1. 本科品牌营销的毕业论文文献综述谁能给我找一篇啊就文献综述！包括参考文献在内。4000字的。
南邮的吧你
2. 互联网视角下三只松鼠品牌营销探讨硕士论文文献综述2015年到2017年国内外文献综述
你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。
如何做文献综述
首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Background Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。
清楚了文献综述的意涵，现在说说怎么做文献综述。虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。
技巧一：瞄准主流。主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。二是利用学校图书馆的“中国期刊网”、“外文期刊数据库检索”和外文过刊阅览室，能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。三是国家图书馆，有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书，学校图书馆往往没有收藏，但是国图却是一本不少（国内出版的所有图书都要送缴国家图书馆），不仅如此，国图还收藏了很多研究中国政治和政府的外文书籍，从互联网上可以轻松查询到。
技巧二：随时整理，如对文献进行分类，记录文献信息和藏书地点。做博士论文的时间很长，有的文献看过了当时不一定有用，事后想起来却找不着了，所以有时记录是很有必要的。罗仆人就积累有一份研究中国政策过程的书单，还特别记录了图书分类号码和藏书地点。同时，对于特别重要的文献，不妨做一个读书笔记，摘录其中的重要观点和论述。这样一步一个脚印，到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量“干货”，可以随时享用。
技巧三：要按照问题来组织文献综述。看过一些文献以后，我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来，像“竹筒倒豆子”一样，洋洋洒洒，蔚为壮观。仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。我写过十多万字的文献综述，后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路，这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题，当然是直线距离最短、最省事，但是一路上风景颇多，迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中，反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”，“曲径通幽”不知所终了。因此，在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没有道理，就行了。
你的午间新闻方面方面文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？
你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。
三、如何撰写开题报告
问题清楚了，文献综述也做过了，开题报告便呼之欲出。事实也是如此，一个清晰的问题，往往已经隐含着论文的基本结论；对现有文献的缺点的评论，也基本暗含着改进的方向。开题报告就是要把这些暗含的结论、论证结论的逻辑推理，清楚地展现出来。
写开题报告的目的，是要请老师和专家帮我们判断一下：这个问题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。因此，开题报告的主要内容，就要按照“研究目的和意义”、“文献综述和理论空间”、“基本论点和研究方法”、“资料收集方法和工作步骤”这样几个方面展开。其中，“基本论点和研究方法”是重点，许多人往往花费大量笔墨铺陈文献综述，但一谈到自己的研究方法时但寥寥数语、一掠而过。这样的话，评审老师怎么能判断出你的研究前景呢？又怎么能对你的研究方法给予切实的指导和建议呢？
对于不同的选题，研究方法有很大的差异。一个严谨规范的学术研究，必须以严谨规范的方法为支撑。在博士生课程的日常教学中，有些老师致力于传授研究方法；有的则突出讨论方法论的问题。这都有利于我们每一个人提高自己对研究方法的认识、理解、选择与应用，并具体实施于自己的论文工作中。
一、文献综述概述
文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。综述的目的是反映某一课题的新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现。从其历史到现状，存在问题以及发展趋势等，都要进行全面的介绍和评论。在此基础上提出自己的见解，预测技术的发展趋势，为选题和开题奠定良好的基础。
