Ⅰ 市场营销毕业论文 外文参考文献
2、（美）约翰.A.昆奇著，吕一林译，?市场营销管理—教程与案例?北京.北京大学出版社，2000
3、查回尔斯.戴克著，李圣贤答译宝洁的观点内蒙古.内蒙古人民出版社1999
4、JamesAFitzsimmons著，张金成范秀成译，《服务管理》，北京.机械工业出版社2000
5、RaymondP.Fisk等著，张金成等译，《互动服务营销》北京.机械工业出版社2000
6.菲利普
Ⅱ 市场营销外文参考文献
2、（美）约翰.A.昆奇著，吕一林译，?市场营销管理—教程与案例?北京.北京大学出版社，2000
3、查尔斯专.戴克著，李圣贤译宝属洁的观点内蒙古.内蒙古人民出版社1999
4、JamesAFitzsimmons著，张金成范秀成译，《服务管理》，北京.机械工业出版社2000
5、RaymondP.Fisk等著，张金成等译，《互动服务营销》北京.机械工业出版社2000
6.菲利普??科特勒.营销管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001
Ⅲ 帮我一个市场营销的外文参考文献
晕，我就是学Marketing的，人在国外大学，参考文献太多了，你要侧重哪方面的？销售，服务，品牌，策略,4P's,渠道...具体点吧
Ⅳ 急！求关于市场营销（最好是关于营销策略的）的英文文献2000字左右的，最好带翻译，在线等！
大家知道，企业管理包括生产管理、营销管理和财务管理等多个方面，而财务管理是企业整个管理体系的核心，企业的财务管理目标即是企业追求的目标。可见，只有以财务管理为中心，协调运作管理体系的各个方面，才能有效地强化企业管理，促进企业发展。从全国来说，民营企业数量众多、分布广泛、特点各异，再加上受宏观经济环境化和体制影响，民营企业在加强财务管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的“歧视”使民营企业和大型企业不能公平竞争，地方政府、行业管理部门的干预，使民营企业的财务管理目标短期化，再主要的就是民营企业财务管理受业主的影响过大等一些主观因素的存在，导致财务管理的重要性被忽视。所以，其财务管理中存在的问题也多种多样，我认为，目前普遍存在的问题和原因主要有：
（一）融资困难，周转资金不足，使财务管理成断源之湖。
目前，我国民营企业初步建立了较为独立、渠道多元的融资体系，但是，融资难、担保难，仍然是制约民营企业发展的最突出的问题，主要问题是：第一，负债过多，融资成本高，风险大，造成民营企业信用等级低，资信相对较差。第二，大多数民营企业是非大型企业，有些银行受传统观念和行政干预的影响，对其贷款不够热心。第三，中介机构不健全，缺乏专门为民营企业贷款服务的金融中介机构和贷款担保机构。
分析其主要原因表现在两个方面：一是金融业对民营企业的信贷支持不够。我国金融系统从设置到服务项目，大都是以大企业为服务对象，民营企业的信贷服务往往被忽视。由于贷款难，生产经营过程中所需资金不足，极大制约了民营企业的发展。有的民营企业，虽存在暂时困难，但银行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民营企业的融资渠道单一，难以适应市场需求的变化。由于有的民营企业，在既得不到银行的贷款支持，又不具有自我融资或向社会公开融资能力，无形中，加强企业财务管理也就成了一句空话，财务管理也就成了断源之湖。
（二）财务控制薄弱，缺乏科学性，使财务管理举步艰难。
大部分民营企业存在财务控制环节薄弱，而且对加强财务管理方面不够重视，没有从真正意义上理解财务管理在企业中的地位。主要问题有：一是资金管理不严，财务控制薄弱，造成资金闲置或不足。二是应收账款周转缓慢，造成资金回收困难。三是存货控制薄弱，造成资金呆滞。四是重钱轻物，资产流失严重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民营企业认为现金越多越好，致使大量现金未参加周转，有的是资金缺少计划安排，过量购置不动产，而使企业无法应付经营急需的资金，陷入财务困境。二是没有建立严格的赊销政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，应收款不能兑现或形成呆账。三是很多民营企业月末存货占用资金往往超过其营业额的两倍以上，造成资金呆滞周转失灵。四是不少民营企业管理者，对原材料、半成品、固定资产等管理不到位，出了问题无人追究，资产浪费严重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因为企业上层领导财务管理观念落后，缺乏科学性，在思想上没有真正理解财务管理对做大做强一个企业所起到的作用，没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，使财务管理失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用，举步艰难。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色。
由于长期以来在思想上受到旧的财务制度的约束，企业管理人员的观念比较滞后。主要问题有：一是企业的投资者同时就是经营者。二是企业管理者的管理能力和管理素质差，管理思想落后。
