论基础。
参考文献
吴健安 《绿色营销刍议》 云南财贸学院学报 <1998.04>
刘澄,商燕 《21世纪的绿色营销新理念》 南方经济 <1998.05>
甘碧群 《关于绿色营销问题的探究》 外国经济与管理 <1997.03>
王方 《国际绿色营销问题初探》 江苏商论 <1999.03>
王金洲 《绿色营销的理论探讨》 江汉石油学院学报 <1999.02>
Ⅱ 一篇有关于市场营销STP策略的外文文献及中文翻译,中文翻译3000字左右!
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Ⅲ 急求市场营销方面外文文献!
The competitive nature of the automobile instry has prompted the companies to take up new and innovative marketing strategies to thwart the competition. The B segment of cars is the segment which sees maximum competition as the consumer has a number of models to choose from and it's the volumes which drive the margins.
All the companies as a part of their marketing strategy offers a range of vehicles in all the segment to make sure that the customer is driving one of their vehicles only.
Advertisements on the Audio visual medium are a rage as it gives the car makers an opportunity to flaunt their cars. Flashy cars can be demonstrated on television but when it comes to the finer prints of the cars, print and online media comes to the rescue.
The online medium offers a greater flexibility to the car companies since they come with a lot of interactive features like demonstrating the interiors of the car with its salient features.
The print medium on the other hand provides an opportunity to the car makers to explain the function of a car in detail.
Celebrity endorsements and testimonial advertisements have come a long way and they are also doing their bit to sell the cars. Super star Shahrukh Khan has been associated with Hyundai Motor Company for a long time and he comes regularly on television to promote the Santro car. Similarly Ford has roped in Junior Bachan for the promotion of the latest offering from the company Ford Fiesta. On a similar note Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukherjee is shown chasing each other with a Chevrolet aveo.
Aamir Khan who is considered to be one of the most talented actors in the instry is frequently seen changing roles on screen to promote the Toyota Innova, a car which is generations ahead of its predecessor Toyota Qualis.
Cricketers haven't been left behind in the race of promoting cars; Fiat Palio had received a great thrust when the promotion of the car was taken up by the batting maestro Sachin Tenlkar.In addition to the publicity and advertisement which is done by the companies there are certain innovative strategies which are taken up by the companies to beat the competition from time to time.
Ⅳ 市场营销毕业论文 外文参考文献
2、(美)约翰.A.昆奇著,吕一林译,?市场营销管理—教程与案例?北京.北京大学出版社,2000
3、查回尔斯.戴克著,李圣贤答译宝洁的观点内蒙古.内蒙古人民出版社1999
4、JamesAFitzsimmons著,张金成范秀成译,《服务管理》,北京.机械工业出版社2000
5、RaymondP.Fisk等著,张金成等译,《互动服务营销》北京.机械工业出版社2000
6.菲利普
Ⅳ 高手帮忙翻译关于【市场营销】的论文英文摘要★高分悬赏
The skin care procts in the domestic market, is the first marketing model shop at the mall or the establishment of a special counter until Avon, Wei-tzu such an international brand with its unique marketing model into the Chinese market, we started noticing skin care Commodities of the importance of marketing mode. However, there are many skin care brand is not because the poor quality of their procts and withdraw from the market, but because its not form a complete, and its procts suitable for the marketing mode to support its development.
This paper seeks to explore ways to find a skin care marketing its best model portfolio, cultivating their own core competitiveness, so that consumers concern, understanding, acceptance and brand loyalty generated, in order to achieve the life cycle of skin care procts extension.
In this paper, through a combination of theory and practice, and skin care procts from the current market and consumer demand factors starting with skin care market has been the main marketing mode, which identify the problems and propose solutions. Skin care procts market forecast of the future trend of development, has broken through the traditional marketing model, the bold ideas of a new marketing model. Without a marketing mode is the most perfect, but in line with its own attributes of skin care procts marketing model is the best.