二、文献综述的格式
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。
三、文献综述规定
1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。
2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇
3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。
4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。
5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号"[ ]"括起来置于引用词的右上角。
6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。
3. 关于中国移动品牌广告营销策略的参考文献哪有啊
中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 3 条[1]万绚,卢优莎,黄丹. 3G产品营销策略分析 基于早期潜在客户识别的我国3G营销策略[J]. 中国传媒科技, 2007,(01) . [2]韩露. 3G时代移动运营商竞争策略探讨[J]. 中国数据通信, 2005,(04) . [3]阚凯力. 3G与电信业的未来[J]. 通信企业管理, 2006,(05) . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 12 条[1]李晓英,华成. 我国电信运营商3G业务发展策略研究[J]. 管理现代化, 2007,(03) . [2]蔡璨. 3G时代,运营商制胜的五力模型[J]. 消费导刊, 2009,(16) . [3]戴国良. 3G手机市场浅析[J]. 经营管理者, 2010,(02) . [4]韩轶强. 国内手机营销渠道演变探析[J]. 江苏经贸职业技术学院学报, 2008,(01) . [5]董飞,杨丰瑞. TD-SCDMA产业现状及其发展策略[J]. 江西通信科技, 2007,(02) . [6]朱珠. 动感地带VS新势力——移动与联通品牌竞争策略的实证分析[J]. 科技情报开发与经济, 2008,(16) . [7]任晓婷. 中国电信行业发展对策分析[J]. 学理论, 2008,(08) . [8]董飞,杨丰瑞. TD——SCDMA产业发展趋势及策略分析[J]. 商场现代化, 2007,(15) . [9]李晓英,华成. 我国电信运营商3G营销渠道建设探讨[J]. 市场营销导刊, 2007,(Z1) . [10]张德华. 怀化电信移动业务营销应关注的几个问题[J]. 企业家天地下半月刊(理论版), 2009,(10) . ＞＞更多 中国博士学位论文全文数据库 共找到 1 条[1]安玉兴. 电信网络竞争与接入[D]. 辽宁大学, 2008 . 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 共找到 14 条[1]刘昊婧. 3G牌照发放后中国电信的转型分析[D]. 上海社会科学院, 2006 . [2]谭淼燚. 802.11 MAC层快速切换算法设计和实验研究[D]. 中南大学, 2007 . [3]丛云飞. 丹东移动“神州行”品牌营销策略案例研究[D]. 大连理工大学, 2008 . [4]戴国良. 华为3G手机在深圳市的营销策略研究[D]. 广西大学, 2008 . [5]海晓东. 借鉴日韩研究中国3G业务发展[D]. 北京邮电大学, 2008 . [6]冉峰. 西安联通第三代移动通信市场细分及营销策略研究[D]. 西安科技大学, 2008 . [7]苏国军. 湖南电信3G业务发展战略研究[D]. 中南大学, 2008 . [8]王舸. 中国移动通信业的3G发展应对策略与中国移动3G业务发展思考[D]. 天津大学, 2007 . [9]卞雪辉. 中国移动3G运营策略与发展研究[D]. 天津大学, 2007 . [10]连骏. 中国3G技术标准TD-SCDMA的知识产权战略[D]. 西南政法大学, 2008 .拍广告找红竹广告拍摄有限公司
4. 急求佰草集品牌营销策略的文献综述
佰草集品牌营销策略
文献综述可以去知网下载学位论文
一般都是可以直接拿来用的
毕业论文的工作程序
毕业论文属必修课，一般安排在本科阶段最后一学年进行，具体时间由各学院（系）根据相关的本科专业培养方案中的教学计划安排执行。各学院（系）的本科毕业论文工作应在每年的五月三十一日以前完成。
本科毕业论文工作包括写作指导、论文选题、指导教师安排、论文研究工作开展、论文撰写、论文评阅与答辩等环节。
1．写作指导：各学院（系）应在进入本科毕业论文工作前安排教师为学生开设毕业论文写作指导课程或讲座。
2．论文选题：各学院（系）应为学生提出论文题目范围和要求；允许学生自主提出论文题目，但须由院（系）相关专业负责人审批。