分析其原因主要是：民营企业典型的管理模式是所有权和经营权高度统一，企业的投资者同时就是经营者，这种模式势必给企业的财务管理带来负面影响，民营企业中相当一部分属于个体私营性质，在这些企业中，企业领导者集权现象严重，并且对财务管理的理论方法缺乏应有的认识和研究，致使其职责不分，越权行事，造成财务管理混乱，财务监核不严，会计人员独舟难行，想规范管理很难。大部分企业没有或无法建立内部审计部门，即使有，也很难保证内部审计的独立性。另外，有些企业没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，多数民营企业家尚未建立起诸如时间价值、风险价值、边际成本、机会成本等科学管理的概念，由于管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色，失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
Ⅳ 一篇有关于市场营销STP策略的外文文献及中文翻译，中文翻译3000字左右！
童鞋你好！
这个估计需要自己搜索了！
网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！
我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：
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⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
⑵Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
⑶EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会
⑷ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会
⑸Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库
⑹Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书
⑺ProQuest学位论文全文数据库
⑻国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库
⑼推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
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中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。
弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！
学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！
外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！
所以，很容易过去的！
祝你好运！
Ⅵ 谁有市场营销品牌策略国内外研究现状的论文呀
摘要：近几年来，我国市场中产品的同类品牌越来越多，企业品牌在市场营销中的地位越来越重要，其品牌能够里示出一个企业的具体价值和市场定位，品牌已经逐渐成为了企业的重要资源，这充分体现出了品牌在企业中的重性。加强创新及大力推广品牌策略，对企业未来的发展起着不可忽视的作用。本文首先对品牌概念，特征和作用进行介绍，然后介绍了品策略和内容方面的相关内容，最后对我国品牌策略的现状进行了阐述，并通过几个方面分析了我国对品牌策略的创新研究。
关键词：市场营销品牌策略创新
In recent years, more and more similar brands and procts in the market of China, the enterprise brand plays a more and more important in the market marketing, the brand can be shown in a practical value and market positioning, brand has graally become an important resource of enterprises, which fully show the brand in the in the enterprise. To enhance innovation and vigorously promote brand strategy, plays a role can not be ignored in the future development of enterprises. www.siyupaper.com This paper firstly introced the brand concept, characteristic and function, and then introces the related content of proct strategy and content, the status of brand strategy in China were introced, and analysis of the innovation research on brand strategy in China through several aspects.
随着市场经济时代的到来，我国企业的经营策略方式发生了翻天覆地的变化，为了能够更好地适应当前的经济形式，使企业能够在新的形式中得到平稳的良好发展，企业在市场中的营销方式趋向于品牌策略营销方式，且品牌策略方式更趋向于鲜明化、个性化、价值化的发展。在我国的新经济形势下同类产品的市场竞争力也愈演愈烈，品牌之间的竞争成为了体现企业在市场竞争中占有率的重点。1品牌概述
1．1品牌概念及其特征和作用
l-1．1品牌的概念
