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发布时间:2021-06-22 05:33:02

『壹』 AP在加州牛奶加工者实施的“GOT MILK”的作用他们做了什么调查,是如何收集资料的谢谢!!

主题5:广告专业化的过程:AP制

兴起时,影响互联网的“信任度”是收到质疑的。03年的SARS,让人们看到互联网上的“小道消息”有一定的信任度。
户外广告也在SARS时得到发展。

一、AP制的兴起背景
英国最早设立AP部门的两家广告代理公司分别是Stanley Pollitt创始的BMP(Boase Massimi Pollitt)和Stephen King主管下的JWT(J. Walter Thompson)。

1. 广告主自身设置独立的营销部门,对广告效果的要求日益严格
• 在六十年代以前,广告主的市场营销计划通常是由广告公司来制定。
• 当时广告公司的市场营销部门的主要任务是收集并分析各种原始或二手的调查数据,为广告主撰写营销计划书,包括建议开展更多的调查研究,负责新产品或品牌开发的策划事务等。
• 由于对受委托的企业缺乏长期的接触和深入的了解,所以当时的营销计划书还都着眼于宏观方面,忽视企业盈利方式和前景等微观方面。在这种营销计划书指导下的广告活动缺乏必要的有效性的保证。
• 广告主逐渐意识到这一点,并开始设立自己的营销部门,由自己来完成营销计划的设计,广告公司的营销部门只充当偶尔的顾问。
• 在市场激烈竞争的情况下,广告主要求利润最大化,这一点反映在广告上,就体现为要求所作的广告必须有效果(effectiveness),即要求广告对消费者的心理特征或购买行为必须产生有利于广告主的影响,而不是单纯地追求广告活动执行的效率(efficiency),如广告活动的持续时间、简单地测量广告到达率、回忆率等。与效率相比,效果对于广告主来说更实在,更利于企业的长期发展。

2、消费者在营销过程中地位的提升
• 经过二战后十几年的发展,商品同质化程度日益严重,市场竞争愈演愈烈,消费者在营销中的重要地位已为众多业内人士所接受。
• 广告代理公司开始将其目光转移到了消费者身上,于是出现了诸如消费者洞察、消费者对广告的反应、消费者消费广告等一系列理论学说
• AP制的产生就是广告代理公司对消费者在营销过程中的地位提升所做出的反应。
• Rod Meadows在ADMAP1983年的7/8合刊中发表了一篇名为“They Consume Advertising Too”的文章。
• 在文中,他提出了消费者消费广告的观点。他认为已经有越来越多的人在根据自身的喜好去主动地赏析广告,把广告作为一种商品进行消费。这部分人希望优秀的广告能够吸引他们的注意力,能够以某种形式来刺激他们,给予他们娱乐,并与他们自身的兴趣相吻合。
• 这一点在英国广告业的发展史上表现得最为突出。英国人的保守闻名世界,因而当1954年10月16第一支商业电视广告进入英国家庭时,上至议员,下至平民百姓对此大肆抨击。然而经过十几年自身的努力,同时在美国伯恩巴克(William Bernbach)于五六十年代倡导的创意革命的影响下,英国人对广告的态度发生了惊人的变化,在英国,民众对广告认可的程度超过了美国,与电影、电视并行成为英国三大流行文化。这种氛围的形成为AP在英国的滋生提供了良好的环境。
• 消费者消费广告习惯的形成,及由此造成的消费者对广告创意要求的日益苛刻,给广告代理公司中的创意部门施加了一定的压力。
• 在这种情况下,创意人员虚心采纳多种创意手段,从其他部门人员寻求信息或创意的灵感,而原来营销部门量化的统计结果往往很难满足创意部门对创意的渴求。
• AP部门的一个重要任务就是协调广告公司中各部门之间的关系,创造与创意部门人员共事的良好氛围,并将其汇总的有关商品、市场和消费者信息,通过简洁、明了、富有启迪的方式传递给创意人员,为其创意灵感的产生创造条件。