3．指导教师安排：各学院（系）应实行学生和教师双向选择、学院（系）适当调整并最终落实的方式。安排指导教师的指导任务时，要考虑其水平和能力，并保证优生优培政策的落实，即优秀学生可优先选导师。
4．论文研究工作开展：学生在教师的指导下实施论文研究工作；导师应在如下三方面对学生的工作进行监管：毕业论文开题、毕业论文过程检查和毕业论文结束总结。
5．论文撰写：写作提纲由学生和指导教师讨论后拟定；学生必须在写出初稿后将论文初稿送指导教师审阅，导师提出修改意见，并确保在定稿前留出充裕时间以供修改论文；经指导教师同意后，论文方可定稿。
6．论文评阅和答辩：各学院（系）及指导教师应在每年的五月二十五日以前完成论文评阅、答辩工作。
5. 求有关品牌营销的文献综述
《营销策划：营销应该透过品牌来整合》
管品牌是一门大生意、大资产，但品牌管理目前还处于初级阶段。真正意义上的品牌战略管理需要全面整合企业经营资源，系统地开辟新的业务范围，创建市场竞争优势。
传统营销受到挑战
时下的市场营销只关注推出新产品的运作过程，把品牌只当作一种单纯、极端的行动指令，局限于广告、包装和商标等宣传活动，即品牌的形象管理方面。从现在开始，企业将面临这样的战略抉择：企业如何保持持久的竞争优势？企业如何扩张新业务？企业如何提升赢利能力？
新经济时代下高速度和快节奏是新经济时代的特征之一，速度很自然地成为竞争中的一个重要因素，因此，今天的企业必须迫切地反思业务使命和经营战略，调整状态，以适应未来的市场变化与发展。今天竞争者千变万化，技术日新月异，顾客千差万别。企业要想长期立于不败之地，只有不断地创新竞争优势，创造强势品牌。
在“业务如例行公事”的日子里，企业只要生产产品，积极推销和大量的广告投入就能成功，这被称为“营销”。这是种"大街上的人"的普遍营销观点。然而，不幸的是许多企业就是这样认为，也正在这样做，但这些营销观点是一帖造成灾难的配方。目前，大多数企业的营销推广活动多采取一套营销传播“食谱”，并编成详细的指导原则。例如，推广产品需要：“一汤匙”新闻稿、“二杯”电视广告、“二克”报纸广告、“一份宣传册”和“一个”促销。这样很难创造良好的市场效益；或者一时市场反应较好，但却难以持久。广告费不应该白白花掉，而是预期有具体回收计划的投资。广告传播是现代企业经济中最具风险的投资之一，现今人们可以这样认为，至少四分之三的广告开支可以说是颗粒无收。如果一家企业耗资千万元投资一条新的生产线，但却不去考虑它的回报，以及并不确信产品销售额有所提高，您认为这可能吗？我们一定会说“这绝对不可能”。这种事情在市场营销中并不少见，市场攻势破费百万金钱，却难以叩开市场之门。
今天的顾客面对的每一种商品都品目繁多，顾客对产品质量和服务的需求多种多样，而且日益增长，但是对价格的期望则越来越低。
如今因科技的进步，产品的同质化越来越高，一些配销的方式及通路的特点，也很容易被抄袭和效仿，当一个新品上市后，会有“一大群”同类产品跟进，分割开拓者的市场，并迫使你不得不降价，并与其展开拼命的搏杀，而且使你身陷险境，遭受多面冲击和危胁，竞争者努力钻营的结果，将使得流通上获的利润减少，许多厂商把营销网织得很大，也未能获得市场上的优势。传统营销受到前所未有的挑战。
经营品牌而非产品
传统管理模式通常只是在产品资格证上大做文章，而企业不可回避的是要在品牌战略管理上下功夫。许多企业拥有产品管理人员，但有很多问题。随着越来越多的品牌不断扩张，派生出种类繁多的产品，管理职能也分散下放到基层决策机构，长此以往，决策部门在没有基层参与的情况下的决策往往对品牌不利。
品牌不是产品，但它赋予产品意义并确定产品的形式、形象和价值。企业发现，品牌管理已是战略性的管理，需要全面系统的规划管理。品牌向管理人员提出了一系列新问题：企业需要多少新的品牌？如何管理品牌？如何策划品牌扩张？品牌扩张应包括哪些产品和服务项目？品牌扩张应避开哪些领域？如何解决经营范围限制和维持销售额之间的矛盾？战线拉得太长会削弱品牌权益，反之亦然。随着技术进步、产品更新换代和顾客交替更迭，如何保持品牌永久的生命力并使之适应时代的发展，获得永久魅力？如何使单一品牌下的多种产品的销售实现综合平衡并最大限度获取利润？如何利用产品品牌的关系优化品牌形象？品牌是否具有成为国际品牌的潜力？品牌国际化有何利弊？许多企业使用共同品牌。品牌形象策划与企业形象策划之间有何不同？既然品牌有价值，如何衡量评估它的价值并有效地进行调查和管理？是否应把品牌价值列入资产负债表并将其实际经济价值向股东、投资者和商业伙伴公布？
其中心概念是品牌的品质，不是品牌的形象。这种品质需要界定和管理，是品牌管理的核心。它需要开创新思路、探索新方法。
新经济时代里，无形资产决定企业价值，新经济在向企业展示其无穷魅力的同时，也对企业提出了更高的要求。对于众多的传统企业来讲，认清形势才能更好地抓住机遇，迎接挑战。企业在什么行业并不重要，短期的收入也不重要，关键看它拥有的无形资产。在《解读价值密码：成功企业是如何在新经济中创造财富的》一书中，利伯特认为，新经济时代衡量企业是否会成功有四条标准：一是公司的资产体系，包括知识、无形资产、信息、软件系统等，用反映现代经济的模式来判断；二是看它是否敢于面对风险，不仅是金融、实物方面的风险，还要敢于面对无形资产的风险；三是运用了当代最先进的技术；四是企业的价值取向，不仅是有形的资产，也要看无形资产。