品牌是指用于识别一个或多个已经出售的产品或劳务，使其与其他相同产品间相区别的一个专业术语。品牌主要是指可以通过语言描述来表达出来的内容。品牌的名称通常是由文字、符号、图案或这三种因素随意组合而成，其名称定义涵盖了品牌的主要特征，其具有良好的宣传、沟通和互相交流的作用。品牌是一种表现产品完整形象的概念，它包括品牌名称和品牌标志。比如：宝马、肯德基、可口可乐等都是国外著名的可用语言表达出来的品牌名称。1．1．2品牌的特征
(1)品牌的属性。每一个成功的品牌都会给人们带来属于它本身特有的属性，品牌的属性代表的就是产品或企业本身的一种内涵。这种内涵主要体现在质量、性能、做工、服务、其自身所附有的附加值等方面。
(2)品牌的价值。不同的品牌代表着不同的产品，因为其代表的企业声誉不同，所以在消费者心目中的地位、产品价值和利益也不尽相同，同时也表现了企业在进行品牌设计时对其产品所持有的某种特定的价值观。
(3)品牌的文化。品牌的文化主要是指企业文化在沉淀于产品品牌中的某种体现，同时也是企业在进行经营、销售活动过程中，来充分体现企业文化的一种表现，以及通过品牌所能具体表现出的对利益、情感、个性形象等方面的价值观念的总和。品牌表现的是企业本身特有的一种文化，此外它还是代表一种极能反应企业丰富内涵的文化。企业文化的载体依托于品牌，企业精神通过文化凝结于企业品牌之上，体现于企业品牌之中，又将其全部贯彻于整
个企业经营运行过程当中。(4)品牌的个性。品牌应该具有体现自己独特一面的鲜明个性。创立一个品牌不止要在文字、符号、图形的表现形式上做到标新立异以外，还要着重的突出品牌所代表产品的独特个性，而且要让人们通过看到品牌形象，便可以联想到某种具有鲜明个性特征的人或者物或者其他某一景象等，其主要的目的就是让品牌产生更有效的强大识别功能。
1．1．3品牌的作用
各类产品在当前激烈的市场竞争中，品牌所具有的重要作用，充分体现了一个企业所应具备的企业素质、销售信誉以及品牌形象，同时它也充分体现了一个国家所应具备的经济实力和竞争能力。通过创立新品牌和发展品牌形象，是保持企业持续平稳发展和抢占市场占有率的重要手段，也是促进我国市场经济可持续发展的重要保障。
品牌的主要作用体现为：(1)品牌是体现企业经济实力的主要衡量标志；(2)品牌是提高企业竞争能力的主要实施方法；(3)品牌是推动企业产业化发展的主要途径；(4)品牌是企业获得高额利益的主要保障；(5)品牌是加快企业资产积累的主要表现内容；(6)品牌能促进企业避开市场产品价格间的激烈竞争；(7)品牌能更快地提升企业发展速度。
2品牌策略和内容概述
2．1品牌策略概述
品牌策略是指企业在市场营销过程中把品牌作为市场竞争中主要竞争手段，用此来获得更大利润和价值的企业经营目标。企业通过塑造品牌形象，来体现企业本身的市场价值，在对自身具备的条件进行具体分析后，又加之在外部经济市场环境的基础上，制定出一套符合企业自身发展的总体规划目标和具体行动计划。品牌策略是现代企业中经营销售策略中不可缺少的重要的组成部分，充分利用品牌策略，让企业的产品被更多的人所了解和接受，使企业产品销售更加顺利。企业将品牌营销策略来作为实现市场销售的主要方式，让品牌在销售过程中真正地能够发挥出巨大的作用，使其成为市场竞争的核心作用力。
2．2品牌策略内容
以品牌策略为企业市场营销手段，是以品牌为主要核心，通过分析、设计等方法，让品牌在市场营销过程中给企业带来最大的经济收益。品牌策略的主要内容可以分为品牌创建、品牌形象策划、品牌传播策划、综合创意策划等项个内容。实施品牌策略就是让企业从整体的发展策略角度出发，经过对企业产品的包装和大力宣传，使广大消费者对产品有更深刻的了解，同时使得成为消费者喜爱的产品。提高品牌知名度、信誉度和顾客忠诚度，对企业在生产、经营、管理等各个方面的整体经营管理得到提升，进而塑造企业良好形象，最终实现增强经济实力的企业核心目标。
3品牌策略的现状
在我国加入世贸组织后，一些国外品牌企业进驻到我国经济市场内，这给我国的大多数品牌企业都带来了巨大的市场冲击。一些知名品牌，不是被抢先注册了商标，就是被国外企业收购或挤垮。我国对于品牌的认知还没有达到一定的程度，这使得我国在这一方面造成了巨大的经济损失。积极开展品牌策略实施，发展、强化企业自身的品牌产品还处于初级的意识阶段。这种意识一方面来源于政府的正确引导，另一方面来源于在市场竞争中的实践。尤其是在市场竞争中的实践，使得很多企业在激烈的市场竞争中，用尽各种营销手段，着重分析、标新立异、另行捷径，发展属于企业自身的品牌效应。比如在上海，有三枪牌内衣、真丝大王、开开牌服饰、爱建衣料等，属于自身的品牌产品。由于发展出了属于自身的品牌产品，使得企业在如此激烈的市场竞争中，站立头角，在市场竞争中占据主要地位，发展成了现在全国知晓的大品牌。于是很多企业才意识到要在市场经济中真正实现自身企业的发展，不能只采用传统的营销策略，应该根据企业自身的鲜明特点，实施和推进品牌策略，发展属于企业自身的品牌产品。现如今，实施品牌策略在企业营销过程中还存在着一些不可轻视的主要问题。其主要表现为：(1)企业在实施品牌策略时对相关概念的理解不清晰。一些企业在实施和推进品牌策略时，仅仅只是把对生产商开发、生产的名牌作为重点内容。认为只要和这名牌产品的生产商互相合作，经营名牌产品，就是在实施和推广自身企业的品牌策略。其实，这样的理解是错误的，实施品牌策略是企业以促进自身发展为基础，进而创建、发展自身的品牌产品，它是充分的把企业投入到经济市场当中，在市场中以其得天独厚的优势发展品牌产品。(2)缺乏在实施品牌策略时的时间紧迫感。企业要在市场竞争中占据主导地位，应当先把企业销售作为主要方面，其他的一些可以先放一放。而实施企业品牌策略是个系统化、连续化的工作，必须加大力度、不断尝试，不能只是采取表面化的推广方法。(3)企业对实施品牌策略的方法使用不得当。一些企业在具体实施品牌策略时的对品牌营销的理论知识认识缺乏，企业在具体实施品牌策略时茫然无措。很多时候是看到别的企业做什么品牌的产品，自己也跟着人家去做，随波逐流，缺少创新精神和主见。其实在当前的知识经济环境下，没有太多现成的优秀产品可以复制，在别人已经树立起品牌形象后，再去摹仿、学习别的企业的产品，已经不能产生其自身的品牌价值。综上撰述，只有在经济市场中做到从实际情况出发，创建和发展属于企业自身的产品，才能开发出具有鲜明个性的品牌产品。(4)企业缺乏相应的管理营销机制。现如今，大多数企业尚处于建立现代化企业制度过程中。只有在企业经营过程中实施经营管理分离，企业才能够具有相对独立的特性。不然在具体实施和推广企业品牌策略时，就在企业经营过程中只能产生短期的经营行为。品牌策略是一个具体化过程，它具体体现在具有连续性和短期实现行为，所以，企业在具体实施和进行品牌推广策略过程中一定要解决好企业在经营管理机制方面的问题。