3、市场调查公司的兴起,形成对广告代理公司强有力的竞争
• 矛盾:由于技术手段的发展,无论是广告主的营销部门,还是市场调查公司,抑或是广告代理公司的营销部门,都有能力获得数量更多、质量更好的市场信息数据。
• 与广告代理公司中的营销部门相比,市场调查公司中的数据分析人员地位更高,待遇更好,所面临的行业内竞争要少一点,更易发挥其专业特长。一批优秀的数据分析人员离开原来供职的广告公司,投身于吃香的调查公司。
最初的市场调查是由广告公司完成的
4、困境中广告代理公司的反应及其内部的权力制衡
• 广告主营销部门的设立及营销手段的提高,使广告代理公司的营销部门相形见绌,同时客户主管也失去了强有力的营销计划支持;
• 消费者反应、新广告模型及消费广告等一系列理论的提出,使得原来营销部门的传统技术手段略显过时,致使创意部门倍受压力;
• 市场调查公司的蓬勃发展和挖人行为,对已处于困境中的广告公司无疑是雪上加霜。
• 这一切都表明广告代理公司传统的机构设置亟待调整。
• 原来的营销部门必须被撤换,而取代它的新的部门:
• 客户主管提供说服客户的理由,
• 又能为创意部门补充创意灵感,
• 同时还要区别于市场调查公司,代表消费者真实感受。

二、AP制的具体内容
1、平时积累阶段
• 从事AP工作的人被称作account planner。一个优秀的planner必须具备以下素质:
• 与各种人巧妙沟通的交流才能;
• 分析和运用数据的才能;
• 对策略的宏观把握能力
• 对市场信息、消费者反应及创意灵感的敏锐的洞察力。
• 而这一系列能力的形成,则要依赖于平时planner不断的学习和有意识的培养。

2、策略策划阶段(strategic planning)
• 参加客户为广告代理公司的客户部门而召开的有关产品的定向说明会
• 经常与客户主管一起与客户进行有关策略方面的沟通
• 查阅诸如尼尔森等调查公司的相关产品或行业的调查报告
• 召开专题组座谈(focus group),调查消费者对该产品及相关产品的认知情况、购买行为及消费习惯等
• 帮助客户制定或影响其市场营销策略
• 实施AP制的广告代理公司通过其掌握的消费者反应(response),试图影响广告主营销计划的宏观方面,即策略部分,从而避免由于策略失误而造成的巨大损失。

3、创意简报阶段(creative briefing)
• 所谓创意简报(creative brief),指的是在account planner汇总有关客户、消费者及市场信息之后,再对此进行精简,生成一个简洁明了,富有启迪的建议,然后再通过一系列的会议,由account planner向创意人员以巧妙地方式传递这一建议。这一过程统称为创意简报阶段(creative briefing)。
一份好的创意简报是沟通策略性思考和成功广告的一座重要桥梁,它必须同时包含三种目标:
1. 它必须能够使创意人员头脑中对该广告所要实现的目标有一个准确清晰的框架;
2. 它必须能向创意人员描述该广告目标消费群的真实的心理特征和消费行为。这一描述既要掌握该目标消费群的总体特征,又要细致入微到单个目标消费者的具体的生活经历。这一描述不是定量的、呆板的、纯粹理性的,而应该是定性的、创新的、深入到消费者感性层面的;
3. 创意简报中所含的信息必须能够把消费者和广告目标联系起来,具有很强的指向性。

在生成创意简报时,切忌把所有信息不加筛选,全部放入创意简报中去,而应该有针对性地进行选取。以下几个问题可以作为生成创意简报的基础:
• 究竟为什么我们必须做广告?
• 我们的广告想要达到什么目标?
• 广告的目标消费群是哪部分人群?
• 对于这些人,我们到底了解多少?
• 我们需要沟通的主题是什么?
• 策划该主题的最佳方式是什么?
• 如何知道我们所做的正确与否?