Ⅵ 高分悬赏-求市场营销渠道外文文献(附中文翻译)
授之以鱼不如授之以渔!蛋卷是某大学国际贸易学系学生,很高兴能帮上你。其实有个内很好的办法可以容让你迅速拿到这样的文献。我们一般找中英文的文献和论文都是用这样的办法。上google,然后收索你要的作品名称或者重点词汇在后面加.pdf.例如 “市场营销 渠道”或者“市场营销 渠道.doc” 这样。你要找什么论文或者文献就重点词+.pdf 或者重点词+.doc 蛋卷用这个办法屡试不爽,你可以多找几篇,看看论文的架构和作者的思路,并且适当参考。希望蛋卷的回答对你有帮助。
Ⅶ 市场营销毕业论文外文文献
论电信企业市场营销策略
[摘要]电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我国电信业带来了前所未有的压力与挑战,根据我国电信企业行业特点与营销重点,提出全员营销、摒弃传统广告宣传方式、营建全新企业文化及拓宽范围,实行差别化经营等策略。
“所谓服务业这一行业根本不存在,只是各行业中服务成分所占的比重大小有所不同而已,每个人都在为他服务”。(TheoeloeLevitt语)显然,电信企业应属于服务成分较大的行业,笔者试从电信企业现状及服务业的特点入手,阐述电信企业的营销策略。
一、电信企业的正确定位
电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我们带来了前所未有的压力和挑战。一些新的经营理念,竞争观念、手段和策略正以惊人的速度向国人走来,并日益深刻地影响着国内通信市场。
资产重组后的电信企业由于无线寻呼的剥离,邮政与电信的分营,移动公司的独立,实力受到了明显的削弱,经营范围与市场空间也随之相应变得狭窄。而在我们电信企业整体实力削弱的同时,我们的竞争对手无论从数量还是从实力,都不再是以前那样的弱小。我们对于通讯市场曾经有过的垄断时代已成为“昨日黄花”,电信市场不再有“巨无霸”的存在,代之而起的是诸侯割据群雄逐鹿。同时经历了这几年电信市场的长足发展,邮电通信能力和技术水平飞速提高,邮电通信不再是影响国民经济发展的瓶颈部门。从总体上说,通信能力与市场需求相比已经不再是短缺。更为严重的是,在国内需求普遍疲软的情况下,WTO正一步步向我们走来,我们未来的竞争对手将比现在可怕上不只十倍百倍。
因而,在目前市场相对饱和的情况下,“加快发展,千方百计满足用户需要”,已经不应再成为我们电信企业的宣传口号和行动指南。面对日益壮大的竞争对手和相对狭小的空间,如果仅仅立足于用户需要的满足,我们将失去现有的市场。我们必须清醒地认识到:市场营销才是企业的首要任务。这既是企业工作的起点,又是企业工作的终点。没有市场营销企业就无法生存。“先有市场后有产品”之所以成为近几年企业界流行的经营方针即缘于此。由此可见,市场营销是企业发展的必由之路,强化营销,发现需求,选择市场需求是企业的第一任务,是关系企业生存发展的大事。因而,我们当前的任务当是创造市场,制造需求,引导消费,唯如此,我们电信企业方会在市场竞争中立于不败之地。
二、电信企业行业特点与营销重点
电信企业从属服务行业,因而我们必须从服务行业的特点出发,制定出符合行业特征的市场营销方案。“服务是一方能够向另一方提供的基本上是无形的任何功效或利益,并且不导致任何所有权的产生。它的生产可能与某种有形产品密切联系在一起,也可能毫无联系”。这就决定了电信企业具有如下行业特点:
(一)不可触摸性
服务是无形的。与有形产品不同,服务在被购买以前是看不见、品味不到,摸不着、听不到或嗅不出的。而购买者为减少这种不可触摸性所带来的不确定性,他们必然会寻求服务质量的标志或证据。他们将从看到的地方、人员、设备、沟通资料、象征和价格等方面,作出服务质量的判断。
因此,服务提供者的任务是“经营证据”、“化无形为有形”。产品营销者受到的挑战是要求他们增加抽象观念,而服务营销者受到的挑战则是要求他们在其抽象供应上增加有形证据。
如果我们想使我们的企业看起来服务快速和有效,就要中以试用以下几种工具使这种定位策略有形化。
1、场所电信的有形环境必须暗示出快速和有效的服务。企业的外部和内部设计要做到整洁明快,对办公桌子的摆设和人行通道应进行认真设计规划,从外观上看,等持接持的顾客所排队伍不应过长,应有足够的坐位给正在办理业务的顾客。
2、人员全体工作人员应当是忙碌的。他们应当做到衣着得体统一,并佩戴统一标志如工牌,并在始终保持微笑服务的同时做到来有迎声,去有送语。
3、沟通资料沟通资料应能表明高效率,宣传小册子应做到印刷清晰,层次分明,图片也应经过认真选择。
4、象征即企业的标志,如电信的徽记。
5、价格各种服务价格要能始终保持简单明了。
(二)不可分离性
服务的生产与消费二者一般而方是同时进行的。这与有形物品的情况不同,后者是被制造出来的,先投入存储,随后销售,最后被消费。如果服务是由人提供的,那么这个人就是服务的一部分。因为当服务正在生产时顾客也在场,提供者和顾客相互作用,是服务营销的一个特征,提供者和顾客两者对服务的结果都有影响。
(三)可变性
