A. 求一段英文文献,中英文对照,可以附录在论文后面的文章,关于营销道德方面的,要求4000字左右!高分悬赏!
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B. 市场营销的论文(英文)
We have no and naked, no natural born poor. Life is up to grab is accepted, the old man, all is the guide, the heart of choice. Someone to heal old daughter, dissolved, To support the old people, not hesitate heavy gold. Someone believes in "good filial first", Someone ran XiaoYi ShengSiGuan "a". Some old people choose to choose, Shan refused. Beauty and ugliness, good and evil, all in a deathless, science, or, in the twinkling. Show filial obedience so much, just want to tell you, choose filial piety, don't let cloud cover, and let bilge blind eyes, for old people, for himself, and holding a pure, filial piety. Filial piety and sentenced to between inverse for pushing, pion, choose die, LiKui split between mother tiger newspaper alone, choose DE zhao later, Father: for the incense is warm, age WangWenYi body feed mosquitoes. Father can help you a lot. Make a valuable, the real life social conscience of conscience, people will donative you return. A man in the storm, will survive their lives to save the old man, A journey in the desert will resolutely solution under a pot of water to his last old man. But the old man ride in some apparent pride; and under, Someone from a degenerate into key son, That old man to save someone variable labor, Someone is playing time points, old man, scold, short pleasure, long lament. Standing in the crossroads in my life, don't go the wrong way! Land and buildings, money, don't take it with, want so much why? End, but nothing, even old man, even life, even if again, even turn, whereby the sympathy and earned a few tears? No one to help you. If you are the eagle, choose to respect, If you are ShaOu, knew support, If you are a sparrow, will consciously serve elder, If you are a person, he should know filial respect parent, old man. If you are a reluctant to lose your personality, a mediocre, will not corrode your, do a pure matchless you, holding on as snow filial piety, clean and beautiful, despite all filthiness and all society, selfish, filial piety to man. If the father, the world will become more beautiful tradition. You will find himself very beautiful, the old man is beauty. You will know, father is satisfied, pay is happy. Choose filial old man! Action is the proof!
C. 有人能给我发一份市场营销策略方面的英文和翻译好的中文文献给我吗5000字以上就行了
目录
摘要 I
Abstract II
1当前国际营销的状况及成因 3
1.1当前国际营销的状况 3
1.1.1国际营销的发展 3
1.1.2国际营销的特点 4
1.1.3国际市场的内容 4
1.1.4国际营销的环境 5
1.2国际营销的成因 7
2精成企业现状及问题分析 8
2.1企业简介 8
2.2现状分析 9
2.2.1国际市场产品分析 9
2.2.2国际进入方式分析 9
2.2.3国际定价分析 10
2.2.4国际市场促销分析 10
2.2.5国际市场营销人才分析 10
2.3精成企业国际营销存在的主要问题 11
2.3.1对国际市场了解不够 11
2.3.2缺乏国际营销人才 12
2.3.3缺少国际广告 12
3精成企业的国际市场策略 13
3.1国际产品策略 13
3.1.1产品组合策略 13
3.1.2运用好国际产品生命周期 13
3.3.3 做好国际产品包装与品种工作 13
3.2国际市场进入方式策略 14
3.2.1巩固间接出口 14
3.2.2积极发展直接出口 15
3.2.3尝试国外生产 15
3.3国际渠道策略 17
3.3.1利用好国外中间商 17
3.3.2运用好传统渠道与新兴渠道模式 17
3.3.3挥发好标准化与多样化的作用 18
3.4国际定价策略 19
3.4.1认识影响国际价格的因素 19
3.4.2做好国际定价管理 19
3.4.3选好定价基本方法与策略 19
3.4.4运用好国际企业定价策略 20
3.5国际促销策略 20
3.5.1做好国际广告 20
3.5.2在国外进行人员推销 21
3.5.3结合营业推广 21
3.5.4搞好公共关系 22
4精成企业的国际策略的实施 23
4.1建立阿里巴巴中国供应商网 23
4.2培养新型外贸人才 23
4.3做好广告工作 24
结论 26
参考文献 27
致谢 28
附录一 29
国际营销的发展前景 29
附录二 34
International Marketing Prospects For Development 34
摘要
加入世界贸易组织不仅给我们整个社会的经济、生活带来巨大变化,而且使国际贸易发生了巨大变革,使在贸易中占据重要地位的国际市场营销活动面临着新的选择和挑战。营销的各个方面,无论是市场调研、市场开拓、营销队伍和营销组合都显现出新经济的作用。一方面,国际市场营销的空间领域扩大了,营销的技术更先进了;而另一方面,营销的复杂性上升了,营销的难度也加大了。中国加入WTO之后,带来的是新的市场游戏规则、新的理念、知识、技术、资金、人才和全球的庞大市场。由于加入WTO后国际市场壁垒的减少,中国企业将有更多的机会在全球发达的消费市场中展示实力和发展自己的事业,实现跨国经营。本文论述了国际营销理论的国内外发展、国际营销的特点、内容和各种环境分析。还有国际营销在我国企业的运用情况,分析了中国中小型民型企业在国际营销中存在的问题,指出了入世后中国企业国际市场营销应对策略以及实施过程。
【关键字】 国际营销;营销策略;产品组合
Abstract
After china entered into world trade organization, Great change has taken place. The each aspect of marketing,include market investigation,market explanation and marketing troops,is reflecting new economic impact.On the other hand,the realm of the international marketing extended,the technique of the marketing is more advanced; on the other hand,the complexity of the marketing ran high,the difficulties of the marketing enlarge,too.This text This text discussed the international market characteristics,contents of the theories’s domestic and international development,international market with the every kind of environment analysis.It also discussed the domestic and international development of the international marketing theory,and analyzed the China inside the business enterprise of small scaled people type the problem that exsits in the international market,and point outed into the international market of Chinese business enterprise of a life time empress the market to reply the strategy and into practice the process.