4、创意开发研究阶段(creative development research)
• 创意开发研究一词是由Jon Steel提出来的,实际上就是指对创意雏形的检验。但由于考虑到该阶段的侧重点在于了解或预测消费者对该创意雏形的反应,了解消费者做出这种反应的原因,力图进一步完善该创意,于是就运用了creative development research这一表达方式。所谓的创意雏形是指粗略的创意点子,而不是马上就可以拿去播放或刊登的广告成品。这么做主要还是基于成本上的考虑。
• 创意开发研究的具体做法是选取能够代表目标消费群的样本,以专题组座谈(focus group)等定性研究方法,通过座谈主持人(moderator)的精心协调,捕捉在座谈过程中消费者下意识流露出来的对创意雏形的真实反应,并据此及时修改或完善该创意。

AP案例分析:
加州牛奶加工者顾问董事会实施的“Got Milk”一案。
背景分析:
• 加州牛奶消费量的大幅度下降;
• 成立加州牛奶加工者顾问董事会;
• 与Goodby, Silvertein & Partners的接洽。
加州牛奶消费量的大幅度下降
• 1980年,加州牛奶的人均年消费量为30加仑(一加仑=4.5升),1993年下降到24.1加仑,整整下降20%。
• 但同期人口稳定增长,抵消了人均消费量的降低,牛奶消费在总量上保持稳定。
• 80年代后期,人均消费下降幅度过大,导致牛奶市场开始萎缩。1992-1993单单一年之内,下降3.6%。
加州牛奶加工者顾问董事会
• 以往的广告活动并未奏效;
• 成立加州牛奶加工者顾问董事会(Carlifornia Fluid Milk Processors’ Advisory Board→CFMPAB),决定采取新一轮的广告活动;
• 具体实施:从销售每加仑牛奶的所得中扣除3美分作为基金;广告活动的期限是2年,若不成功,董事会将自动解散;
• 聘请Jeff Manning作为该董事会的执行经理。
Jeff Manning个人简介
• 具有丰富经验的广告人,曾经在智威• 汤逊,麦肯Erikson, Ketchum 任职;
• 策划过很多食品的广告活动,其中包括egg, beef, banana 等;
• 相关的经历,与广告公司的默契配合,在这次活动中起了重要的作用。
与Goodby,Silvertein&Partners 的接洽
• 第一年的广告预算是2500万美元,但要求广告效果显著,作用迅即;
• 公司内部意见不一致,因为当时广告业的普遍意见是牛奶客户如同鸡肋,弃之可惜,食之无味,认为给牛奶做广告是注定要失败的。公司不应该介入这件事情。
开放性的定向说明会(a wide-open brief)

• 现状的陈述;
• 二手数据的获得及应用;
• 广告主明确阐述所要实现的目标。

二手数据的获得及应用(Gallup)
• Gallup在全国范围内对牛奶本身及牛奶消费行为的长期调查;
• 分析上述资料,得出牛奶消费量下降主要基于以下三个原因:
• 1. 病态地介意牛奶中的脂肪含量;
• 2. “妇女婴儿食品”,小时候妈妈的教诲kids→adolescence→althood;
• 3. 与Coca-Cola,Pepsi牛奶的定位和诉求点老套,缺乏新意。
以往广告的弊端和效果
• 诉求点:牛奶对你的健康有好处;
• 诉求方法:俊男靓女,白皙的皮肤,洁白的牙齿,健壮的肌肉;
• 总之,牛奶是一种健康的饮料。

• 在改变消费者认知态度的方面,确实起了一定的效果。牛奶是有益的。
• 支持“我应该喝更多的牛奶”的比例,从1982年40%上升到1992的52%。
广告主所要实现的目标
• Manning认为有时候形象根本不能代表什么,尤其是对于牛奶这类商品而言。形象≠销售;
• 广告活动的重点不是改变牛奶的形象,而在于改变消费者行为;
• 只要牛奶的销售量能提高,怎么干都行,广告中并不一定要出现牛奶。

