① 假如你是zara的营销总监,你如何定位市场如何细分市场
我觉得这个定位不是随便说说的,一定要根据zara多年来的大数据做参考的,是扩大还是继续走细分要有可以秉承的战略方向作为条件。
② zara的成功是如何阐述战略管理的
第一方面是准确的品类管理,快时尚的主要目标是采用一种非常具有成本效益的方式快速地开发并生产满足客户需求的产品。作为品牌商,需要分析并发现自己最擅长、最易于满足客户需求、利润最好的品类。为了实现这一目标,需要协调市场营销部门、开发部门和外部的合作伙伴及时地掌握和分析销售数据。因此,必须有一个灵活高效的信息化系统来支撑,让全体参与方基于一个统一的高效沟通和协作平台,准确快速地开发和管理利润率贡献高的品类。
第二方面是快速反应的供应链,快时尚的重点在于“快”,同时也必须做到“快”而不乱。存在两类供应链:敏捷供应链(Agile)和精益供应链(Lean);敏捷供应链的原则是和供应链上的全部合作伙伴实时共享信息和技术,通过紧密协作减少库存;精益供应链的核心特征是在正确的时间交付正确的产品。快时尚的供应链需要把两者有机结合在一起,形成“精敏”供应链(Leagile)。于是,必须改善和简化从产品概念、设计、开发、打样到生产、物流配送的整个流程。经过流程的改善和简化以后,快速反应的供应链就实现了价值的增加和成本的减少,同时对客户的需求变化得到及时地反馈。要实现“精敏”供应链,必须采用当前先进的软件技术以支撑整个业务流程的顺利运行,从而保证流程和数据的准确、实时地执行,不遗漏、不延迟任何一个流程和数据的细节。
第三方面是供应商关系管理,快时尚品牌需要和供应商建立良好并且广泛的合作伙伴关系。供应商需要和品牌商一起紧跟市场需求和时尚潮流,并且需要在产品设计和开发阶段参与进来。为了保证沟通顺畅和紧密协作,最好有一个统一的沟通和协作平台,然后合作各方基于平台高效运行每一个业务流程和准确记录每一个数据细节。
第四个方面是内部关系,和保持良好的外部供应商关系一样重要的是必须要有协调一致的内部关系。很多组织架构是根据不同的职能部门进行划分,如市场营销、设计、采购、生产、质检等,并且各职能部门之间的沟通协作和信息共享总是不尽如人意。要高效执行快时尚商业战略,必须要有紧密的关系和快速的市场反应能力。这就要求必须有一个统一的信息化系统来确保沟通的及时和协作的紧密无间。
③ ZARA凭什么“快”起来
ZARA深受全球时尚青年的喜爱,设计师品牌的优异设计,价格却更为低廉,简单来说就是让平民拥抱High Fashion。在全球72个国家拥有1757家专卖店(自营专卖店占90%,其余为合资和特许专卖店)。尽管ZARA品牌的专卖店只占Inditex公司所有分店数的三分之一,但是其销售额却占总销售额的70%左右。zara品牌之道可以说是时尚服饰业界的一个另类,在传统的顶级服饰品牌和大众服饰中间独辟蹊径开创了快速时尚(Fast Fashion)模式。随着快速时尚(Fast Fashion)成为时尚服饰行业的一大主流业态,zara品牌也倍受推崇.ZARA作为快速时尚(Fast Fashion)模式的领导品牌,声名显赫,利润丰厚,真可谓是“名利双收”,ZARA显然成为赢利性品牌的典范。ZARA品牌在时尚服饰业界正以惊人的速度崛起,2005年闪电般地跻身全球100个最具价值品牌榜,并将ARMANI等时尚服饰界大牌甩在身后。“以史为鉴,可以知兴替”,不同经济时代伟大品牌的兴衰史告诉我们一个伟大的品牌的崛起往往在于其品牌精神与整体性时代精神及消费者深层需求的高度契合。ZARA赢利性品牌模式在全球所向披靡大获成功正是对此最好的诠释。