Keywords: International marketing;Marketing strategies;Proct combination
D. 市场营销毕业论文 外文参考文献
2、(美)约翰.A.昆奇著,吕一林译,?市场营销管理—教程与案例?北京.北京大学出版社,2000
3、查回尔斯.戴克著,李圣贤答译宝洁的观点内蒙古.内蒙古人民出版社1999
4、JamesAFitzsimmons著,张金成范秀成译,《服务管理》,北京.机械工业出版社2000
5、RaymondP.Fisk等著,张金成等译,《互动服务营销》北京.机械工业出版社2000
6.菲利普
E. 求一篇有关市场营销英文的论文5000字
First, services marketing. Modern economic development is characterized by a significant service instry booming national economy, the status of its growing importance of services marketing highlights the growing importance of China has joined WTO, foreign companies have to seize the Chinese, and foreign services, marketing war will appear white-hot trend. Economic life of service can be divided into two categories. One is service procts, proct creation and delivery for customers mainly from the core interests of intangible services. The other is the function of services, procts, mainly from the formation of the core interests of the ingredients, invisible only to meet customer service needs of non-major. Berry think that the source of the proct's core interests, the tangible and intangible elements of composition to be more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "commodity" (tangible procts); if intangible components of tangible elements to more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "service." And services consistent with this distinction, service marketing research formed the two major areas, namely services, procts, marketing and customer service marketing. Service is the essence of proct marketing, how to promote the exchange of proct services; customer service is of the essence of marketing, how to use the services as a marketing tool to promote the exchange of tangible procts. However, both services proct marketing, or customer service, marketing, service marketing is the core concept of customer satisfaction and loyalty, and by obtaining customer satisfaction and loyalty to the promotion of mutually beneficial exchange, and ultimately sales performance improvement and long-term business growth. Second, network marketing. Use of the Internet is a communication line, into the international network of global computer information delivery system will be the next most important channel for marketing. Internet Marketing features include; can provide anytime, anywhere 24 hours of global marketing services; computer can store large amounts of information, on behalf of consumer inquiries, the amount of information transmitted and accuracy, far more than other media; to meet market demands in a timely manner Update proct or price adjustments; rece printing and mailing costs; and no store rent, saving water and labor costs; can avoid the interference of a salesman selling strong; can talk through the provision of information and interaction with consumers long-term good relations. Internet is the most powerful marketing tool, it also combines Qu, marketing, electronic transactions, interactive customer service and market information analysis and delivery of a variety of functions. It features sound and light interactive communication, as of time, the media, who have been attracted to the eyes of the younger generation. In addition, it has a one to one marketing capabilities, it is consistent with [Focus marketing] and [direct marketing] future trend. Internet marketing can be considered as an emerging marketing channels, it is not necessarily to replace the traditional channels, but through the development of information technology to innovation and re-marketing channels. But it is undeniable that online marketing is bound to impact traditional marketing, so the business community must pay attention to this trend, and with the software instry for close contact and cooperation. Advertising instry as an example, in the latest media age, sales are consistent from start to finish operation, that is attracting attention from the triggered interest, resulting in purchases, procurement, these cities become, and advertising companies will participate in the marketing of the whole. Commercial enterprises also need to change the traditional organizational forms, to enhance the functions of the new media sector, the introction of both quality and marketing personnel in computer technology, the future can have the market's competitive advantage. Third, green marketing. The so-called "green marketing" refers to the social and enterprises are fully aware of the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and the resulting need for clean-based pollution-free procts based on the discovery, creation and select market opportunities, through a series of rational means of marketing to meet consumer and community development needs of the ecological environment and realize sustainable development process. Green Marketing is the core ecological principles in accordance with environmental protection and to select and determine the marketing mix strategy is based on green technology, green markets and green based on economic, ecological concerns for the human response to a mode of operation. Some developed countries the demand for green procts is very extensive, but developing countries as capital and consumer orientation, quality and consumer reasons, it can not really achieve the greening of all consumer demand. Taiwan for instance, currently only some food, home appliances, communication procts, part-green; while developed countries have adopted a variety of ways and means, including legislation, etc., Lai Tuixing and the achievement of all procts Di green consumption. Thus having a very broad basis of market demand for green marketing activities have laid a solid foundation. To green, for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, the demand for green food can not self-sufficient, the United Kingdom every year, the import of 80% of the total food consumption in Germany is as high as 98%. This indicates that the market potential for green procts is very large, very wide market demand. Green marketing is the twenty-first century consumer demand resulting from a novel marketing idea, that is, green marketing, marketing is also not out of the original theory. Therefore, the development of green marketing model and program selection and integration of related resources can not can not be severed from the original basis of marketing theory can be said that green marketing is the pursuit of health, safety, environmental protection, developed under the ideology of the new ways and means of marketing. Establish a modern enterprise is only a new marketing philosophy of sustainable development, make efforts to green marketing, the development of green procts for green proction, and sustainable development to adapt to the trend. At the same time, enterprises can further "consumer oriented", to promote sustainable consumption patterns of the full development and realization of their obligation to promote social development and ecological development of the responsibilities and obligations, so that their economic, social and environmental benefits .