策略策划阶段(strategic planning)
• 广告目标受众的重新确立;
• 诉求点的转换;
• 诉求方法的创新;
• 媒介策划的灵活运用
01. 广告目标受众的重新确立
• 两个市场原理:①20:80的法则,即市场中20%的消费者贡献80%的销售额;②向经常使用某产品的消费者做广告,其效果要比向偶尔使用或从未使用过的消费者做广告要大得多。
• CFMPAB对牛奶消费习惯的研究表明:
02. 诉求点的转换
• 诉求对象的重新确立要求转换诉求点;
• 然而,牛奶除了健康之外,还有什么呢?
• 调查表明,人们一般很少单独饮用牛奶,牛奶只是对其他食物的补充而已。这些食物都有麦片、各种糕点、小甜饼、三明治、花生油等。
• “____ and milk”, “milk and ____”;
• Focus group: ①牛奶→联想→牛奶
• Focus group:②巧克力、小甜饼、糕点
• 小结:
①食物可以用来产生欲望,而且不仅仅局限在麦片;牛奶本身并不能做到这一点;
②在巧克力等美食面前,若没有牛奶,食物贬值,气氛遭到破坏,人们反应过激;
03. 诉求方法的创新
• 剥夺策略(a deprivation strategy),也称违背实验法。在一段时间内禁止使用生活中经常用到的商品,来制造不同寻常的情况,根据在此情况下消费者的行动和感受,发现商品对消费者的意义,并且对此进行调查。在调味料、饮料等商品经常使用这种方法进行调查。
• 文案撰写:Have you got enough milk? →Got milk?
• 视觉设计:麦片、咖啡太普通,令人馋涎欲滴、被咬掉一口的巧克力、小甜饼或三明治更具冲击力。
• 电视广告作品的环境:调查表明,88%的牛奶都在家消费,所以广告情节发生的背景应在家中——餐桌、厨房、冰箱。
创意开发研究(creative development research)
• 创意开发研究一词是由Jon Steel提出来的,实际上就是指对创意雏形的检验。其侧重点在于了解或预测消费者对该创意雏形的反应,了解消费者做出这种反应的原因,力图进一步完善该创意。
• 向座谈对象展示相关图片,以及电视广告的脚本(Alexander Hamilton & Aaron Burr)。
• 跟踪电话采访座谈对象对创意雏形的印象。
04. 媒介策划的灵活运用
• 时段的精心选择:牛奶在家中的特定时间消费,如早晨,上午、下午和晚上吃点心的时间;
• D:\所有文件\所有广告影视资料\影视图片\got ml.MPG

广告活动的效果及扩张
• 多种媒介的综合使用:①电视(Aaron Burr篇, Couple篇, Baby and cat篇)、杂志;②高速公路出口处的路牌、食品店或超市的购物车及出售相应食物的地方;③促销活动,与其他品牌合作:雀巢、Mother’s Cookies、General Mills、Kraft General Foods。
• 销售量大幅度上升:经常消费牛奶的家庭由1993年70%上升到1995年的74%;在一天中使用牛奶的次数由1994年10月的3.9次上升为1995底的4.3次;94年销售量比93年增加了0.7%,而94年之前销售量持续下降,93年比92年下降3.6%。
• DMI全美乳制品生产者联合会购买了这次广告活动的版权,并把品牌延伸到服装、玩具、杯子,成为大众文化的一部分。

总结:
• 消费者洞察:深入到消费者生活中去,从而获得消费者对产品的真实感受;
• 与客户部、创意部互助合作,相互之间界限并不十分清楚;
• 定性研究和定量研究的创造性运用。