在一些发达国家，一些优秀企业的有形资产与无形资产的比例已达到1:2或1:3。拥有知名品牌的公司，企业的品牌价值已远远超过其年销售总额，如可口可乐、麦当劳、迪斯尼、雀巢等均是如此。许多名牌由于市场覆盖面广，社会知名度高，因此给企业带来了巨大的经济效益。这些无形资产的经济价值要远大于其有形资产，其巨大的产权份量增强了企业发展的后劲，也是公司经济实力的体现。
企业经营的是品牌，而非产品，品牌使企业的内部资源得以优化配置，并为顾客创造真正的价值。
营销应该透过品牌来整合
21世纪将是名牌争夺天下的世纪，我国经济逐步融入国际市场，面临着更加激烈的竞争环境，进入了品牌竞争时代，市场竞争是产品质量、技术服务和价格等诸要素的竞争，诸要素的竞争最终要通过品牌竞争来实现。可以预言：21世纪将是名牌争夺天下的世纪。以名牌的经济实力为后盾来分割世界资源、拓展全球市场，将是国际经济运行的一大特点。
品牌战略是企业竞争取胜之道。当今，企业间的竞争已由单一的商品质量竞争，转向综合经济实力的竞争，而综合实力的竞争，最终是创造自己的品牌。谁要想成为一个优秀企业家，谁就要懂得并能熟练运用品牌战略。
企业创造了产品，市场创造了品牌，企业的竞争优势则集中体现在具有市场竞争优势的品牌。那么，企业不仅应为生产产品建立良好的管理体制和经营机制，更应该确立正确的品牌战略，从而创建有效的市场竞争机制。
品牌战略不仅仅是为了创造名牌，更是为了创造具有持久市场竞争优势的品牌。有了强势的品牌，才能形成强大的市场空间，尽可能地通过营销组织获得更大的销售利润。如果企业急功近利，过度地追求名牌效益，缺乏对未来市场战略性的思考，势必会造成重眼前、轻长远的经营行为。
企业经营机制的建立可控因素较大，而市场的机制较难以掌控，因为市场是在不断地变幻，消费观念的变化、市场结构的变化、竞争格局的变化、社会局势的变化等等，都可能使企业的营销组织及策略发生变化。因此，企业的管理应以市场为导向，营销组织及策略更应该以市场为导向，依据市场的不同时期，不同状况，来进行调整。那么，如何确立科学的营销策略成为现代营销组织探索的重要课题。企业管理是决策者思想及行为的体现，那么市场管理应该是品牌战略的集中体现。如果一个企业要想创造具有市场竞争优势的产品，必须拟定正确的品牌战略，从而全面展开企业的各项营销活动，通过品牌传达齐一的个性，一致的讯息以及采取统一的行动，这样，才能赢得消费者对品牌的认知，获得应有的市场效应。
产品的特征、功能、价值是品牌的一部分，而品牌则会有形象、服务及消费者的认知、忠诚等因素，现代市场营销的成功，不单单是指产品某一时期的营销成功，而应该是为长期保持品牌竞争优势的经营成功。整合不仅仅是集中和统一，更应该是创造品牌价值，才能达到长期持久的整合。所有的整合都应符合品牌战略的宗旨，所有的营销策略都应符合品牌战略的方针及原则，这样，才能进行有效的市场动态管理，依据品牌战略，制订不同时期，不同阶段的营销策略。通过品牌来保证策略的统一性、正确性、系统性。
营销不是策略的罗列，而是战略的具体表现，所有营销策略的目标都是为实现品牌总体战略目标服务的，品牌战略具有指导性、长期性；营销策略具有可操作性、阶段性。营销的各个策略应通过品牌来整合，这样长此以往，才能创造优势品牌，从而创造市场竞争优势。因此，品牌战略企划必须有敏锐的市场分析，简捷清晰的思考，并做出正确的判断。面对激烈的市场竞争，企业应发展出相应的策略去创造市场，而不是一成不变地保守经营。我们相信，现代企业唯有创造具有竞争优势的品牌方能立于不败之地。
产品是工厂所生产的，品牌才是消费者所购买的。
拥有市场比拥有工厂更重要，我们经营的是品牌而非仅销售产品。
产品极易过时落伍，但成功的品牌却能持久不坠。
迈入品牌竞争时代，当前经济界人士提出"迈入二十一世纪的入场券，生死悠关话名牌"，但如何创造品牌，制订品牌战略，这应该是现今企业家所面临的最为迫切的课题，但不管理论如何正确，都必须付诸于具体的实践，没有行动，就无法使理论变成现实。BIR品牌竞争解决之道，通过实战经验创立了一整套行之有效的品牌战略企划系统，把品牌竞争思想，形成具有系统的解决方案。相信，全新的观念，定能引发全新的变革。
6. 品牌定位文献综述
【品牌定位文献综述】仅供参考，请勿抄袭，一切法律责任与本人无关
今天，定位一词已经成为最重要、使用最广泛的战略术语之一。尽管该概念的起
点是讨论广告传播的策略问题，“定位”却很快成为营销战略的理论构架中的一个核心
概念，成为整个营销战略中最富有价值的战略思想之一，成为众多学者及实践家们研
究的重要对象之一（卢泰宏，2002）。
1969年，艾．里斯(Al Ries)和杰克．特劳特(Jack Trout)在《工业营销》杂志上
发表《定位是人们在今日模仿主义市场所玩的竞赛》一文，这是有史以来，首次有人
使用定位这一概念，开创了人们对定位这一领域研究的先河。1972年，两人又在《广
告时代》发表了一系列名为“定位时代”的文章，引起营销广告界的巨大反响。1979
两位定位领域的权威大师里斯和特劳特合作出版了第一部论述定位的专著《定位：攻
心之战》，首次将定位策略上升为系统的定位理论，标志着定位理论的正式成立。该书
主要介绍了定位理论的内涵、特征与定位的心理基础。作者认为消费者头脑中存在一