F. 跪求中英语对照的5000字的关于市场营销论文
有些公司认为,制定战略的方法就是集中公司中三到四名最好的人员,将他们锁在房子里讨论,直到得出问题的答案为止。这就是常说的“封闭的智囊团法”。另一些公司则偏爱于将其全部德高望重的管理人员集中于会议中心(或气候宜人的加勒比海小岛上)以讨论未来的计划——即“避开电话、避开一切”的方法。这两种方法都尽可能地避开日常的战术选择,试图得到长期的战略思考。显然,这两种方法都是不正确的。
1.战略服从于战术
正如结构要服从于功能一样,战略要服从于战术。也就是说,战术上取得成功是战略的唯一的最终目标。如果已定的战略无益于战术结果,那么,这样的战略就是错误的,而不管它有多么完美的形象与体现。战略的制定不是从上到下,而应该是自下而上的。一位将军只有深入了解战场上发生的一切,才能在制定有效的战略中处于有利的地位。战略不是来自涂有防腐剂的象牙塔中,而是生存于市场的土壤里。
一个完善的战略的目的在于推动战术的运用,而没用其它别的意图。在军事活动中,一项行动计划的目的,简单地说,就是让两位士兵作好准备,愿意并且能够在一定时间和地点向唯一的敌人开战。换句话说,就是在战术上运用实力原则。重大的战略可能是大胆的、激动人心的,甚至是令人畏惧的,但如果从战术上看,它不能保证战场上的军队在准确的时间和地点完成任务,那么,这个战略就是彻底失败。就这方面而言,没有坏的战略和好的战略之分,它本身没有天生的优点。它们不像一部小说的情节或一部电影的轮廓,只等着有人给填上正确的词语和音乐。它们也不同于艺术作品需要从它们独特性、创造性和大胆的构思几方面来判断,营销战略应该从它与消费者和竞争者的联系方面来确定它们的效果。
在军事战争中,一个认真学习战略的学生是从刺刀的研究开始的。卡尔·冯·克劳塞维茨他之所以成为世界上最著名的军事战略家并不是偶然的,因为他在12岁就加入了普鲁士军队,开始了他的军事生涯。他深深地懂得什么是战争,因为他经历了无数次惊心动魄的战争:在耶拿之战他被法国人俘虏了;在波罗的尼,他参加了拿破仑与沙皇的军队激战;在贝尔塞纳河畔,他目睹了历史上最悲惨的场景之一——数千名法国人被踩在哥萨克人的马蹄下;他也参加了滑铁卢大战……,他的伟大战略思想是在战火的熔炉中产生的。克劳塞维茨之所以懂得胜利的意义,因为他曾饱尝过被战败的苦难。所有伟大的军事战略家都有相似的经历,他们通过先研究战术来掌握战略,战略要服从于战术。
把一门大炮装在一台内燃机的上部,再配以装甲和履带,这样你拥有了什么?坦克——相当于拿破仑时代的大炮的20世纪的武器。
二次大战中最优秀的军事战略家也是从军事战术基础学起,这也许不是偶然的。1917年,小乔治·史密斯·巴顿是坎莫波罗战役中的观战者,当时,英国人发动了世界上首次大规模的坦克进攻。1918年,巴顿成为美国装甲兵第一任司令,同年后期,他率领坦克部队进入圣密哈尔前沿阵地。在1944年的诺曼底登陆和横跨法国的激烈的攻击战中,巴顿用他的坦克战术,使他的第三军打破了夺取阵地方面所有的世界纪录。
尽管他有性格暴躁的缺陷,但巴顿无疑是一位精明的战略家,他在军事领域的成就应归功于克劳塞维茨的战略思想的影响。他曾说过:“我们不能先做计划,然后试图让环境来适应计划,而应该使计划适应于环境的变化。我认为,高级将领中成功与失败的差别就在于他是否具有适应环境的能力。”
广告就是当今营销战中的坦克和大炮。作为一位营销战略家,只有你掌握了如何使用广告的战术,你才能摆脱艰难的不利地位。由于许多管理人员忽视了广告力量的应用,他们下令发动自杀性的进攻战以袭击掩藏着的对手,这极类似于在第一次世界大战的堑壕战中曾发生过的事。巴顿说:“敌军的背部是装甲部队极易攻击的地方,设法去攻击它。”苹果公司雇佣约翰·斯考利,不是因为他了解百事可乐的配方和如何经营瓶装工厂,而是因为他处理广告的艺术。尽管命运总与斯考利的办公计算机战略作对,但他的广告至今仍在使用,他创造的以乔治·奥威尔为主题的1984年的广告产生了其它任何一项电视信息无与伦比的巨大冲击。
这并不是说人唰推销和其它营销手段过时了。在营销战中,每种武器都有其重要的作用(正如拿破仑时代的步兵的作用一样),但广告是最重要的武器,如果一个公司想赢得一场大的营销战,必须把广告处理得完美无缺。批评家引用了许多事例来证明处理不当的广告似乎并没有什么不良影响。IBM公司成功地推出了微型机,并没有因为广告中有查理·卓别林的滑稽形象而遭受损失;的确,质量差的广告对巨大的IBM公司来说只是一点小小的麻烦,但对于那些没有和IBM公司同样大实力的公司而言,低劣的广告将会决定他们的命运。
2.战略容忍平庸的战术