服务具有极大的可变性。因为服务取决于由谁来提供以及在何时、何地提供。对服务质量的控制可采取两个步骤:第一步,投资于挑选优秀的工作人员并进行培训。对服务提供者进行培训,使其对顾客出现的各种情况都能做出适当反应,从而减少服务的可变性;第二步,通过顾客建议和投诉系统,顾客调查和对比购买,追踪了解顾客的满意情况。这样,质量较差的服务便可被察觉出来并得以更正。
(四)易消失性
服务不具有可贮藏性。不可能事先生产出服务留待以后消费。它的生产过程本身就是消费的过程,因而极易消失。
由于服务性企业具有以上特点,因而服务性企业如果只用传统的市场营销方法来经营势必困难。在服务性企业中,顾客面对着服务质量不太稳定和较多变化的服务者,服务结果不仅受服务提供者的影响,而且受“不公开的”生产过程的影响。因而服务性企业的营销不仅需要传统的市场营销,而且还要插入其他两种市场营销,即内部市场营销和交互作用的市场营销。
内部市场营销,意指服务公司必须对直接接待顾客的人员以及所有辅助服务人员进行培养和激励,使其通力合作,以便使顾客满意。市场营销部门可能做的最大贡献应是:“特别善于促使机构的其他部门每个人都实行市场营销。”(贝利语)
交互作用市场营销,意指感知的服务质量在很大程度上取决于买者和卖者之间交互工作用的质量。在产品营销中,产品质量与如何被取得的方式之间毫无联系,但是在服务营销中,服务质量则是同服务供应者混为一体的。顾客评价服务质量,不仅依据其技术质量,而且依据其职能质量。因此,专业人员必须掌握交互作用市场营销的技巧。
相对于传统营销而方,内部市场营销与交互作用的市场营销共同构成现代市场营销———全员营销。亦即市场营销的重点就是全员营销。
三、全员营销的营销策略
全员营销不仅包括营销手段的整体性,还包括营销主体的整体性及营销战略的整体性。传统的营销是以生产者为中心,以产品售出为目的,而现代营销是以顾客为中心,以顾客满意为目标,所要达到的最终目的如日本丰田公司的经理在推出凌志汽车时所说:“我们不应仅满足于顾客满意,我们的最终目的是使顾客愉悦”。
怎样才能做到这一点呢?这就要求我样牢固树立“企业以市场营销为核心,市场营销以顾客满意为核心”的观念,将产品开发、技术改造、结构调整、生产管理、内部改革、资本运营等工作统一到服务和服从于市场这个中心上来,把搞好市场营销放在一切经营活动的第一位,以市场营销部门为中心,管理、生产、后勤部门以顾客满意为目标向市场营销部门提供服务。亦即搞好对外营销必须先搞好对内营销。某家旅游公司曾提出过这样的口号“员工第一、顾客第二”,其含义并非是不重视顾客,而是将员工列为第一的目的在于使企业员工满意,以崭新的面貌迎接顾客,从而实现顾客的满意。在树立“员工第一”思想的同时牢固树立“前一部门是后一部门的顾客”的思想,从而最大限度的激活内部市场营销。
全员营销的一个很明显的特征就是:每道工序、每个员工与顾客都处于同一个不可分割的价值链,每个员工的工作都与顾客密切相关,只不过越靠近顾客的对顾客的影响越大。作为电信企业仅局限于对外的窗口,更不能仅仅局限于营业厅,我们以前抓服务的重点放在营业厅,而忽视了对另一些主要的服务群体如机线人员的管理。对于电信企业而言,机线人员服务的好坏对我们企业经营的影响更为直观。而在我们以前的实际工作当中,只是狠抓营业员的服务,而忽视了机线人员的规范化服务,导致我们的机线人员不象是国有企业的员工,反倒象是农村的个体包工队,极大地影响了我们的声誉。全员营销应注重这些重要环节,不允许出现任何细徽的漏洞。
全员营销的另一个前提是员工整体素质的提高。这就要求我们的员工不仅要精通自己分管的业务,对于我们电信企业所有的业务都应有全面的了解。威海电信局曾经实行过“首问负责制”,意即每个员工在接听客户的电话,为客户提供咨询服务时,不应回答“不知道”,而应负责到底,为客户咨询有关部门,给予客户满意的答复。这种做法虽然比以前有所进步,但弊端在于浪费了客户的时间,降低了客户的满意度。请设想一下,如果我们每一个员工对每个问题都能对答如流,对每项业务都能如数家珍,这对我们的企业发展将会起到多大的推动作用。因而,从一线员工到支撑系统员工,不但要有全心全意为客户服务的觉悟,还要有过硬的服务本领。加强全体员工的技能培训,使其不仅知其然,而知其所以然,为客户提供高质量的服务。
全员营销还需要提供相应的技术支持,提高服务的技术层次。体现服务水平的还有服务技术、服务手段。不仅包括服务手段的技术化,还包括通信能力的提高和通信手段的增多。借助高科技手段,实现服务层次的飞跃。如计算机的普及,使收费速度大大提高;联网收费,使客户体会网多面广的优势;产品的更新换代,满足不同层次消费群体的消费需求。
由于全员营销具有上述特征,因而在实际操作中,与传统营销手段并用,将会取得事半功倍的效果。
四、摒弃传统广告宣传,建设全新企业文化
服务性企业较之制造企业在营销方面有许多不足,根据美国乔治和迈尔克斯德尔的调查,可以得出以下结论:(1)一般来说市场营销部门较少可能实行市场营销组合活动;(2)在提供服务区域较少可能进行市场营销分析;(3)很可能在内部处理自己的广告而不是求助于外部的广告社;(4)较少可能制定全面的销售计划;(5)较少可能制定和实施销售培训方案;(6)较少可能利用营销研究公司和营销顾问;(7)如用销售总额百分比表示用于市场营销上的费用,在这方面则有可能花费更少。