ZARA的每一位门店经理都拥有一部特别定制的PDA,通过这台联网的PDA他们可以直接向总部下订单,而总部可以直接掌握每一间门店的销售情况,同时门店店长也可以和总部产品经理及时沟通。这样ZARA可以做到设计、生产、交付在15天内完成。《哈佛商业评论》称:ZARA建立了一个不同于传统行业的通信供应链,正是这个供应链帮助ZARA完成了它的15天神话。在ZARA你总是能够找到新品,并且是限量供应的。这些商品大多数会被放在特殊的货架上面。这种暂时断货策略在很多人眼中太大胆了!但是想想所有限量供应商品在市场上受到的追捧吧,人们需要的不是产品而是“与众不同”、“独一无二”。而ZARA的暂时断货正满足了人们的这种心理,ZARA由于这种颠覆性的做法慢慢变成了“独一无二”的代言人。2000年,又在四个新的国家开设门店,包括奥地利、丹麦、卡塔尔和安道尔,并开始在Arteixo建立新的总部大楼和配送中心加大物流配送的能力,增强快速配送的核心能力。2002年,开始修建ZARA位于Zaragoza新的物流中心,同年,开始在以下国家开设门店,包括萨尔瓦多、芬兰、多米尼加共和国、新加坡和瑞士,进一步增强自身的物流配送能力,协调较远市场的快速反应机制。2003年,开设第一家ZARA HOME的门店;ZARA的第二家陪送中心Plataforma Europa在Zaragoza落成,集团在俄罗斯、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚以及马来西亚首次开设门店。弥补了位于Arteixo的老物流中心的工作。ZARA近几年来经营成功,可归纳为四个因素:拥有庞大的设计师群;公司本身拥有9家成衣厂,从新款策划到生产出厂,最快可在一周内完成;ZARA的送货速度快;采取多样少量的经营方式,每隔3周其服装店内所有商品一定要全部换新。
ZARA的设计师具有年轻人独特的创意与热情,经常到纽约、伦敦、巴黎、米兰、东京等时尚都市的第一线去了解女性服饰及配件的最新流行与消费趋势,并随时掌握商品销售状况、顾客反应等第一手信息。
ZARA在西班牙有9家自己的生产工厂,可以机动掌握生产速度。设计师完成服饰设计之后,便将设计资料规格传到工厂正式生产。世界各地连锁店的订单,经合理评估后传到工厂,将库存量降到最低。库存量大约是15%到20%,比其他服饰连锁业者的40%低很多。
在物流配送方面,ZARA在法国、德国、意大利、西班牙等欧盟国家以卡车运送为主,平均48小时即可运达连锁店,在这些地区的销售占总销售量的70%。剩下30%的销售量,则以空运的方式送到日本、美国、东欧等较远的国家和地区。
为了让消费者赶上最新流行的脚步,ZARA各连锁店每周一定会有新品上市,商品上下架的替换率非常快。而且各店陈列的每件商品通常只有五件库存量,属于多样少量经营模式。每隔3周,其服装店内所有商品一定要全部换新。
在竞争激烈的服装销售市场上,ZARA以超速度、多品种少量、制售一体的效率化经营,立足欧洲,放眼全球,其成功之道值得业界分析借鉴。
ZARA旗下拥有400余位的专业设计师,一年推出的商品超过120000款,可说是同业的5倍之多,而且设计师其平均岁数只有25岁,他们随时穿梭于米兰、东京、纽约、巴黎等时尚重地观看服装秀,以撷取设计理念与最新的潮流趋势,进而仿真仿效推出高时髦感的时尚单品,而且速度之快十分令人震惊,每周两次的补货上架,每隔三周就要全面性的汰旧换新,全球各店在两周内就可同步进行更新完毕,极高的商品汰换率,也加快了顾客上门的回店率,因为消费者已于无形中建立起ZARA随时都有新东西的重要形象。