战略来源于对战术的充分理解,奇怪的是战略并不依赖于最好战术,良好的战略的精髓在于不依靠完美的战术也能够在营销战中取胜。IBM公司不需要突出的广告也能赢得微机战,因为,在这种产品投放市场前,作为第一家生产家用计算机公司的战略就保证了IBM公司的成功,这种战略使公司的战术顺利实施;而对战术的充分理解则决定了IBM公司采取这种战略。
在认识到广告武器的重要性的同时,许多公司领导又错误地依赖于它,他们试图寻找广告中的绝招以保证公司在战争中取胜。有些公司把赌注下在宏大的广告计划上,希望它会挽救局势,但这样的局势很少得到挽救,道理是相当简单的;如果战略是有用的,一般的战术也可以取胜,如果需要完美的战术才能取胜,那么这个战略就不是可靠的。换句话说,既依赖于完美的战术同时又依赖于一个不可靠的战略的公司,它将在两种不同的情况下失败:①不完善的战略;②对完美战术的依赖,这在历史上很少出现。
但没有什么东西是绝对的,营销战和军事战一样,命运有时与人作对。克劳塞维茨说:“局势越是无法挽回,越易遭受严重的打击”。依靠完善的战术来取胜的营销将领常常很快会抱怨武器失灵。在今天的战场上,广告是常规武器。
3.战略指导战术
在制定战略过程中,有些将领忽视对战术问题的研究,因此一旦战争开始,他们变得对战术问题敏感了。如果一个战略从战术的观点来看是可行的,那么战争一开始,战略就应当指导着战术。
一位善战的将领应该能够忽视战术上的困难,以便加快战略目标的实现。有时,花费大量的财力去克服可能阻碍总体战略实施的困难也是必要的,例如,有时为了实现有助于总体战略成功的战术目标,不得不在短期内亏本经营。反之亦然,如果战术目标与战略相矛盾,你也许不得不缩减甚至放弃盈利产品的经营,对一味追求销售量的管理人员来说,这就会惹起许多麻烦。克劳塞维茨一贯强调战略的整体性。他很快就放弃了这一同念,即夺取某一当然的战略要地或对一个无防御的地区的占领意味着一切,除非它有利于总体行动。克劳塞维茨又提到:“正如商人不能将一笔生意的所得拿出保存起来一样,战争中的单项优势也不能和总目标相脱离。”像可口可乐这样的20世纪的贸易商有时会忘记一条19世纪商人都熟知的原则,他们愿意引进一种需求不殷的产品,如减肥可乐来出售,而当他们的泰博的生意下降时,他们又表示惊讶!记住:“单项优势不能和总目标相脱离。”
产生分权式管理方法的最大原因是由于公司的战术缺乏战略指导。像产品大量扩张一样,分权式管理在短期内会产生一定的效果,但从长期看,公司注定要遭殃。国际电报电话公司就是一个恰当的例子,它最近为长期的分权式管理付出了代价。现场决策是大多数分散组织用来维护自身存在的理由。现场研究战术问题是制定切实可行的战略的基本组成部分,但它仅是一个部分,仍需要有人将各组成部分联成一个系统的整体战略。
4.重点进攻
在一定时期内,一项目标会控制着一个公司的战略计划,公司的资源应当优先满足这项目标的需要,这种观念可以称之为“重点进攻”。
分权式管理和公司的战略缺乏整体性导致了多面进攻,这在今天的美国企业中是常见的。有些公司成功了,有些公司失败了,但没有一家能协调一致,以保证企业的长期发展。以埃克森(EXXON)公司投身办公用品系统的不幸经历为例:Qwip、Qwyx、Zilog、Vydec、Daystar、Dialog和Delphi,这些都是埃克森公司进攻办公用品市场使用的一些牌子,但它的战略表现在哪里?石油与水的组合要比石油与办公设备的组合好得多。IBM公司的微机开发与埃克森公司的盲目行动正好相反,它的微机开发有一个重要的战略目标:防止公司的主机生意受到侧面的攻击,且他们投入了大量的人力、物力用于微机开发(同样的思想使IBM公司360/370主机产品线提前出现了几十年)
有些公司经常为其下属组织提供财力和物力,可在实际经营中却很少或根本就不对它们进行指导。“拿这些东西去赚钱”是采取多面进攻的公司的一般指导方针。而公司的下属组织在开始经营时,一般都倾向于对“机会目标”发动进攻。既定的目标容易捕捉,这也许是有道理的,但是,它们是否会有长远的未来呢?就拿文字处理机来说吧,当IBM公司的重点转向通用办公计算机时,文字处理机市场相对开放了,所以,兰尼亚公司、CPT公司、NBI公司以及其它一些公司迅速地进入这个市场,试图抓住这一目标,但明天这些公司将奔向何方?华纳通讯公司购买了阿特罗公司时,其长期战略是否存在?过去,这些公司的行动被时髦地称为多样化经营,实际上,他们在公然违反军事准则中最基本的东西——集中兵力。MCI公司为什么要一直与世界大公司之一的美国电报电话公司交战?并通过开设MCI邮政业务开辟了第二战场?从军事观点看,这样做毫无意义,当这项业务的经营亏损上长时,这项活动在营销方面看似乎也没有存在的意义。通用汽车公司以25亿美元从达拉斯的罗斯,波罗特手里买下了电子数据系统后,他们想干什么?可以肯定“它毫无战略意义”。