三、AP制的意义
1、在实际操作方面AP制有效地缓解了广告公司所面临的压力
• 客户部门由于有了AP部门的协助,以及策略策划能力的提高,从而更易留住客户,吸引新客户,有利于广告公司拓展新的业务。
• 创意部门因为AP部门在生成创意摘要和创意开发研究两个阶段的重要参与,其创意视野大大开阔,并与营销策略紧密联系,避免这两个方面发生脱钩的现象,从而使得广告变得更为有效。
• 在与营销调查公司竞争这一方面,由于设置AP部门的广告代理公司注重的不单单是数据的采集,而是对各种数据进行分析并灵活应用到广告流程中来。AP制的广告公司由此与市场调查公司区别开来,并在一定程度上形成了互相协作的关系。

2、理想的三角模式
• AP出现以前,广告代理公司一般是客户部门、创意部门、营销部门、媒介部门的协作关系。
• 而当广告公司整合营销部门和媒介部中的策划人员成立一个新的部门之后,广告代理公司内部的主要框架就成了客户部门、创意部门和AP部门的三角模式。这样一来,他们三者之间既相辅相成,又相互牵制、监督。
• 客户主管与AP人员共同商定营销策略的设计。虽然营销策略的最终决定权在客户部门,但代表消费者的AP时刻监督客户部门,以防止其不顾消费者内心感受,而妄自制定营销策略。
• 创意人员和AP人员在创意开发阶段也相互协作:AP人员一方面要为创意人员最大限度地提供创意灵感,而另一方面又要检测创意雏形,对其拥有通过或否决的权力,在一定程度上约束着创意人员的想象力,以免创意人员过度追求广告的艺术性,而忽视广告的科学性和商业行为的本质。
• 客户部代表本公司经常与广告主打交道,来自广告主和广告公司双方面的压力颇使客户部必须兼顾双方的利益,遵守商业运作规则——利益至上,因此客户部代表务实(practicality)的品质。
• 创意部门的特点在于突破人类想象的极限,开发出最具震撼力的广告作品,所以它代表着丰富的想象力(imagination)。
• 而AP部门对数据的创造性分析和运用,对消费者内心感受的敏锐洞察,对创意灵感的无比敏感,到处都闪烁着智慧(intellect)的火花。
• 由务实(practicality)、丰富的想象力(imagination)和智慧(intellect)这三种品质所构成的项目调查小组在建立消费者与商品之间的情感纽带方面显示出独特的优越性和非凡的有效性。
呵呵,我今晚才写,搜到的这些。天涯

『贰』 销售里TG是指什么

销售里TG就是堆头。是指在卖场的货架两侧、主通 道、入口处、收银机旁等人流数量较多的位置摆 放产品的方式。
许多初入快速消费品、小家电行业销售领域的童鞋,听到KA、TG、MT、CR-TT、OTCR、SKU、DC、DSD、OEM、POP、4P、4C、SWOT、FAB、USP等一大堆英文销售术语时,不知是什么意思。现将最常见的150余条英文销售术语整理如下,以飨职场新人:
DA(Distribution & Assortment):分销
Location:位置
Display:陈列
Pricing:价格
Inventory:库存
Merchandising:助销
Promotion:促销

KA(Key Account):重点客户
GKA(Global Key Account):全球性重点客户
NKA(National Key Account):全国性重点客户
LKA(Local Key Account):地方性重点客户
RKA(Retail Key Account ):零售重点客户
SM(ShoppingMall):大型购物消费中心简称销品茂
HYM(Hypermarket):巨型超级市场,简称大卖场
SPM(Supermarket):超级市场,简称超市
S-SPM(Small-Supermarket):小型超市
M-SPM(Middle-Supermarket):中型超市
L-SPM(Large-Supermarket):大型超市
C&C(Cash & Carry):仓储式会员店
CVS(Convenience Store):便利店
GS(Gas Station):加油站便利店
DS(Discount Store):折扣店

MT(Modern Trade ):现代渠道
TT(Tradiditional Trade):传统渠道
OT(Organized Trade):现代特殊渠道
OP(On Premise ):餐饮渠道
HBR(Hotel,Bar,Restaurant):旅馆、酒吧、餐馆等封闭性通路