除此之外,ZARA设计群也实时与全球各地的ZARA店长进行电话会议,透过了解各地的销售状况与顾客反应,来灵活变通调整商品的设计方向,因应客人的百变口味,而且在顾客购买的同时,店员已经将商品特征以及顾客资料输入计算机,藉由网际传输将数据送回ZARA总部,设计群则可掌握各种精确的销售分析与顾客喜好,再加上本身专业的时尚敏锐度,来决定下一批商品的设计走向与数量,如此一来,商品即可发挥最大销售率,也意味着能有效压低库存的出现率。
作为“快时尚”的鼻祖,ZARA在中国内地的扩张显然也有大家之范,进入城市数量之多,范围之广,也是让其他品牌学习的模范。截止至2012年底,ZARA中国内地门店达123家,新增了31家门店。其中北京、上海两大一线城市占据32家,已超过门店总开门店数。从2006年进入大陆,短短6年时间,ZARA已经进入内地53个城市,门店覆盖21个省份、4大直辖市。赢商网独家推出“2012年十大快时尚全年拓展分析系列专题之ZARA”,简析 ZARA在华发展历程、战略变化、年度开业门店、海外拓展等内容 。这就是ZARA“快”的原因。希望能够帮到您!
④ 快速反应机制的介绍
快速反应机制是指在经济里由于经济危机本身具有突发性、不确定性,危机一旦发生,则需要在短时间内做出反应。危机的决策者应当在非常有限的时间内迅速做出果断的决策,调动各个部门,动用各种资源,尽快控制危机的发展,恢复社会秩序。
⑤ zara快速反应供应链的优势
一个是计划性,提前备料。二是自有工厂,生产可控。三是物流强,舍得花钱。当然还有很多其他优势。
⑥ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的,没有中文翻译的,看不懂的话试试翻译器,查查字典什么的,我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
⑦ 从供应链角度分析,如何提升我国服装产业的快速反应能力
我觉得可以结合书上供应链的那几个驱动因素来讲吧 我准备从这着手
0分悬赏 真有才O(∩_∩)O哈哈~
⑧ ZARA模式成功的关键在哪
ZARA模式成功的关键在哪? 在高速运作的系统中任何局部的瓶颈都可能导致整个Zara模式的失败。有人认为ZARA模式成功的关键在于其快速的模仿能力和强大的模仿团队;有人认为在于其快速生产模式消除了整个纺织服装产业供应链的瓶颈;有人认为在于其高效的物在高速运作的系统中任何局部的瓶颈都可能导致整个Zara模式的失败。
有人认为ZARA模式成功的关键在于其快速的模仿能力和强大的模仿团队;有人认为在于其快速生产模式消除了整个纺织服装产业供应链的瓶颈;有人认为在于其高效的物流配送体系;有人认为在于其高频、人性化的信息系统与沟通机制;有人认为在于其庞大的营销网络和快速销售能力概念宣传和“服装超市”模式;有人认为是其雄厚的资金实力支撑;也有人认为是其高度整合的垂直供应链和运作模式……
我们认为,任何成功都是系统的、全局的成功,在高速运作的系统中任何局部的瓶颈都可能导致整个模式的失败,ZARA的成功也不例外。经过仔细研究后,A企业从2006年8月起加入学习ZARA的行列,并为此专门成立了ZARA模式快速项目部,开始了各环节的ZARA模式改造征程。
供应链各环节的改造
产品的快速组织与开发除了原开发团队外,组建了专业的买手团队,专门从香港、深圳、广州等时尚信息比较集中的地点去采集当季最畅销的款式。还制定了相关的激励措施,集团内部几千名员工、猎手、OEM工厂、所有对时尚有兴趣的社会人士都可以提供相关资讯,提供的信息或样衣若被采用则会有相应的奖励。除了直接提供样衣外,还可以根据酒吧、演唱会、街头等拍摄回来的照片、国内外专业刊物等处获得的时尚信息进行模仿。