作为曾经是国家垄断经营的电信企业,其实际营销手段比以上的论述更差。作为“官商”,我们曾经信奉的教条是“皇帝女儿不愁嫁”,作为“瓶颈部门”,我们曾级“酒好不怕巷子深”,这些陈规陋习导致我们在向市场经济转向的同时,不可避免地留有尚未褪化完全的计划经济的胎记。我们很多电信企业的广告仅仅做在家门口,做在营业厅里,我们在电视电台报纸所做的也仅仅是干巴巴的条文广告。广告这一引导消费的手段居然堕落到“顾客须知”的地步,广告魅力在我们那种做了也白做的论调中消失殆尽。我们所做的广告仅仅向人们表明我们做过广告。值得庆幸的是,我们有些经营者发现了这些问题。虽然我们欠缺国际商业巨头的大手笔,但我们绝对不能丧失商海博激的信心和勇气。一些电信企业的经验很值得我们推广:如在不同时间,针对不同的消费群体实行了不同的广告宣传,收到了较好的社会效益和经济效益。但在我们所有广告宣传中,缺少最根本的主题———企业文化的宣传。
企业文化包括在长期生产过程中形成的经营思想、管理方式、群体意识和行为规范。它贯穿于企业发展道路、生产业务、经营管理以及职工思想政治、文化修养、业务技术素质的方方面面。高水平的质量服务文化,才能创出优质的服务,创优质服务又有力地推进企业的质量服务文化建设。众所周知,海尔公司在兼并红星电器厂时,仅派驻了几个管理人员,就使红星厂由亏损几千万的企业5个月内扭亏,他们凭借的是海尔品牌、海尔企业文化的灌输。由此可见,企业文化对于一个企业而方,无疑是企业魂。
因而我们在使用传统的广告营销手段的同时,应侧重于企业文化的建设与宣传,学会利用各种媒体树立我们的形象。如我们可以对社会有影响的群体实行优惠政策,借以提高我们的知名度;积极参与公益活动,树立良好的企业形象。这种投入与产出的比肯定会优于广告的效果。同时注重企业的文化建设,弘扬企业,创企业品牌,求名牌效益,力争取得经济效益的同时获得良好的社会效益。
五、价格手段,不可多用,不能滥用
价格大战一直是企业界惯用的营销手续。曾几何时,价格成为我们企业的制胜法宝,推销产品的不二法门。仿佛祭起价格这个大旗,就可以战无不胜,所向披靡。但我们的消费者正一步步走向成熟,他们不再满足于小幅度的降价手段,最终结果导致价格战的恶性循环。近几年较为有名的是全国的彩电价格大战,造成全国彩电行业至少53亿的损失。“城门失火,殃及池鱼”,彩电大战导致了今年上半年的彩管行业的全面停产,彩管行业只能用减少供应量祈求价格的回升。在我们通讯市场,同样是烽烟四起,价格战的最终结果是“鹬蚌相争,渔夫得利”,这里的渔夫并不是指由于降价而得到实惠的消费者,而是指国际上那些圆睁双眼,紧盯我们这块世界上最大的尚未开放的通讯市场的通讯业的巨头们。我们原本就不足以与之抗衡,我们本应该联手与之竞争,而我们采取的价格战无疑将自己的市场廉价出售给了他们。当然价格战并非一无是处,通过价格大战,可以做到优胜劣汰,导致市场资源的重新配置,并由此锻炼我们的企业抗风浪的能力。但是价格手段毕竟是双刃剑,此应不可多用,更不能滥用。而应该配合企业社会形象的树立,针对特殊群体采取价格攻势;同时价格不能一降再降,那样会使顾客有了等待心理,反而更糟。
六、拓宽经营范围,实行差别化服务
当价格战与铺天盖地的广告刺激不了消费时,我们应该拓宽经营范围,实行差别化管理。但是要想做到将我们的服务与竞争者的服务区别开来是件十分困难的事。经营范围的缩小,竞争对手的增多,使得价格竞争愈演愈烈,许多顾客对产品的要求不多,只要省钱就行。由此可见,只要顾客认为服务的差别不大,他们对提供关心程度便会小于对价格的关心。解决价格竞争的办法是发展差别供应和建立差别形象,提高顾客的满意度。因为一个满意的顾客对价格的关心程度低于对提供服务者的关心程度,同时一个满意的顾客较为容易的接受开展的新业务,而且对我们电信企业的成本而言,发展一个新顾客远比吸引一个老顾客的费用高。因而我们电信企业应凭借自己的资源优势实行差别化服务管理。
这种差别化服务管理具有两层意思,其一为本企业与外企业的不同,使顾客能明确我们所提供的服务为别人所无法提供的。这一点可以配合企业的文化建设进行。其工作重点应侧重于经营范围的拓展,让我们的服务永远走在别人的前面。其二对不同的顾客采取不同的营销策略。
经营范围的拓展,不仅包括外延的拓展,还包括内涵的拓展;不仅仅是量的增加,还包括质的提高。同时细分市场,做到有的放矢。比如对学生较为集中的地区,实行免费装机发售电话卡刺激消费;对于消费层次不高的人应教会他们使用程控电话的多项功能,如“呼叫等待”、“转移呼叫”等,提高通话率;对于消费层次较高的人应大力宣传“一线通”等先进业务;对于大用户(主要指那些群体数量少但业务量比重大的用户)建立大户室,设立大用户档案,甚至于采取青岛局的办法:为大用户设立“绿色通道”,特事特办,使大户业务稳中有升,同时推出新业务后率先向他演示,从而引导消费。
总之,在我们电信企业的市场营销工作中,要以现代营销观念为主,以传统营销观念为辅;以全员营销思想为主导,突出营销部门的地位;淡化广告宣传效应,重视企业文化建设;忽略价格杠杆功能,严格差别化服务管理;立足现有市场,创造消费需求;以先进的营销理念武装我们的头脑,使我们电信企业在未来的竞争中永立潮头,勇往直前。
Ⅷ 急!求关于市场营销(最好是关于营销策略的)的英文文献2000字左右的,最好带翻译,在线等!