WHS(Wholesaler):批发商
2nd tier Ws:二级批发商
DT(Distributor):经销商,分销商
2ndDT:二级分销商
DIST(Distributor System):专营分销商
MW(Managed Wholesalers):管制批发商
PW(Passive Wholesalers):传统批发商

DSD(Direct Store Delivery):店铺直接配送
CSTD(Company Sells Third Party Delivers):我销他送
DC(Distribution Center):配送中心
TPL(Third Party Logistics):第三方物流
CRP(Contiuous Replenishment):持续补货
CAO(Computer Assisted Ordering):计算机辅助订货
PUR(Purchase):进货
OOS(Out of Stock):缺货
Inventory day:库存天数

SKU(Stock Keeping Uint):最小库存计量单位
UPC:通用产品编码
Bar Code:条形码

Slim(Slim):纤细,苗条(包装)
TC:铁罐包装
AC:铝罐包装
TP(TETRA PAK):利乐无菌包装(俗称纸包装)
PET:宝特瓶(俗称胶瓶)

POSM(Point of Sale Materials):陈列品
GE(Gondola End):端架
MIT(Marketing Inpact Team):卖场整合性陈列;堆箱
TG(Type Genus ):堆头
Island Display:堆头式陈列
Floor Display:落地割箱陈列
Pallet Display:卡板陈列
Strip Display:挂条陈列
Sidekick Display:侧挂陈列
Checkout Display:收银台陈列
Cooler Display:冰柜陈列
Secondary Display:二次陈列
Cross Display:交叉陈列

PG(Promotion Girl):促销员
P-T(Part-timer):临时工,特指临促
POP(Point Of Purchase):门店广告
Price discount:特价
On-Pack:绑赠
Sampling:试吃
Road Show:路演,大型户外促销活动
DM(Direct Mail ):商场快讯商品广告;邮报

PR(Public Relation):公共关系
NP(News Paper):报纸杂志
AD(Advertisement):广告
GRP(Gross Rating Point):毛评点;总收视点(媒介用语)
Loyalty:忠诚度
Penetration:渗透率
Value Share:市场份额

AVE(Average):平均数
WTD(Weighted):加权
NUM(Numeric):数值
PP(Previous Period):上期
YA(Year Ago):去年同期
VOL(Volume):销售量
VAL(Value):销售额
VAL-PP(Value PP):上期销售额
VAL-YA(Value YA):去年同期销售额
YTD(Year To Date ):截至当期的本年累计
MTD(Means Month to Date):本月到今天为止
SPPD(Sales Per Point of Distribution):每点销售额
BTL(Below The Line):线下费用
ATL(Above The Line):线上费用
ABC(Activity based costing):成本动因核算法(又称:巴雷托分析法)

U&A(Usage and Attitude):消费态度和行为(市场调查)
FGD(Focus Group Discuss):座谈会(市调一种)
Store Check:终端调查,铺市率调查

CR:销售代表
CR-OP:销售代表-餐饮渠道
CR-OT:销售代表-现代特殊渠道
CR-MT:销售代表-现代渠道
CR-TT:销售代表-传统渠道
OTCR:现代渠道销售代表
WDR:批发拓展代表
ADR:客户拓展代表
DCR:分销商合约代表
DSR:分销商销售代表
KSR:大客户销售主任
KAM:重点客户经理
CDM:渠道拓展经理
MDR:市场拓展代表
MDE:市场拓展主任
MDM:市场拓展经理
TMM:通路行销市场经理
TDS:区域拓展主任
TDM:区域拓展经理
LTDM:高级区域拓展经理
UM:业务单位经理(大区经理)

GM(General Manager):总经理
GMDR(General Manager Direct Reports ):总经理直接下属
VP(Vice President):副总裁
FVP(First Vice President):第一副总裁
AVP(Assistant Vice President):副总裁助理
CEO(Chief Executive Officer):首席执行官
COO(Chief Operations Officer):首席运营官
CFO(Chief Financial Officer):首席财务官
CIO(Chief Information Officer):首席信息官
Director:总监
HRD(Human Resource Director):人力资源总监
OD(Operations Director):运营总监
MD(Marketing Director):市场总监
OM(Operations Manager):运营经理
PM (Proct Manager):产品经理
BM(Brand Manager):品牌经理