对相关的款式进行改款、打版之后,交由商务团队进行下单决策。商务团队比较庞大,既包括有丰富营销经验的一线内部市场人员,也可以是竞争对手的营销人员,还包括有品味、有眼光的时尚人士或消费者。
审完款后把选中要投产的款和前几周的产品混合搭配,拍好照片,进行挂杆陈列和模特陈列,并写清楚各款陈列的顺序,以便指导店面标准化陈列,并且可以发到网上,让加盟商进行订货。
产品快速生产商务团队进行选款决策后,由供应链经营团队根据销售预测、铺底量、适销周期、配送周期、生产周期、生产成本、目标库存结构和控制量等进行综合决策,以销定配,以配定产,计算出各款的生产量,交给采购与生产团队进行采购和生产。内部工厂、外协工厂在同一起跑线上,围绕质量、交货期、成本、服务、柔性等方面开展竞争。通过这一步也逼着内部工厂不断提升自己的竞争能力。
其中一些外协工厂为了更好地配合公司,还专门聘请了相关的版师,直接根据照片进行打版、确认、生产,现时也可更好地把握版型,大大提升了设计质量,压缩了大货生产前的准备周期。
产品快速配送大货生产入库前,采购生产人员已经与供应商联系,得知大货的最终确定生产量。供应链经营团队根据实际入库量对预分配计划进行相应调整并生成配货计划,仓库在收到大货后进行扫描验证确认,根据配货计划进行拣货分货,然后交由第三方物流进行运输。若收货方为加盟商,则相关费用由加盟商承担。
销售与反馈销售终端除了自营专卖店、商场外,还有特许加盟商、网络营销等,还可以是代理一样,任何有渠道或关系的个人都可“兼职”利用业余时间和渠道帮助销售 ZARA模式的产品。由于买手、商务团队、内外营销人员的利益都与销售业绩挂钩,他们都会充分利用其所有关系、激发其潜能,变“潜能”为现实,让所有参与者能受益。
供应链持续优化
在大家共同努力下,经过一个月的运行和探索,ZARA模式的总体框架已经基本搭建好了。从设计理念到上市平均只需要10~15天,而传统运作模式下的服装企业需要6~9个月甚至更长时间;以前每年只出2次款,现在是每周都有新货上,不断更新店面形象和产品,更好地服务顾客、提升品牌形象;以前一般下单量都是数以千计,现在100多件就能下单生产(若为追单则可更小);以前门店不是积压一堆库存就是想要的货补不上,高库存和高脱销并存,现在每周都有新货上,再也不用担心货不够;
整个供应链“看上去”挺流畅的,但仔细分析发现细节上太“粗糙”仍存在不少问题,总结分析出问题后,接下来就是进行有针对性地持续优化!总体来说,要加强事前计划、事中监控、事后评估;要抓住时间、成本、质量、服务、柔性等KPI进行优化,尤其是瓶颈环节;要去掉那些不增值的活动;简化不必要的流程;合并或同步一些非关键路径流程;重组一些岗位流程使流程更通畅、智能化。
打造“无边界”企业
客户”的简单线性关系。à零售à物流配送à生产厂à供应链从学术角度来讲,是一个错误或至少不太精确的词,更应是“需供网”,是一个复杂的系统,是一个开放的系统、是一个网络系统、而不是一个简单的链条。从上面的分析不难发现,整个运营过程中,每个环节都可能是多重身份、多种角色,既可能是客户、样衣提供者,也可能是营销人员、协作生产厂等,企业边界被彻底打破,决不再是“原材料供应商
西班牙ZARA靠自己企业的密集型投资实现“集群”效应,A企业通过整合各种闲置资源,变潜能为现实,实现了真正意义上的集群效应,为广大中国服装企业探索出一套成功的模式,通过“无极”供应链打造出无边界企业。
关键词
敏捷性(Agility) 不是强者生存,而是适者生存,市场需求、消费者需求变化太快,适应变化者生存,因此一定要有敏捷的适应能力。