4品牌策略的创新研究
4．1品牌策略观念的创新
品牌策略观念的创新，主要是指企业在市场当中的营销创新的主导，只有在观念方面的领先创新，才能使得企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于领先地位。品牌策略观念的主要内容包括：(1)全球性品营销策略l Marketing牌策略观念，即树立能够满足全球顾客需求产品的观念。在我国力III．&WTO后，我国企业产品营销受到了巨大的冲击，这就要求我国企业应当具有品牌策略观念，放眼于全球性的巨大潜力市场需求，创造属于企业自身品牌的新的市场。换句话说，就是企业在进入WTO后的条件下，要让自己的品牌产品顺利走出国门，走向世界的大舞台，必须着眼于对全球性市场需求的分析，研究出消费者的主要消费趋向，抓住消费者的主要消费热点，创立和开发出能够让全球消费者都感到满意的新产品，丰富消费者的消费内容，提高消费者消费水平。(2)认知品牌策略观念。在当前的经济环境下，企业通过互相间的信息交流来实现传播企业产品，促进消费者了解和接受企业产品，催生消费者的消费需求。认知品牌策略是对品牌营销的深化与认识品牌产品相结合的结果。我国企业在推广企业品牌时，必须树立良好的品牌形象，确立认知品牌策略的观念。
4．2注重品牌效应，推广品牌营销
品牌就是企业的商品。随着人们生活水平的不断提高，品牌意识在企业当中得到了重视，越来越多的企业把品牌策略列为营销方法。品牌的重要意义就是帮助企业利用自己的品牌产品吸引更多的消费者，树立企业产品形象。企业在市场竞争中时刻都存在着各种潜在的经济危机，面临着各种的挑战，优胜劣汰是市场竞争不变的规律。要在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地，就必须注重企业的品牌效应。推广品牌策略，坚持以质量为本原则，以服务为坚实后盾。在激烈的市场竞争大潮中，只有用优质的产品创建出的品牌，才能树立其良好的品牌形象，只有用优质的售后服务，才能巩固企业在消费者心中的地位。
在市场经济的环境下，市场是企业生存的根本。没有了市场就没有了企业的生存根本，没有了市场的发展就没有了企业的发展。注重品牌效应，创新市场营销是决定企业命运的关键，也是促进企业发展的动力。
4．3品牌营销策略方面的创新
品牌营销策略方面的创新，是指我国企业要敢于在营销方法上大胆创新，实施新的品牌营销策略方法，把国内外企业先进的营销方法创造性地融合加以利用。品牌营销策略方面的创新主要现在：(1)企业关系营销，是指以企业关系为主要基本指导思想，建立和发展与企业产品存在良好合作关系的核心导向，特别是努力实现让消费者满意，保持并加强与消费者之间的良好交易关系，并长期从此获得丰富的市场利益。(2)利用网络进行营销，是指企业充分的利用网络资源来展开的品牌营销策略活动。网络进行的品牌营销策略将会是促进企业实现品牌推广的最重要、最显著的手段。(3)采取知识营销，是指通过利用产品的科技方面创新和进行科普推广’进而培育和扩大市场营销活动，知识营销是现代化企业中市场营销中的新趋势。(4)达到无缺陷营销，是指企业在整个品牌营销过程中不给消费者留下任何消费过程中可能产生的遗憾，其主要的方法，包括使产品在设计方面无缺陷，在生产过程中无缺陷，在销售过程中无缺陷，售前、售中无缺陷，以此建立起和消费者的良好关系，促进企业展。
Ⅶ 有谁知道关于市场营销渠道研究的一些外文文献求助！提供一些吧。
[1] 菲利普•科特勒, 郭碧翔. 市场营销的产生与发展[J]. 商业研究, 1985,(02)
[2] 雒永信. 搞好市场营销 促进经济发展[J]. 彭城职业大学学报, 1996,(04)
[3] 范丽亚. 如何强化市场营销[J]. 现代金融, 2004,(02)
[4] 张庆胜. 论市场营销中的亮点广告[J]. 金融与经济, 2005,(04)
[5] 叶文琴. 要区分广义推销和狭义推销[J]. 公关世界, 1996,(10)
[6] 周静. 说说市场营销与推销[J]. 新农业, 2001,(05)
[7] 奚中利. 浅议对市场营销的再认识[J]. 新疆金融, 2005,(03)
[8] 王利. [市场营销知识讲座二] 对市场营销的理解[J]. 改革与理论, 1996,(03)
[9] 连朝勃. 市场营销新观念[J]. 农机质量与监督, 1998,(01)
[10] 张明毅. 关于市场营销工作的几点思考[J]. 煤炭经济研究, 1999,(01)
[1] 罗国民. 中国市场营销发展趋势探索[J]. 南开管理评论, 2000,(02) .
[2] 苏文浩,潘城文,黄金铝,张敏. 中国市场营销理论发展的趋势探讨及其前瞻性分析[J]. 和田师范专科学校学报, 2006,(06) .
[3] 温凤雷. 市场营销发展新趋势探索[J]. 中国科技信息, 2005,(03) .
[4] 陈巍. 市场营销发展新趋势[J]. 市场研究, 2007,(09) .
[5] 孙巧霞. 市场营销的发展趋势[J]. 中国有色金属, 2006,(07) .