4P(Proct、Price、Place、Promotion):4P营销理论(产品、价格、渠道、促销)
4C(Customer、Cost、Convenience、Communication):4C营销理论(顾客、成本、便利、沟通)
4V(Variation、Versatility、Value、Vibration):4V营销理论(差异化、功能化、附加价值、共鸣)
SWOT(Strengths、Weaknesses、Opportunities、Threats):SWOT分析法(优势、劣势、机遇、威胁)
FABE(Feature、Advantage、Benefit、Evidence):FABE法则(特性、优点、利益、证据)
USP(Unique Selling Propostion):独特销售主张
3A(Avalible、Able、Adsire):买得到、买得起、乐得买
PDCA(Plan、Do、Check、Action):PDCA循环管理(计划、执行、检查、行动)

OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer):原始设备制造商,俗称“贴牌”
ODM(Original Design Manufacturer):原装设计制造商
OBM(Own Brand Manufacturer):自有品牌制造商
IPO(Initial Public Offering):首次公开募股
LOGO:商标
Slogan:广告语
FMCG(Fast Moving Consumer Goods):快速消费品
DCG(Durable Consumer Goods):耐用消费品

『叁』 急求关于市场营销或则房地产相关的英文论文

Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which indivials and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. [1] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.

Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions[2], whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.

Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

Contents [hide]
1 Four Ps
2 Proct
2.1 Branding
3 Marketing communications
3.1 Advertising
3.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
3.1.2 Objectives
3.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
3.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
3.2 Personal sales
3.3 Sales promotion
3.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
4 Customer focus
5 Proct focus
6 Areas of marketing specialization
7 See also
8 Related lists
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

[edit] Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix,[3] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan.

The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer procts. Instrial procts, services, high value consumer procts require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services.

Instrial or B2B marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than indivial transactions.

As a counter to this, Morgan, in Riding the Waves of Change (Jossey-Bass, 1988), suggests that one of the greatest limitations of the 4 Ps approach "is that it unconsciously emphasizes the inside–out view (looking from the company outwards), whereas the essence of marketing should be the outside–in approach".

[edit] Proct
Main article: New Proct Development

[edit] Branding
Main article: Brand
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes procts and services from competitive offerings. A brand represents the consumers' experience with an organization, proct, or service. A brand is more than a name, design or symbol. Brand reflects personality of the company which is organizational culture.

A brand has also been defined as an identifiable entity that makes a specific value based on promises made and kept either actively or passively.

Branding means creating reference of certain procts in mind.

Co-branding involves marketing activity involving two or more procts.

[edit] Marketing communications
Marketing communications breaks down the strategies involved with marketing messages into categories based on the goals of each message. There are distinct stages in converting strangers to customers that govern the communication medium that should be used.

[edit] Advertising
Paid form of public presentation and expressive promotion of ideas
Aimed at masses
Manufacturer may determine what goes into advertisement
Pervasive and impersonal medium

[edit] Functions and advantages of successful advertising
Task of the salesman made easier
Maximize sales
Publicity
Brand building
Create awareness
Persuade buyers
Introction of new proct
Enable market leadership
To face competition
To inform changes
To counteract to competitors advertisement
To enhance goodwill

[edit] Objectives
Maintain demand for well-known goods
Introce new and unknown goods
Increase demand for well-known goods/procts/services

[edit] Requirements of a good advertisement
The AIDA principle. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action

Attract attention (awareness)
Stimulate interest
Create a desire
Bring about action (to buy the proct)

[edit] Eight steps in an advertising campaign
Market research
Setting out aims
Budgeting
Choice of media (television, newspaper/magazines, radio, web, outdoor)
Choice of actors and players (New Trend)
Design and wording
Co-ordination
Test results

[edit] Personal sales
Oral presentation given by a salesperson who approaches indivials or a group of potential customers:

Live, interactive relationship
Personal interest
Attention and response
Interesting presentation
Clear and thorough.