大家知道,企业管理包括生产管理、营销管理和财务管理等多个方面,而财务管理是企业整个管理体系的核心,企业的财务管理目标即是企业追求的目标。可见,只有以财务管理为中心,协调运作管理体系的各个方面,才能有效地强化企业管理,促进企业发展。从全国来说,民营企业数量众多、分布广泛、特点各异,再加上受宏观经济环境化和体制影响,民营企业在加强财务管理方面遇到了一定的阻力,例如:政策的“歧视”使民营企业和大型企业不能公平竞争,地方政府、行业管理部门的干预,使民营企业的财务管理目标短期化,再主要的就是民营企业财务管理受业主的影响过大等一些主观因素的存在,导致财务管理的重要性被忽视。所以,其财务管理中存在的问题也多种多样,我认为,目前普遍存在的问题和原因主要有:
(一)融资困难,周转资金不足,使财务管理成断源之湖。
目前,我国民营企业初步建立了较为独立、渠道多元的融资体系,但是,融资难、担保难,仍然是制约民营企业发展的最突出的问题,主要问题是:第一,负债过多,融资成本高,风险大,造成民营企业信用等级低,资信相对较差。第二,大多数民营企业是非大型企业,有些银行受传统观念和行政干预的影响,对其贷款不够热心。第三,中介机构不健全,缺乏专门为民营企业贷款服务的金融中介机构和贷款担保机构。
分析其主要原因表现在两个方面:一是金融业对民营企业的信贷支持不够。我国金融系统从设置到服务项目,大都是以大企业为服务对象,民营企业的信贷服务往往被忽视。由于贷款难,生产经营过程中所需资金不足,极大制约了民营企业的发展。有的民营企业,虽存在暂时困难,但银行一旦支持就能起死回生;二是民营企业的融资渠道单一,难以适应市场需求的变化。由于有的民营企业,在既得不到银行的贷款支持,又不具有自我融资或向社会公开融资能力,无形中,加强企业财务管理也就成了一句空话,财务管理也就成了断源之湖。
(二)财务控制薄弱,缺乏科学性,使财务管理举步艰难。
大部分民营企业存在财务控制环节薄弱,而且对加强财务管理方面不够重视,没有从真正意义上理解财务管理在企业中的地位。主要问题有:一是资金管理不严,财务控制薄弱,造成资金闲置或不足。二是应收账款周转缓慢,造成资金回收困难。三是存货控制薄弱,造成资金呆滞。四是重钱轻物,资产流失严重。
分析其原因主要是:一是有些民营企业认为现金越多越好,致使大量现金未参加周转,有的是资金缺少计划安排,过量购置不动产,而使企业无法应付经营急需的资金,陷入财务困境。二是没有建立严格的赊销政策,缺乏有力的摧收措施,应收款不能兑现或形成呆账。三是很多民营企业月末存货占用资金往往超过其营业额的两倍以上,造成资金呆滞周转失灵。四是不少民营企业管理者,对原材料、半成品、固定资产等管理不到位,出了问题无人追究,资产浪费严重。分析以上原因,最重要的是因为企业上层领导财务管理观念落后,缺乏科学性,在思想上没有真正理解财务管理对做大做强一个企业所起到的作用,没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中,缺乏现代财务管理观念,使财务管理失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用,举步艰难。
(三)管理模式疆化,管理观念陈旧,使财务管理暗然失色。
由于长期以来在思想上受到旧的财务制度的约束,企业管理人员的观念比较滞后。主要问题有:一是企业的投资者同时就是经营者。二是企业管理者的管理能力和管理素质差,管理思想落后。
分析其原因主要是:民营企业典型的管理模式是所有权和经营权高度统一,企业的投资者同时就是经营者,这种模式势必给企业的财务管理带来负面影响,民营企业中相当一部分属于个体私营性质,在这些企业中,企业领导者集权现象严重,并且对财务管理的理论方法缺乏应有的认识和研究,致使其职责不分,越权行事,造成财务管理混乱,财务监核不严,会计人员独舟难行,想规范管理很难。大部分企业没有或无法建立内部审计部门,即使有,也很难保证内部审计的独立性。另外,有些企业没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中,缺乏现代财务管理观念,多数民营企业家尚未建立起诸如时间价值、风险价值、边际成本、机会成本等科学管理的概念,由于管理模式疆化,管理观念陈旧,使财务管理暗然失色,失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
Ⅸ 毕业论文外文翻译
物流一词源于英文的”logistics”,原意是军事后勤保障,在第二方世界大战以后被广泛地应用于经济领域。美国物流管理协会对物流的定义为”物流是为满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间产品、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动与存储的、实施和控制的过程”。
物流由四个关键部分组成:实质流动、实质存储、信息流动及管理协调。物流的主要功能是创造时间效用和空间效用,主要方式是通过仓储克服空间距离。
第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中间商提供的服务,中间商以合同的形式在一定期限内提供需的全部或部分物流服务。第三方物流公司是一个为外部客户管理、控制和提供物流服务作业的公司。
据统计,欧洲目前使用第三方物流服务的比例为76%,美国约为58%,且其需求仍在增长;欧洲24%和美国33%的非第三方物流服务用户正在积极考虑使用第三方物流服务。第三方物流作为一个提高物资流通速度、节省仓储费用和资金在途费用的有效手段,已经越来越引起人们的高度重视。