如果公司采取这样的行动是偶然的,那实在是糟透了(他们提供了我们不能拒绝的机会)。要是公司放弃他们的整体战略而只发展多样化战略那就更糟了。拿索尼公司来说,据《幸福》杂志报道,它已制定了50—50的战略,即到1990年要使生产的消费品和非消费品各占50%,以取代今天的80%和20%,这样做有意义吗?不!这样只不过是把资源从获胜的战场上转移到失败的战场上,况且索尼公司是在一个非常时期——他们在消费品生意上面临着危机时做这一切。
5.进攻与反攻
物理定律描述到:每一对作用力都有一大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。但许多营销指挥官在制定作战计划时却好像他们的敌人没有任何反应一样,没有什么事情比它更远离事实了。可能发生的事恰恰相反:你降价50%,你的竞争对手也很可能这样做;对于每一项行动,你的竞争对手一定会做出某些反应,即使他们不能与你的最初动机完全一致。不要陷入自己的盲目行动中。一项可行的营销战略是要考虑到竞争对手的反击的,许多营销战的基本原则已认识到了反击的危险性,进攻原则之二即是:寻找并攻击领导企业实力上的薄弱环节。因为,领导企业为了阻止这样的攻击,他们不得不削弱自己的实力,这实在是他们不愿做的事情
预测市场份额变化是分析反击可能性的另一种方法,有些公司大胆地预言到他们将占有一半的市场份额,但是却没有估计到这一过程中会发生的反击,受伤的大鹰也会做出反应。要考虑到反击的存在,但与处于进攻地位的你相比,你的竞争对手将花费更多的财力,作出更大的牺牲才能保护他们所拥有的东西。
6.行动并非独立于战略
不论一个公司采取或准备采取什么行动,它都不能与它所体现的战略相分离,行动就是战略的体现。
但是,许多营销人员认为战略与行动是可以分离的,例如,苹果公司曾声称,它打算入侵幸福500。现在苹果公司的人不能停下来自问:“我们的战略是什么?”入侵幸福500是苹果公司的战略,入侵是否成功除了考虑IBM公司的实力外,将主要取决于这项战略所产生的战术能否适用于苹果公司。当然,苹果公司可以利用营销战的基本原则(例如,在狭窄的战线上发动进攻)来增加它取胜的机会,但这些因素的作用是有限度的,更基本的战略问题是:一个拥有像苹果公司这样财产的小公司能够在IBM的老窝里与之较量吗?
成功的大公司常常由于错误地理解“有志者,事竟成”的格言而陷入困境,他们经常先决定公司要达到的目的,然后分派力量制定战略以实现他们的目标。没有一个大公司有实力这样做,总有些目标是他们所无力达到的。
精明的营销战略家生活在战术与实力的世界中,他们决不会因其自我意识而妨碍了判断,也决不贪图不可能的事情,更不可能发动超出合理目标范围的进攻。他们把精力集中于利用现有战术能够实现的目标上,而不是集中于宏伟的规划或空洞的幻想上。
7.战略不能与战术相分离
行动体现战略,战略体现战术,这是一个紧密无罅的序列,如果你想在某一点上将它割裂,你将自食其果。战术方面的知识有助于制定战略,战略使公司行动的实施成为可能。一旦行动被确定,下一步就是战略指导战术;战略与战术之间的障碍会危害整个过程。
以大多数营销战的广告为例:公司通常雇佣某些代理商处理广告活动中的战术问题,但公司一般在代理商着手工作之前就制定了营销战略;换句话来说,即公司决定做什么,代理商决定如何做。这听起来如此简单和合乎逻辑,以致指出这种安排的致命缺陷似乎是不合适的。战略与战术之间人为的障碍使代理商的战术问题上的专业技能难以成为公司制定战略时的一个积极因素。
为了使将来的营销战更有效,广告代理商必须更多地参与战略计划工作,或者公司必须掌握更多的广告战术,两种倾向似乎是同时发生的。可是,当今没有几家代理商知道如何将广告战术知识融进战略计划中,也没有几家公司深入掌握了广告战术。许多代理商将会强烈地拒绝有更多的战略思考的要求,因为从深层看,他们不愿对广告的成功负责,而宁愿把失败归罪于产品或销售能力
G. marketing 市场营销论文 要英文版的
With the development of IT technology, business to the increasingly rapid pace of change to the network, and now we have entered the information age, speed has become our constant pursuit of direction. For each enterprise essential to marketing departments in order to advance the pace of change even more in, people began to network marketing transformation.