级级小阶梯，他们将产品或多个方面的要求在这些小阶梯上排队，而定位就是要找到
这些小阶梯，并将产品与某一阶梯联系上；定位应强调通过突出符合消费心理需求的
鲜明特点，确定品牌在特定商品竞争中的方位，以方便消费者处理大量的商品信息；
定位具有“以消费者为中心”和“竞争性”两个特征。
1996年，定位大师杰克.特劳特和瑞维金一起出版了《新定位》一书，该书尽管在
定位理论方面没有新的突破，但对新环境下定位论在实践中的应用技巧则分析得十分
具体，尤其是对消费者心理把握的更为透彻。作者认为：营销的终极战场是消费者的
心灵，你知道的越多，定位策略就越准确。他们经过多年对消费者行为的跟踪研究，发现了影响传播沟通的消费者五大思考模式：大脑的有限性、大脑憎恨混乱、大脑的
不可靠性、大脑不会改变、大脑会失去焦点，从而揭示了信息传播不能到达消费者的
原因以及无法占据消费者心灵的根源。该书对于帮助企业克服传播通路上的种种障碍
更有效的发挥定位在营销中的核心作用具有较大的参考价值。
近年来，定位大师特劳特又推出关于一本关于定位理论的著作《区隔或消亡》。书
中界定了区隔的定义，认为区隔是建立品牌的第一位工作，有效的区隔发生在消费者
的心智中，并列举了一系列建立有效区隔的方法，如拥有特性、成为第一等。该书实
际上介绍了建立有效定位的方法。
我国的学者从上世纪90年代起开始进行定位理论及应用方面的研究，除了借鉴西
方学者的观点以外，我国学者主要进行了以下几方面的研究：
（一）对定位理论的归纳
1999年，中国营销学带头人卢泰宏先生组织研究生们一道发表了“定位论系列”
文章共7篇（刊登在《销售与市场》杂志上）。该系列文章从产生时间、核心理论、方
法和依据、沟通的着眼点四个方面对USP理论、品牌形象理论及定位理论做了较深入
的比较，是对定位理论的一次很深入的归纳和总结。
我国品牌战略与管理学者朱永高先生也对市场定位、产品定位、品牌定位等有关
定位的重要概念进行比较，对它们的联系与区别进行了详尽的分析。其作品《品牌战
略和管理》一书系统的介绍了品牌定位的内涵、品牌定位的原则、品牌定位点的开发
品牌定位的工具及有关品牌定位的测评等内容，在总结西方研究成果的基础上，加入
了自己对于品牌定位的理解，是我国学者对品牌定位理论创造性地发展与完善。
（二）品牌定位与其他营销元素之间的关系
该领域的研究成果主要包括：我国学者邱红彬先生对品牌定位与市场细分、目标
市场及与市场营销组合各要素之间关系的研究；我国学者朱振中先生对品牌核心价值
在品牌定位中作用的研究。
7. 高分求[国际服装发展现状和品牌服装营销]方面的外文文献
这是一片写的不错的
Effect of fiber architecture on flexural characteristics and fracture of fiber-reinforc
Vistasp M. Karbharia, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author and Howard Strasslerb
aMaterials Science & Engineering Program, and Department of Structural Engineering, MC-0085, University of California San Diego, Room 105, Building 409, University Center, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
bDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Received 10 December 2005; revised 25 June 2006; accepted 31 August 2006. Available online 7 November 2006.
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to compare and elucidate the differences in damage mechanisms and response of fiber-reinforced dental resin composites based on three different brandsnext term under flexural loading. The types of reinforcement consisted of a unidirectional E-glass prepreg (Splint-It from Jeneric/Petron Inc.), an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber based biaxial braid (Connect, Kerr) and an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber based leno-weave (Ribbond).