一、使用第三方物流的优越性
使用第三方物流产可以给企业带来众多益处,主要表现在:
1、集中主业
生产企业使用第三方物流可以使企业实现资源的优化配置,将有限的人力、财力集中于核心精力,进行重点研究,发展基本技术,开发新产品参与世界竞争,增强企业的核心竞争力。
2、节省费用
专业的第三方物流提供者利用规模生产的专业优势和成本优势,通过提供各环节能力的利用率实现费用节省,使企业能从分离费用结构中获益。生产企业随着规模的不断扩大,对营销服务的任何程度的深入参与,都会引起费用的大幅度增长,只有使用专业服务公司提供的公共服务,才能够减少额外损失。根据美国田纳西大学、英国EXEL公司和美国EMST&YOUNG咨询公司共同组织的一项调查显示:很多货主表示,使用第三方物流使他们的物流成本平均下降了1.18%,货物周转期平均从7.1天缩短到3.9天,库存降低了8.2%。
3、减少库存
第三方物流服务提供者借助精心策划的物流和适时的运送手段,最大限度地减少库存,改善了企业的现金流量,实现成本优势。
4、提升企业形象
第三方物流服务提供与顾客是一种战略伙伴关系,第三方物流提供者利用完备的设施和训练有素的员工对整个供应链实现完全的控制,减少物流的复杂性,通过自己的网络体系帮助顾客改进服务,不仅树立自己的品牌形象,而且使顾客在竞争中脱颖而出。
二、我国企业在使用第三方物流方面存在的问题
尽管与第三方物流公司合作有很多优势,但是很多企业并不是将更多的物流业务外包出去,原因归结为:
1、抵制变化
很多公司不愿意通过物流外包的方式来改变现在的精力模式。尤其是一些国有企业,物
流业务外包还将意味着解雇大批员工,这对于国有企业的管理者来说意味着一个非常大的风险。
2、缺乏认识
企业对于第三方物流公司的认识程度普遍还很低,企业没有认识到供应链管理在企业竞争中的巨大作用。
3、害怕失去控制
由于供应链的实施在提高公司竞争力方面的重要作用,很多公司宁愿有一个小而全的物流部门,也不情愿将这些功能交给别人,主要原因是担心如果失去内部物流能力,会在客户交往和其他方面过度依赖第三方物流公司。
4、物流业务外包本身有其复杂性
供应链物流业务通常和公司其他业务,如财务、营销或生产集成在一起,物流业务外包本身就具有复杂性。对一些实际业务,包括运输和仓储的集成可能会带来组织上、行政上和实施上的一系列问题。此外,公司内部信息系统的集成性特点,使得把物流业务交给第三方物流公司来运作变得很困难。
5、衡量物流外包的效果受诸多因素的影响
准确地衡量物流成本对信息技术和人力资源的影响比较困难。很难确定物流业务外包到底能够给企业带来多少潜在的成本好外。另外,各个公司业务的独特性和公司供应链作业能力,通常被认为是不宜向外部公开的内部信息,很难准确地比较公司间的供应链作业能力。
尽管有些生产企业已经意识到利用第三方物流可以给企业带来很多好外,但是在实际应用时往往分成几个步骤,同时选择数个物流服务提供商作为合作伙伴,以避免将业务交由一个物流服务提供商而带来的依赖性。
三、我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题
一个成功的物流企业,必须具备较大的运营规模,建立有效地地区覆盖区域,具有强大的指挥和控制中心,具备高水准的综合技术、财务资源和经营策略。
我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题可以归纳如下:
1、运营模式问题
目前世界大型物流公司大都采取总公司与分公司体制,总部采取集权式物流运作,以业务实行垂直管理。建立现代物流企业必须有一个能力很强、指挥灵活的调控中心对整个物流业务进行控制与协调。真正的现代物流必须是一个指挥中心、一个利润中心,企业的组织、框架、体制等形式都要与一个中心相匹配。我国的物流企业在运营模式上存在问题,国外物流企业的管理模式值得国内物流企业借鉴。
2、仓储或运输能力欠缺
物流的主要功能是创造时间盗用和空间效用。就目前中国的第三方物流企业而言,有些公司偏重于仓储,运输能力不足;另外一些公司则是运输车辆很多而在全国没有多少仓库,靠租用社会仓库来完成对客户的承诺。
3、网络问题
我国有几家大的物流企业拥有全车性的仓储网络或货运网络,但是这个网络的覆盖区域并不是十全十美的。客户在选择物流合作伙伴时,很关注网络的覆盖区域及网络网点的密度问题。有关网点的建设问题应引起物流企业的重视。
4、信息技术
世界大的物流企业都拥有”一流三网”,即订单信息流、全球供应链资源网络、全球用户资源网络和计算机信息网络。凭借先进的计算机管理技术,这些物流客户也是高附加值产品的生产企业,国内物流企业必须在信息系统上增加投入才可以改变自己的市场定位。
集中与整合是第三方物流企业的发展趋势。原因是:第一,大的公司有意将供应链的主要环节外包给尽可能少的几家物流公司;第二,建立一个高效的全球第三方物流企业所需资本的投入日益增加;第三,许多第三方物流供应商都通过兼并和联合的方式来扩大其服务能力。
Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate procts, final procts and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "
Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.
Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.
According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.
First, the advantages of using a third-party logistics
The use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:
1, focus on core business
Manufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new procts in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.
2, cost-saving
Professional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass proction and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.
3, rection of inventory
Third-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.
4, enhance the corporate image
Third-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, recing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.
Second, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in
While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:
1, resistance to change
Many companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, were
Flow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.
2, lack of awareness
For third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.
3, fear of losing control
As a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.
4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexity
Supply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or proction of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.
5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors
Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.
Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.
Third, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered
A successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.
China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:
1, operating model
At present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.
2, the lack of storage or transport capacity
The primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers.
3, network problems
There are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.
4, information technology
The world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the proction of high value-added procts business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.
Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.
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Ⅹ 市场营销英文文献翻译成中文3000字
一、服务营销。
现代经济发展的一个显著特征是服务业的蓬勃发展,其在国民经济中的地位愈来愈重要,服务营销的重要性日益突出,中国已经加入WTO ,外资企业纷纷抢滩中国,中外服务市场营销大战将出现白热化的态势。现实经济生活中的服务可以区分为两大类。一种是服务产品,产品为顾客创造和提供的核心利益主要来自无形的服务。另一种是功能服务,产品的核心利益主要来自形成的成分,无形的服务只是满足顾客的非主要需求。贝瑞认为,在产品的核心利益来源中,有形的成分比无形的成分要多,那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“商品”(有形产品) ;如果无形的成分比有形的成分要多,那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“服务”。与服务的这种区分相一致,服务营销的研究形成了两大领域,即服务产品的营销和顾客服务营销。服务产品营销的本质是研究如何促进作为产品的服务的交换;顾客服务营销的本质则是研究如何利用服务作为一种营销工具促进有形产品的交换。但是,无论是服务产品营销,还是顾客服务营销,服务营销的核心理念都是顾客满意和顾客忠诚,通过取得顾客的满意和忠诚来促进相互有利的交换,最终实现营销绩效的改进和企业的长期成长。
First, services marketing.
Modern economic development is characterized by a significant service instry booming national economy, the status of its growing importance of services marketing highlights the growing importance of China has joined WTO, foreign companies have to seize the Chinese, and foreign services, marketing war will appear white-hot trend. Economic life of service can be divided into two categories. One is service procts, proct creation and delivery for customers mainly from the core interests of intangible services. The other is the function of services, procts, mainly from the formation of the core interests of the ingredients, invisible only to meet customer service needs of non-major. Berry think that the source of the proct's core interests, the tangible and intangible elements of composition to be more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "commodity" (tangible procts); if intangible components of tangible elements to more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "service." And services consistent with this distinction, service marketing research formed the two major areas, namely services, procts, marketing and customer service marketing. Service is the essence of proct marketing, how to promote the exchange of proct services; customer service is of the essence of marketing, how to use the services as a marketing tool to promote the exchange of tangible procts. However, both services proct marketing, or customer service, marketing, service marketing is the core concept of customer satisfaction and loyalty, and by obtaining customer satisfaction and loyalty to the promotion of mutually beneficial exchange, and ultimately sales performance improvement and long-term business growth.
二、网络营销。
互联网络是一种利用通讯线路,将全球电脑纳入国际联网的信息传送系统必将是未来市场营销最重要的渠道。网络营销的特性包括;可24 小时随时随地地提供全球性营销服务;电脑可储存大量的信息,代消费者查询,可传送的信息数量与精确度,远超过其他媒体;能因应市场需求,及时更新产品或调整价格;减少印刷与邮递成本;且无店面租金,节约水电与人工成本;可避免推销员强势推销的干扰;可经由信息提供与互动交谈,与消费者建立长期良好的关系。互联网络是一种功能最强大的营销工具,它同时兼具渠道、促销、电子交易、互动顾客服务以及市场信息分析与提供的多种功能。
它以声光互动沟通的特质,作为跨越时空的媒体,已深深吸引年青一代人的眼光。此外,它所具备的一对一营销能力,正是符合[ 分众营销]与[ 直效营销]的未来趋势。 网络营销可视为一种新兴的营销渠道,它并非一定要取代传统的渠道,而是经由信息科技发展,来创新与重组营销渠道。但不可否认的是,网络营销必然会给传统营销造成冲击,因此商业界必须要注意这种趋势,并与软件产业作密切的联系与合作。以广告业为例,在最新媒体时代,销售是从开始到完成的一贯作业,就是说由吸引注意、引发兴趣、造成购买欲、进行采购,一气而成,而广告公司将参与营销的全程。商业企业也有必要改变传统的组织形态,提升新媒体部门的功能,引进兼具营销素养与电脑科技的人才,未来才能具备市场的竞争优势。
Second, network marketing.