Some experts said that in the Internet age of today's Internet Marketing will soon replace the traditional marketing methods and become the main theme of the market. Because people can see the advantages of the network marketing, in-house, departments, and between all departments of the Internet to share information, but also shorten the time for the transmission of information. Thus greatly improving the efficiency of the computer above the company can build up a database, there are customers inside the basic information and consumer information records and is concive to the implementation of one-on-one marketing, for better customer service. At the same time also allow customers to feel he is very business-to-the mind, increase customer loyalty and sales network for the same very attractive, it may omit many brokers, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers and even And to directly face the customer. Thus greatly rece the cost, the enterprise's procts more competitive to achieve greater sales, and more importantly is able to get the fastest rate of customer feedback to enable enterprises to adapt to market the proct more demand e to enterprises Always walk in the forefront of the market.
Some experts say that may be. Network marketing is some advantage, but his shortcomings but can not be ignored. Network can get market information faster, but the network sales increase sales but can not agree with. They believe that this network has only the most cutting-edge things. Most people have not accepted this approach. It is also not in the habit of online shopping, the things on these virtual lack of trust, they believe that the reality is quite the thing. Life, if I bought What is the problem with the quality of things you can find manufacturers directly, or find a vendor, and will soon receive a response. I do not know that the Internet can be the Whom do I contact, how to find, when a reply » Some say things simply do not fit in online sales, proction companies such as Coca-Cola drinks, I Xianghe when casually into stores or supermarkets which can be bought, it has more convenient, however, how to simplify the sales process? » Everyone knows that there is no need of. If you get the trust of customers, to the extent possible, satisfy the customer, then I think the most effective way is not to rece costs, as long as you in every corner of the world placed on Coke, so that people no matter what time any place as long as the wish to Drink will be able to see it and that is the biggest customer satisfaction, not only rece costs but forgot the more important in the market.
Network development is fast, according to the computer penetration rate is now to complete the transition to the network also needs a long time, not to mention to our Chinese enterprises. Network marketing is a great potential, but also可要not fully developed, the traditional marketing methods will still dominate, the network marketing soon replace the traditional marketing is not realistic. Perhaps the best marketing is not marketing, not traditional marketing, I think they can complement each other, Gequ director, perhaps the most promising is the best way of marketing it.
中文
随着IT技术的发展,企业以越来越快的速度向网络化转变,现在我们已经进入了信息时代,速度更成了我们不断追求的方向。而对于每个企业必不可少的市场营销部门在以更超前的速度转变着,人们开始向网络营销转化。
有的专家说,在网络时代的今天网络营销会很快的替代传统的营销方式而成为市场的主旋律。因为人们可以看到了网络营销的优势, 在企业内部 ,部门和部门之间都相互联网有利于信息共享 ,也缩短了信息传递的时间。 从而大大提高了工作效率, 可以在公司电脑上面建立数据库,里边存有客户的基本资料和消费信息纪录 ,有利于实施一对一营销,从而更好的为客户服务。同时也能让客户感受到企业对他是相当的在乎, 更提高了客户的忠诚度 ,而对于网络销售同样很有诱惑力,它可以省略许多中间商,象批发商 、经销商、 甚至是零售商, 而直接面对客户。从而大大降低了成本,企业的产品更有竞争力取得更大的销售业绩,而更主要的是能以最快的速度得到客户的反馈信息,使企业的产品更适应市场的需求,而使企业总是走在市场的最前列。