Methods
Three different commercially available fiber reinforcing systems were used to fabricate rectangular bars, with the fiber reinforcement close to the tensile face, which were tested in flexure with an emphasis on studying damage mechanisms and response. Eight specimens (n = 8) of each type were tested. Overall energy capacity as well as flexural strength and molus were determined and results compared in light of the different abilities of the architectures used.
Results
Under flexural loading unreinforced and unidirectional prepreg reinforced dental composites failed in a brittle previous termfashion,next term whereas the braid and leno-weave reinforced materials underwent significant deformation without rupture. The braid reinforced specimens showed the highest peak load. The addition of the unidirectional to the matrix resulted in an average strain of 0.06 mm/mm which is 50% greater than the capacity of the unreinforced matrix, whereas the addition of the braid and leno-weave resulted in increases of 119 and 126%, respectively, emphasizing the higher capacity of both the UHM polyethylene fibers and the architectures to hold together without rupture under flexural loading. The addition of the fiber reinforcement substantially increases the level of strain energy in the specimens with the maximum being attained in the braid reinforced specimens with a 433% increase in energy absorption capability above the unreinforced case. The minimum scatter and highest consistency in response is seen in the leno-weave reinforced specimens e to the details of the architecture which restrict fabric shearing and movement ring placement.
Significance
It is crucial that the appropriate selection of fiber architectures be made not just from a perspective of highest strength, but overall damage tolerance and energy absorption. Differences in weaves and architectures can result in substantially different performance and appropriate selection can mitigate premature and catastrophic failure. The study provides details of materials level response characteristics which are useful in selection of the fiber reinforcement based on specifics of application.
Keywords: Fiber reinforcement; Dental composite; Flexure; Damage tolerance; Architecture; Unidirectional; Braid; Leno-weave
Article Outline
1. Introction
2. Materials and methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Summary
References
1. Introction
A range of fillers in particulate form have conventionally been used to improve performance characteristics, such as strength, toughness and wear resistance, Although the addition of fillers and recent changes in composition of resin composites have been noted to provide enhanced wear resistance [1] and [2], conventional filler based systems are still brittle as compared to metals. Sakaguchi et al. [3] reported that these were prone to early fracture with crack propagation rates in excess of those seen in porcelain. This is of concern since clinical observations have demonstrated that under forces generated ring mastication the inner faces of restorations can be subject to high tensile stresses which cause premature fracture initiation and failure [4]. In recent years, fiber reinforcements in the form of ribbons have been introced to address these deficiencies [5]. By etching and bonding to tooth structure with composite resins embedded with woven fibers adapted to the contours of teeth periodontal splints, endodontic posts, anterior and posterior fixed partial dentures, orthodontic retainers and reinforcement of single tooth restorations can be accomplished. While the science of fiber-reinforced polymer composites is well established, the application of these materials in dental applications is still new and aspects related to material characterization, cure kinetics and even placement of reinforcement are still not widely understood.
Due to the nature of filled polymer and ceramic systems that have been used conventionally, most material level tests designed and used extensively, for the characterization of dental materials, emphasize the brittle nature of materials response. In many cases the tests and the interpretation of results, are not suited to the class of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites, wherein aspects, such as fiber orientation, placement of fabric and even scale effects are extremely important. The difference in characteristics and the need to develop a fundamental understanding of response of continuous fiber and fabric, reinforced dental composites has recently been emphasized both through laboratory and clinical studies. Recent studies have addressed critical aspects, such as effects of fabric layer thickness ratios and configurations [6], fiber position and orientation [7] and even test specimen size [8]. However, the selection and use of continuous reinforcement is largely on an ad hoc basis, with diverse claims being made by manufacturers, without a thorough understanding of the materials based performance demands for the material by the specifics of an application (for example, the fabric architecture required for optimized performance of a post are very different from those for a bridge) or details of response characteristics at levels beyond those of mere “strength” and “molus”. Further, each fabric is known to respond in different manner to manipulation and drape (i.e. conformance) to changes in substrate configuration [9]. The architecture of the fabrics permits movement of fibers or constraint thereof and even shearing of the structure, to different extents. Weave patterns have also been noted to be important in the selection of composite materials for dental applications based on the specifics of application [10]. Thus, clinically, when each of the different fabric configurations is used to reinforce dental composites, there are manipulation changes that occur to some of the fabric materials. For the biaxially braided material, the fiber orientation can change after cutting and embedment in the composite when adapting to tooth contours. The fibers in the ribbon spread out and separate from each other and become more oriented in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the ribbon. When the leno-weave is cut and embedded in dental composites, the fiber yarns maintain their orientation and do not separate from each other when closely adapted to the contours of teeth. However, e to the orthogonal structure gaps can appear within the architecture providing local areas unreinforced with fiber reinforcement. The unidirectional glass fiber material does not closely adapt to the contours of teeth e to the rigidity of the fibers. It is difficult to manipulate the fibrous material which leaves the final composite material thicker; further manipulation causes glass fiber separation with some visible fractures of the fibers themselves.