[6] 杨淑红. 浅析我国市场营销的现状及发展趋势[J]. 科技资讯, 2007,(12) .
[7] 肖创林. 浅谈市场营销的发展趋势[J]. 科技经济市场, 2006,(10) .
[8]市场营销十大趋势[J]. 农化新世纪, 2007,(03) .
[9] 白素杰,郭鹏. 浅谈新经济时代的五大营销理念[J]. 经济师, 2004,(11) .
[10] 郭小鹏. 新经济时代市场营销发展新趋势[J]. 现代焊接, 2007,(10) .
Ⅷ 急求市场营销方面外文文献！
The competitive nature of the automobile instry has prompted the companies to take up new and innovative marketing strategies to thwart the competition. The B segment of cars is the segment which sees maximum competition as the consumer has a number of models to choose from and it's the volumes which drive the margins.
All the companies as a part of their marketing strategy offers a range of vehicles in all the segment to make sure that the customer is driving one of their vehicles only.
Advertisements on the Audio visual medium are a rage as it gives the car makers an opportunity to flaunt their cars. Flashy cars can be demonstrated on television but when it comes to the finer prints of the cars, print and online media comes to the rescue.
The online medium offers a greater flexibility to the car companies since they come with a lot of interactive features like demonstrating the interiors of the car with its salient features.
The print medium on the other hand provides an opportunity to the car makers to explain the function of a car in detail.
Celebrity endorsements and testimonial advertisements have come a long way and they are also doing their bit to sell the cars. Super star Shahrukh Khan has been associated with Hyundai Motor Company for a long time and he comes regularly on television to promote the Santro car. Similarly Ford has roped in Junior Bachan for the promotion of the latest offering from the company Ford Fiesta. On a similar note Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukherjee is shown chasing each other with a Chevrolet aveo.
Aamir Khan who is considered to be one of the most talented actors in the instry is frequently seen changing roles on screen to promote the Toyota Innova, a car which is generations ahead of its predecessor Toyota Qualis.
Cricketers haven't been left behind in the race of promoting cars; Fiat Palio had received a great thrust when the promotion of the car was taken up by the batting maestro Sachin Tenlkar.In addition to the publicity and advertisement which is done by the companies there are certain innovative strategies which are taken up by the companies to beat the competition from time to time.
Ⅸ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is