可有的专家却认为。网络营销是有一些优势,但他的缺点却不容忽视。网络化是可以更快的得到市场信息, 但网络销售提高销售业绩却不堪赞同。他们认为,网络化今天却只是最前沿的东西。大部分的人还没有接受这种方式。人们还不太习惯在网上购物,他们对这些虚拟的东西缺乏信任,他们还是比较相信现实中存在的东西。生活中,如果我买了东西质量有什么问题直接就可以找厂家, 或者找卖主 ,而且会很快的得到答复。可网上我不知道该找谁,怎么找,什么时候有答复?再说有的东西根本就不适合在网上销售,比如可口可乐公司生产的饮品, 我想喝的时候随便进哪个商店或者超市都能买到,这已经再方便不过了,还要怎么简化销售过程吗?谁都知道没有必要了。你要想得到顾客的信任,想尽可能的满足顾客,那么我想最有效的方法不是去降低成本,只要你在世界的每个角落都摆放上可乐,让人们不论在什么时间什么地点只要想喝就能够看到它那就是对顾客最大的满足,不要只顾着降低成本而却忘了更重要的市场占有率。
网络化发展的的确快,可按照现在的电脑普及率要完全的向网络化转变还需要相当长的时间,更何况对我们中国的企业。网络营销确实潜力很大,可要完全开发却也不易,传统的营销方式还是会占主导地位,网络营销很快的取代传统的营销是不现实的。也许最好的营销方式不是网络营销,也不是传统营销,我觉得他们完全可以相互补充,各取所长,也许那才是最好最有前途的营销方式吧。
H. 市场营销 英文版论文 20000英文字符
市场营销 Marketing
市场营销(Marketing)又称为 市场学、市场行销或行销学。简称“营销”,台湾常称作“行销”,是指个人或集体通过交易其创造的产品或价值以获得所需之物实现双赢或多赢的过程。
权威定义
美国市场营销协会下的定义是:
行销是创造、沟通与传送价值给顾客,及经营顾客关系以便让组织与其利益关系人受益的一种组织功能与程序
菲利普·科特勒下的定义强调了营销的价值导向:
市场营销是个人和集体通过创造,提供出售,并同别人交换和价值,以获得其所需所欲之物的一种社会和管理过程。
而格隆罗斯给的定义强调了营销的目的:
营销是在一种利益之上下,通过相互交换和承诺,建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系,实现各方的目的)。
[编辑] 新式定义
台湾的江亘松在<你的行销行不行>中强调行销的变动性,利用行销的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定义
「什麼是行销?」就字面上来说,「行销」的英文是「Marketing」,若把 Marketing 这个字拆成 Market(市场)与 ing(英文的现在进行式表示方法)这两个部分,那行销可以用「市场的现在进行式」来表达产品、价格、促销、通路的变动性导致供需双方的微妙关系。
<你的行销行不行>ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5,理财文化, 2007.08 出版
[编辑] 市场营销理论发展的四个阶段
初创阶段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究阶段(1921年—1945年)
现代市场营销学形成和发展阶段(1945年—1980年)
营销扩展阶段(1980年以后)
[编辑] 市场与需求
市场营销学中的市场可以等同于需求,即研究消费者的现实需求和潜在需求。
美国市场营销协会(AMA)的定义委员会1960年对市场提出以下的定义:
“ 市场是指一种货物或劳务的潜在购买者的集合需求。 ”
菲利普·科特勒把市场定义为
“ 市场是指某种产品的所有实际的和潜在的购买者的集合。 ”
[编辑] 市场的类型
市场从不同角度,可以划分为不同的类型。其中按商品的基本属性可划分为一般商品市场和特殊商品市场。一般商品市场指狭义的商品市场,即货物市场,包括消费品市场和工业品市场;特殊商品市场指为满足消费者的资金需要和服务需要而形成的市场,包括资本市场,劳动力市场和技术信息市场。对以上两种市场作分析时一般要研究消费者市场,产业市场和政府市场。
市场营销环境分析常用的方法为SWOT分析方法,它是英文Strength(优势)、Weakness(劣势)、Opportunity(机会)、Threaten(威胁)的意思。从内部环境分析优劣势,从外部环境分析机会与威胁。
[编辑] 市场营销策略
营销组合的四个因素常称作4P,即:
产品(Proct)
价格 (Price)
推广 (Promotion)
通路与配销 (Place&Distribution)
这四个因素应用到营销过程中,就形成了四方面的营销策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共关系PUBLIC,是为6P。
1981年布姆斯(Booms)和比特纳(Bitner)建议在传统市场营销理论4Ps的基础上增加三个“服务性的P”,即:人员(People)、流程(Process)、环境(或是或实体环境;Physical evidence)。
根据与市场竞争对手对抗的需要而制定富有竞争力的产品、价格、渠道和促销政策。这一时期诞生了著名的4P理论。当时还是大众媒体盛行的时代,依靠大众媒体促进销售,无差异化策略成为这一阶段的明显特征。
[编辑] 产品
产品策略主要研究新产品开发,产品生命周期,品牌策略等,是价格策略,促销策略和分销策略的基础。
[编辑] 价格
价格策略又称定价策略,主要研究产品的定价、调价等[[市场营销工具]
[编辑] 推广
推广是将组织与产品讯息传播给目标市场的活动,它主要的焦点在於沟通。透过推广,企业试图让消费者知晓、了解、喜爱或购买产品,进而影响产品的知名度、形象、销售量,乃至於企业的生长与生存。有了推广,消费者才可得知产品提供何种利益、价格多少、可以到什麼地方购买及如何购买等,而这些消费者反应会进一步协助推动其他行销组合(产品、价格、通路)。
[编辑] 通路
又称渠道策略,也称为促销。它代表企业(机构)在将自身产品送抵最终消费者之前,所制定的与各类分销商之间的贸易关系、成本分摊和利益分配方式的综合体系。这里的分销商既包含批发商,也包含零售商,甚至包含物流配送商和直销公司的直销人员。
企业制定分销政策的目的是:让产品更顺畅地到达顾客手中,既要保证分销成本低廉,又要保证顾客对送货期、送货量、装配服务、疑难咨询等方面的要求。
在产品日益丰富的情况下,分销政策可能变得越来越难制定,因为相对于产品和品牌的过量,分销商则显得稀少,因而后者拥有了大量讨价还价的权力,力图从制造商或上游企业那里获得更大的利益分成比例。
零售商在最近10年的表现尤其令人瞩目,它们不仅从事零售,也开始插手于产品的上游生产过程,并以自己的店铺名称或独创名称作为自己所产新品的品牌——即自有品牌(private brand/label),或叫店铺品牌(store brand/label)。这更深地威胁到了纯粹的制造企业的利润空间,当然也大大增加了后者制定分销策略的难度。
[编辑] 人员(People)
所有的人都直接或间接地被卷入某种服务的消费过程中,这是7P营销组合很重要的一个观点。知识工作者、白领雇员、管理人员以及部分消费者将额外的价值增加到了既有的社会总产品或服务的供给中,这部分价值往往非常显著。
[编辑] 流程(Process)
服务通过一定的程序、机制以及活动得以实现的过程(亦即消费者管理流程),是市场营销战略的一个关键要素。
[编辑] 环境(Physical Evidence)
包括服务供给得以顺利传送的服务环境,有形商品承载和表达服务的能力,当前消费者的无形消费体验,以及向潜在顾客传递消费满足感的能力。
[编辑] 4C
包括:
顾客(Customer)
成本(Cost)
沟通(Communication)
便利(convenience)。
加上机会Chance,市场变化Change为6C。
不销售制造的产品,而要将满足消费者需求的产品售出;不要依竞争者或者自我的盈利策略定价,而是要通过一系列测试手段了解消费者为满足需求愿付出的成本;不要以自身为出发点,想着网点怎么布置,采用什么样的通路策略,而要关注消费者购买产品的便利性;不是想着如何通过媒体传播来提升销量,而要和消费者互动沟通。
[编辑] 营销种类
[编辑] 整合营销
整合营销传播(Integrated Marketing Communications )
[编辑] 数据库营销(DATABASE MARKETING)
[编辑] 网络营销(Internet Marketing)
网络营销是企业整体营销战略的一个组成部分,是为实现企业总体经营目标所进行的,以互联网为基本手段营造网上经营环境的各种活动。
网络营销的职能包括网站推广、网络品牌、信息发布、在线调研、顾客关系、顾客服务、销售渠道、销售促进八个方面。
Viral Marketing
[编辑] 标竿行销(Bench Marketing)