The aim of this study is to experimentally assess the flexural response of three commercial fiber/fabric reinforcement systems available for dental use and to compare performance based on different characteristics and to elucidate differences based on details of fabric architecture and fiber type.
2. Materials and methods
Three different fabric-reinforcing procts, all in ribbon form, were used in this investigation. The first is a 3 mm wide unidirectional E-glass prepreg structure with no transverse reinforcement (Splint-It, Jeneric/Petron Inc.1) designated as set A, whereas the other two are formed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers in the form of a 4 mm wide biaxial braid (Connect, Kerr), designated as set B and a 3 mm wide Leno-weave (Ribbond, WA), designated as set C. The first is a pure unidirectional which intrinsically gives the highest efficiency of reinforcement in the longitudinal direction with resin dominated response in the transverse direction. The second is a biaxial braid without axial fibers, which provides very good conformability and structure through the two sets of yarns forming a symmetrical array with the yarns oriented at a fixed angle from the braid axis. The third architecture has warp yarns crossed pair wise in a figure of eight pattern as filling yarns providing an open weave effect for controlled yarn slippage and good stability.
Multiple specimens of the fabrics were carefully measured and weighed and the average basis weight of the biaxial braid was determined to be 1.03 × 10−4 g/mm2 whereas that for the leno-weave was 1.42 × 10−4 g/mm2. It was noted that the unidirectional had an aerial weight of 2.2 times that of the other two. Rectangular test bars of size 2 mm × 2 mm × 48 mm were constructed from layered placement of a flowable composite resin (Virtuoso FloRestore, Demat) in polysiloxane molds, with glass slides held on top with rubber bands and light cured for 60 s using a Kulzer UniXS laboratory polymerization lamp. In the case of sets B and C the fabric was first wetted and then placed on the first layer of the flowable composite resin such that the fiber reinforcement was placed between 0.25 and 0.5 mm from the bottom surface (which would be used as the tensile surface in flexural testing). The addition of higher molus material at or near the tensile surface is known from elementary mechanics of materials to increase flexural performance and has been verified for dental composite materials by Ellakwa et al. [11] and [12]. Care was taken to maintain alignment of the fibers and fabric structure and not cause wrinkling or lateral movement which would affect overall performance characteristics. The fabric reinforced specimens had only a single layer of reinforcement near the bottom surface with the rest of the specimen having no fiber reinforcement. This general configuration for flexural specimens has been used previously by Kanie et al. [13]. In the current investigation, fiber weight fraction in the single layer was between 37 and 42% but is significantly lower if determined on the basis of the full thickness of the overall specimen. Unreinforced bars of the resin were also fabricated the same way for comparison and were designated as set D.
Eight specimens (n = 8) from each set were tested in three-point flexure using a span of 16 mm which provides a span to depth (l/d) ratio of 16, which is recommended by ASTM D 790-03 [14]. It is noted that flexural characteristics can be substantially affected by choice of the l/d ratio which intrinsically sets the balance between shear and bending moment, with shear dominating on shorter spans. Load was introced through a rounded crosshead indenter placed in two positions—parallel to the test specimen span (P1) and perpendicular to the test specimen span (P2). The load head indenter was of 4 mm total length. This was done to assess effects of load introction since ribbon architecture had fibers at different orientations. Tests were concted at a displacement rate of 1 mm/min and a minimum of eight tests were concted for each set. Loading was continued till either the specimen showed catastrophic rupture or the specimen attained a negative slope of load versus displacement with the load drop continuing slowly past peak to below 85% of the peak load. This level was chosen to exceed the 0.05 mm/mm strain limitation of apparent failure recommended by ASTM D790-03 [14] so as to enable an assessment of ctility of the specimens. Specimens were carefully examined for cracking, crazing and other damage.
The flexure strength was determined as
Click to view the MathML source (1)
where P is the applied load (or peak load if rupture did not occur), L the span length between supports and b and d are the width and thickness of the specimens, respectively.
While the tangent molus of elasticity is often used to determine the molus of specimens, by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve to measure the slope, m, which is then used as
Click to view the MathML source (2)
in the current case a majority of the specimens show significant changes in slopes very early in the response curve indicating microcracking and non-linearity. Since these occur fairly early the molus determined from the initial tangent has significant statistical variation. In order to determine a more consistent measure of molus the secant molus of elasticity as defined in ASTM D790-03 [14] is used herein, with the secant being drawn between the origin and the point of maximum load to determine the slope m, which is then used in Eq. (2). This also has the advantage of providing a characteristic that incorporates the deformation capability, thereby differentiating between specimens that reach a maximum load at low deformation (such as, the unreinforced composite and the unidirectional reinforced composite) and those that show significant deformation prior to attainment of peak load (such as, the specimens reinforced with the braid and leno-weave).