[edit] Sales promotion
Short-term incentives to encourage buying of procts:

Instant appeal
Anxiety to sell
An example is coupons or a sale. People are given an incentive to buy, but this does not build customer loyalty or encourage future repeat buys. A major drawback of sales promotion is that it is easily copied by competition. It cannot be used as a sustainable source of differentiation.

[edit] Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
Stimulation of demand through press release giving a favourable report to a proct
Higher degree of credibility
Effectively news
Boosts enterprise's image

[edit] Customer focus
Many companies today have a customer focus (or market orientation). This implies that the company focuses its activities and procts on consumer demands. Generally there are three ways of doing this: the customer-driven approach, the sense of identifying market changes and the proct innovation approach.

In the consumer-driven approach, consumer wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the proct itself, is driven by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this approach is that there is no point spending R&D funds developing procts that people will not buy. History attests to many procts that were commercial failures in spite of being technological breakthroughs.[4]

A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing is known as SIVA[5] (Solution, Information, Value, Access). This system is basically the four Ps renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus.

The SIVA Model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (proct, price, place, promotion) of marketing management.

Proct → Solution
Promotion → Information
Price → Value
Placement → Access

The four elements of the SIVA model are:

Solution: How appropriate is the solution to the customer's problem/need?
Information: Does the customer know about the solution? If so, how and from whom do they know enough to let them make a buying decision?
Value: Does the customer know the value of the transaction, what it will cost, what are the benefits, what might they have to sacrifice, what will be their reward?
Access: Where can the customer find the solution? How easily/locally/remotely can they buy it and take delivery?
This model was proposed by Chekitan Dev and Don Schultz in the Marketing Management Journal of the American Marketing Association, and presented by them in Market Leader, the journal of the Marketing Society in the UK.

[edit] Proct focus
In a proct innovation approach, the company pursues proct innovation, then tries to develop a market for the proct. Proct innovation drives the process and marketing research is concted primarily to ensure that profitable market segment(s) exist for the innovation. The rationale is that customers may not know what options will be available to them in the future so we should not expect them to tell us what they will buy in the future. However, marketers can aggressively over-pursue proct innovation and try to overcapitalize on a niche. When pursuing a proct innovation approach, marketers must ensure that they have a varied and multi-tiered approach to proct innovation. It is claimed that if Thomas Edison depended on marketing research he would have proced larger candles rather than inventing light bulbs. Many firms, such as research and development focused companies, successfully focus on proct innovation. Many purists doubt whether this is really a form of marketing orientation at all, because of the ex post status of consumer research. Some even question whether it is marketing.

An emerging area of study and practice concerns internal marketing, or how employees are trained and managed to deliver the brand in a way that positively impacts the acquisition and retention of customers (employer branding).
Diffusion of innovations research explores how and why people adopt new procts, services and ideas.
A relatively new form of marketing uses the Internet and is called Internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, affiliate marketing, desktop advertising or online marketing. It tries to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing.
With consumers' eroding attention span and willingness to give time to advertising messages, marketers are turning to forms of permission marketing such as branded content, custom media and reality marketing.
The use of herd behavior in marketing.
The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behavior.[6] It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of procts that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get proct popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart-cart technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introced by a Princeton researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts." Large retailers Wal-Mart in the United States and Tesco in Britain plan to test the technology in spring 2007 .
Marketing is also used to promote business' procts and is a great way to promote the business.

Other recent studies on the "power of social influence" include an "artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs" (Columbia University, New York); a Japanese chain of convenience stores which orders its procts based on "sales data from department stores and research companies;" a Massachusetts company exploiting knowledge of social networking to improve sales; and online retailers who are increasingly informing consumers about "which procts are popular with like-minded consumers" (e.g., Amazon, eBay).

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