由江亘松在<你的行销行不行>提出
以某个市场上已经存在的竞争者为比较基准的行销方式,例如普腾这家公司於十几年前提出一句很经典的「Sorry,Sony」到现在还是经常被产业与学术界拿来当作行销的案例,近年来Audi一直宣称他们的部分车种在欧洲市场无论在性能或销售上都令双B感觉到威胁,这样的行销方法就是希望让那些原本没有打算买Audi的亚洲买家去思考,为什麼欧洲的消费者愿意买的车在亚洲的我们却没有给予适当的评价。
当然要提出这样的行销方式势必要先对自己的产品有一定的信心,否则如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」认同的观众应该不会太多吧。
Viral Marketing
[编辑] 直效营销(DIRECT MARKETING)
根据kotler.keller行销管理学第12版中译本
直效行销(direct marketing)是在没有中间行销商的情况下,利用消费者直接(consumer direct,CD)通路来接触及传送货品和服务给客户。主要通路包括直接信函、型录、电话推销,电视购物、小的售票亭、网路和汽车广告。
直效行销是互动是行销系统,利用一种或多种媒体影响任何地区可衡量的回应或交易。特别是在电子行销中正快速成长。
[编辑] 关系营销(RELATIONSHIP MARKETING)
在很多情况下,公司并不能寻求即时的交易,所以他们会与长期供应商建立顾客关系。
公司想要展现给顾客的是卓越的服务能力,现在的顾客多是大型且全球性的。他们偏好可以提供不同地区配套产品
或服务的供应商,且可以快速解决各地的问题。
当顾客关系管理计画被执行时,组织就必须同时注重顾客和产品管理。同时,公司必须明白,虽然关系行销很重要,
但并不是在任何情况下都会有效的。因此,公司必须评估哪一个部门与哪一种特定的顾客采用关系行销最有利。
[编辑] 燎原式行销
由江亘松在<你的行销行不行>提出「燎原式行销」的重点在於,以自己强大的财力为基础,先采取竞争对手无法跟随并获利的低价策略,逼迫市场竞争者纷纷退出并且树立警告指标不让其他潜在业者轻易越矩,这样在下一个不怕死的竞争者出现之前,就可以创造一个无竞争者的独占市场。
[编辑] 绿色营销
[编辑] 社会营销
[编辑] 营销社团
[编辑] 市场调研
市场调研又称营销调研,指企业在市场营销决策过程中,需要系统客观收集和分析有关营销活动的信息所做的研究。营销调研活动涉及到产品,广告,促销渠道选择,竞争者等诸多方面。
[编辑] 营销理论的新发展
病毒式营销
关系营销
数据库营销
网络营销
国际营销
绿色营销
服务营销
过程营销
收益管理
Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.
Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.
Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.
Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.
Its specialist areas include:
advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Social Influence Marketing
Contents [hide]
1 Introction
2 Concept of Marketing
3 Two levels of marketing
4 Four Ps
4.1 Seven Ps
5 Four New Ps
6 Proct
6.1 Scope
6.2 Steps in proct design
7 Packaging
7.1 Requirements of good packaging
7.2 Forms of packaging
8 Trademarks
8.1 Significance of a trademark
9 Brands
10 Pricing
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Factors influencing price-determination
10.3 Steps to determine price
11 Distribution (Place)
11.1 Channels
11.2 Manufacturers
11.2.1 Reasons for direct selling methods
11.2.2 Reasons for indirect selling methods
11.3 Wholesalers
11.3.1 Reasons for using wholesalers
11.3.2 Reasons for bypassing wholesalers
11.3.3 Ways of bypassing wholesalers
11.4 Agents
12 Marketing communications
12.1 Advertising
12.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
12.1.2 Objectives
12.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
12.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
12.2 Personal sales
12.3 Sales promotion
12.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
13 Customer focus
14 Proct focus
15 See also
16 Related lists
17 References
[edit] Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.
Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.
For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.
Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.
The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders."[1]
Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.
[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. “Value” is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. “Competitive Advantage” is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.
Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.
The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.
Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: “Proct Marketing”, “Corporate Marketing”, and “Marketing Communications”. [2]
[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing: attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.
Operational marketing: executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces
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I. 市场营销相关的中英文对照文章,3000字左右,
要找中英文对照,3000字,这不大可能哦,
如果需要,我可以给你翻译,
qq:149019696