Use of the Internet is a communication line, into the international network of global computer information delivery system will be the next most important channel for marketing. Internet Marketing features include; can provide anytime, anywhere 24 hours of global marketing services; computer can store large amounts of information, on behalf of consumer inquiries, the amount of information transmitted and accuracy, far more than other media; to meet market demands in a timely manner Update proct or price adjustments; rece printing and mailing costs; and no store rent, saving water and labor costs; can avoid the interference of a salesman selling strong; can talk through the provision of information and interaction with consumers long-term good relations. Internet is the most powerful marketing tool, it also combines Qu, marketing, electronic transactions, interactive customer service and market information analysis and delivery of a variety of functions.
It features sound and light interactive communication, as of time, the media, who have been attracted to the eyes of the younger generation. In addition, it has a one to one marketing capabilities, it is consistent with [Focus marketing] and [direct marketing] future trend.
Internet marketing can be considered as an emerging marketing channels, it is not necessarily to replace the traditional channels, but through the development of information technology to innovation and re-marketing channels. But it is undeniable that online marketing is bound to impact traditional marketing, so the business community must pay attention to this trend, and with the software instry for close contact and cooperation. Advertising instry as an example, in the latest media age, sales are consistent from start to finish operation, that is attracting attention from the triggered interest, resulting in purchases, procurement, these cities become, and advertising companies will participate in the marketing of the whole. Commercial enterprises also need to change the traditional organizational forms, to enhance the functions of the new media sector, the introction of both quality and marketing personnel in computer technology, the future can have the market's competitive advantage.
三、绿色营销。
所谓“绿色营销”,是指社会和企业在充分意识到消费者日益提高的环保意识和由此产生的对清洁型无公害产品需要的基础上,发现、创造并选择市场机会,通过一系列理性化的营销手段来满足消费者以及社会生态环境发展的需要,实现可持续发展的过程。绿色营销的核心是按照环保与生态原则来选择和确定营销组合的策略,是建立在绿色技术、绿色市场和绿色经济基础上的、对人类的生态关注给予回应的一种经营方式。目前,西方发达国家对于绿色产品的需求非常广泛,而发展中国家由于资金和消费导向上和消费质量等原因,还无法真正实现对所有消费需求的绿化。以我国为例,目前只能对部分食品、家电产品、通讯产品等进行部分绿化;而发达国家已经通过各种途径和手段,包括立法等,来推行和实现全部产品的绿色消费。从而培养了极为广泛的市场需求基础,为绿色营销活动的开展打下了坚实的根基。以绿色食品为例,英国、德国绿色食品的需求完全不能自给,英国每年要进口该食品消费总量的80% ,德国则高达98%。这表明,绿色产品的市场潜力非常巨大,市场需求非常广泛。
绿色营销只是适应二十一世纪的消费需求而产生的一种新型营销理念,也就是说,绿色营销还不可能脱离原有的营销理论基础。因此,绿色营销模式的制定和方案的选择及相关资源的整合还无法也不能脱离原有的营销理论基础,可以说绿色营销是在人们追求健康、安全、环保的意识形态下所发展起来的新的营销方式和方法。现代企业只有树立起一种全新的可持续发展营销的经营理念,努力开展绿色营销,开发绿色产品,进行绿色生产,才能和可持续发展潮流相适应。同时,企业还可进一步“导向消费者”,促成可持续消费模式的全面建立和实现,承担起促进社会发展和生态环境发展的责任和义务,使企业的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益相统一。
Third, green marketing.
The so-called "green marketing" refers to the social and enterprises are fully aware of the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and the resulting need for clean-based pollution-free procts based on the discovery, creation and select market opportunities, through a series of rational means of marketing to meet consumer and community development needs of the ecological environment and realize sustainable development process. Green Marketing is the core ecological principles in accordance with environmental protection and to select and determine the marketing mix strategy is based on green technology, green markets and green based on economic, ecological concerns for the human response to a mode of operation. Some developed countries the demand for green procts is very extensive, but developing countries as capital and consumer orientation, quality and consumer reasons, it can not really achieve the greening of all consumer demand. Taiwan for instance, currently only some food, home appliances, communication procts, part-green; while developed countries have adopted a variety of ways and means, including legislation, etc., Lai Tuixing and the achievement of all procts Di green consumption. Thus having a very broad basis of market demand for green marketing activities have laid a solid foundation. To green, for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, the demand for green food can not self-sufficient, the United Kingdom every year, the import of 80% of the total food consumption in Germany is as high as 98%. This indicates that the market potential for green procts is very large, very wide market demand.
Green marketing is the twenty-first century consumer demand resulting from a novel marketing idea, that is, green marketing, marketing is also not out of the original theory. Therefore, the development of green marketing model and program selection and integration of related resources can not can not be severed from the original basis of marketing theory can be said that green marketing is the pursuit of health, safety, environmental protection, developed under the ideology of the new ways and means of marketing. Establish a modern enterprise is only a new marketing philosophy of sustainable development, make efforts to green marketing, the development of green procts for green proction, and sustainable development to adapt to the trend. At the same time, enterprises can further "consumer oriented", to promote sustainable consumption patterns of the full development and realization of their obligation to promote social development and ecological development of the responsibilities and obligations, so that their economic, social and environmental benefits .