The matrix material is generically more brittle than the fiber and usually has a lower ultimate strain. Thus, as the specimen bends the matrix is likely to develop a series of cracks with the initiation and propagation of cracks depending not just on the type and positioning of the reinforcement, but also on the strain capacity of the neat resin areas. It is thus of use to compute the strain in the composite under flexural load and this can be determined as
Click to view the MathML source (3)
where D is the midspan displacement.
The toughness of a material can be related to both its ctility and its ultimate strength. This is an important performance characteristic and is often represented in terms of strain energy, U, which represents the work done to cause a deformation. This is essentially the area under the load-deformation curve and can be calculated as
Click to view the MathML source (4)
where P is the applied load and x is the deformation. In the case of the present investigation, two levels of strain energy are calculated to enable an assessment of the two response types. In the first, strain energy is computed to the deformation level corresponding to peak load (which is also the fracture load for sets A and D). In the case of specimens that show significant inelastic deformation (sets B and C) strain energy is also computed till a point corresponding to a deformation of 11.5 mm at which point the load shows a 15% drop from the peak. Post-peak response in flexural has earlier been reported by Alander et al. [8].
3. Results
The application of flexural loading was seen to result in two different macroscopic forms of response. In the case of specimens from sets A and D (reinforced with a unidirectional fabric and unreinforced) failure was catastrophic, in brittle fashion, at peak load, whereas in the case of specimens from sets B and C the attainment of peak load was followed by a very slow decrease in load with increasing displacement, representative of inelastic or plastic, deformation. Typical response curves are shown in Fig. 1 as an example.
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Fig. 1. Typical flexural response.
The variation in flexural strength (plotted here in terms of stress at peak load) with type of specimen and load introction method is shown in Fig. 2. The highest strength was achieved by specimens with the braided fabric wherein on average a 125% increase over the unreinforced specimens was attained. Statistical analysis with ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test revealed that method of load introction did not affect the results and that further there were no significant differences in overall peak strength results between sets A and B (specimens containing the unidirectional and braided fabrics). Significant differences (p < 0.003) were noted between sets B and C. It is, however, noted that in sets B and C, failure did not occur at the peak load, with load slowly decreasing with increase in midpoint deflection. A comparison of flexural stresses for these systems at peak load and load corresponding to a deflection of 11.5 mm is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen the two systems show significant inelastic deformation with drops of only 12.8, 12.1, 11.7 and 9.5% from the peak, emphasizing the stable, ctile and non-catastrophic, post-peak response in these systems.
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Fig. 2. Flexural strength at peak load.
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Fig. 3. Comparison of flexural stresses in specimens having non-catastrophic failure modes.
A comparison of secant molus (measured to the peak load) for the different sets is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, with the exception of the unidirectional system, the apparent moli were lower than that of the unreinforced specimens. It is also noted that although the Tukey post hoc tests do not show a significant difference e to orientation of load indenter, the level for the unidirectionals is only 0.1022 compared to 1 for the others. Removal of a single outlier from P1 results in p < 0.007 indicating a strong effect of orientation of the indenter with the secant molus being 17.7% lower with the indenter placed parallel to the fibers, which results in splitting between fibers and uneven fracture with less pullout.
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Fig. 4. Comparison of secant moli under flexural loading.
As was noted previously, both the unreinforced samples (set D) and the unidirectional prepreg reinforced specimens (set A) failed in catastrophic fashion at deformation levels significantly less than those at which the other two sets reached the inelastic peak. Since sets B and C did not fracture but showed large deformation with some partial depth cracking through the matrix it is important to be able to compare the levels of strain attained on the tension face using Eq. (3). This comparison is shown in Fig. 5 at the level of peak load (which is the fracture/failure load for sets A and D). While the addition of the unidirectional to the matrix resulted in an average strain of 0.06 mm/mm which is 50% greater than the capacity of the unreinforced matrix, the addition of the braid and leno-weave resulted in increases of 119 and 126%, respectively, emphasizing the higher capacity of both the UHMW polyethylene fibers and the architectures to hold together without rupture under flexural loading. It should be noted, as a reference, that the strain at the point at which the tests on sets B and C were stopped, at a midpoint deflection of 11.5 mm, was 0.135 mm/mm, which represents a 233% increase over the level attained by the unreinforced matrix. The us
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