可靠性(Availability) 在如此高速运转的系统中,任何一个环节的不稳定或随机因素的干扰,都会对整个供应链造成干扰或致命的影响,所以一定要提高供应链上各环节的可靠性和无缝集成。
利益分配机制(Alignment) 一个客户原理,最后销售好大家才有得分,不只是关注自己的下游客户,还要关注客户的客户,而且一定要有诚信,这个游戏才能玩下去,而且才能将饼越做越大。如产品推向市场非常畅销,将会吸引越来越多的加盟商或人员参与自适应体系,进行自我造血,形成和谐共生的森林体系。
沟通 (Communication) 要有基本的运作层的操作系统,商品基本资料维护、供应商基本资料维护、采购管理、配送管理、销售预测、库存管理、销售管理等外,还需要动态监控,整个供应链透明。除了强大的正规系统外,更重要的是人与人之间的沟通,要提供沟通平台,如BBS、POPO群组、电话、传真或会议、面谈等。
来源:《牛津管理评论》
Zara近年来最为成功的时尚服装品牌之一:每年消费者会去它的店面17次左右,行业平均水平为3-4次;知名时尚品牌经营的基石之一是在各类时尚杂志上投放精美的广告,而Zara很少打广告,它成功地让所有人谈论它,就像星巴克一样。
Zara的成功在于它变革了快速服装行业的经济模式。服装行业可简单地划分为两种类型:一种是LV、古奇、范思哲这些顶级奢侈品品牌,它们位于高价值的一端,其核心资产是品牌;一种是诸如美国的Gap、国内开店很多的班尼路等。Zara在这两者之间创造出了一种奇特的混搭:在品牌形象上它们更接近于前者,而在经济模式上却和后者一样获得了规模经济效应。所不同的是,Gap的规模经济效应是基于“款少、量多、廉价”路线,而Zara的规模经济效应却是基于“快速、少量、多款”路线。Zara每年推出上万款服装,并且款式与时尚同步,定价也更接近高档品牌的模式。
观察Zara模式,重要的是看“快速、少量、多款”背后的运作体系。在服装业有个专业词汇叫做“前导时间“,指的是一件服装从设计到出售所需的时间。 Zara大大缩短了前导时间,前导时间最快为12天。对比而言,Gap单是设计酝酿期就达两、三个月。
服装贬值很快,每天贬值0.7%,计算机产品为每天 0.1%。因而缩短前导时间有多重好处:对市场潮流反应快,减少服装贬值,服装公司不用预先做好大量成衣,减少存货费用和存货风险;避免生产出不受顾客欢迎的服装,从而避免服装公司因估计错误而令服装囤积,并可以避免以折扣来促销所导致的损失。
Zara没有试图做时尚潮流的创造者,而是努力做时尚潮流的快速反应者:在流行趋势刚刚出现的时候准确识别并迅速推出相应的服装款式,从而快速响应潮流。
快速反应模式需要有快速的供应链:Zara采购的布料都是未染色的,而是根据实时需求染色。Zara选择让自己的工厂仅做高度自动化的工作,用高科技生产设备做染色、剪裁等工作,而把人力密集型的工作外包。
为了快速反应,Zara的采购和生产都在欧洲进行,只有最基本款式的20%的服装在亚洲等低成本地区生产。Zara拥有高科技的自动物流配送中心,在欧洲用卡车两天内可以保证到达。而在美国和日本,Zara甚至不惜成本采用空运以提高速度。
对 Zara这些公司而言,零售是整个经营链条的重要一环。Zara的零售是处在一个“进货快与销货快”自我强化的正循环之中:分店每周根据销售情况下订单两次,这就减少了打折处理存货的情况,也降低了库存成本;款式更新快加强了其新鲜感,吸引消费者不断重复光顾;快速更新店面里的货品也确保了它们能符合顾客的品味。
郎咸平教授在其新著《模式:零售连锁业战略思维与发展模式》中预测:未来时装业将朝着“Zara模式”发展。