1. 跪求一份全英文的毕业论文《市场营销的作用》
Discusses the character and scholarship studies the rule discipline which the commodity and the value as well as the exchange value, how the use value and do realize. In other words, discusses the character and scholarship is launches the marketing research based on the commodity itself for the center one kind of knowledge. the market marketing study is just the opposite, the market marketing study is the establishment in by the market demand one kind of knowledge which develops for the center. If the market marketing study needs the smooth development, must complete three aspects the work: does first, what output need to be clear about own company or own organization can provide. This delivers including the proct, also includes the service; second, needs to be clear about the proct which or the service in the market needs us to be possible to provide. If need, then in any region the need, needs how many; third, needs to be clear, if we must supply the aiming a target market, then our supplies way to be whether convenient, if is not convenient, whether to establish belongs to an own way, this way needs how many costs, and so on; Therefore, by the marketing study research's content as well as the research three aspects may look that discusses the character and scholarship to be possible to the commodity nature, the commodity use, as well as the commodity will proce in the future possibly the development value and the brand effect will have some appraisal nature information, but these information will be helpful to business understand their proct, thus more detailed clear proct or service before has not put into the market prospect how. In short, discusses the character and scholarship and the marketing study is the relations which one kind complements one another, has not discussed the character and scholarship regarding the standard situation understanding, easy to see many demands, but did not know that can satisfy him; If the commodity study left the marketing study, will discuss the character and scholarship will become very incapable, knew that oneself can do anything, but because did not know that in the market will need anything, will therefore become starts without knowing where to begin. Single opinion, if has offends, asks respectfully to forgive!
2. 求几个市场营销的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coru
3. 急！求关于市场营销（最好是关于营销策略的）的英文文献2000字左右的，最好带翻译，在线等！
大家知道，企业管理包括生产管理、营销管理和财务管理等多个方面，而财务管理是企业整个管理体系的核心，企业的财务管理目标即是企业追求的目标。可见，只有以财务管理为中心，协调运作管理体系的各个方面，才能有效地强化企业管理，促进企业发展。从全国来说，民营企业数量众多、分布广泛、特点各异，再加上受宏观经济环境化和体制影响，民营企业在加强财务管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的“歧视”使民营企业和大型企业不能公平竞争，地方政府、行业管理部门的干预，使民营企业的财务管理目标短期化，再主要的就是民营企业财务管理受业主的影响过大等一些主观因素的存在，导致财务管理的重要性被忽视。所以，其财务管理中存在的问题也多种多样，我认为，目前普遍存在的问题和原因主要有：
（一）融资困难，周转资金不足，使财务管理成断源之湖。
目前，我国民营企业初步建立了较为独立、渠道多元的融资体系，但是，融资难、担保难，仍然是制约民营企业发展的最突出的问题，主要问题是：第一，负债过多，融资成本高，风险大，造成民营企业信用等级低，资信相对较差。第二，大多数民营企业是非大型企业，有些银行受传统观念和行政干预的影响，对其贷款不够热心。第三，中介机构不健全，缺乏专门为民营企业贷款服务的金融中介机构和贷款担保机构。
分析其主要原因表现在两个方面：一是金融业对民营企业的信贷支持不够。我国金融系统从设置到服务项目，大都是以大企业为服务对象，民营企业的信贷服务往往被忽视。由于贷款难，生产经营过程中所需资金不足，极大制约了民营企业的发展。有的民营企业，虽存在暂时困难，但银行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民营企业的融资渠道单一，难以适应市场需求的变化。由于有的民营企业，在既得不到银行的贷款支持，又不具有自我融资或向社会公开融资能力，无形中，加强企业财务管理也就成了一句空话，财务管理也就成了断源之湖。
（二）财务控制薄弱，缺乏科学性，使财务管理举步艰难。
大部分民营企业存在财务控制环节薄弱，而且对加强财务管理方面不够重视，没有从真正意义上理解财务管理在企业中的地位。主要问题有：一是资金管理不严，财务控制薄弱，造成资金闲置或不足。二是应收账款周转缓慢，造成资金回收困难。三是存货控制薄弱，造成资金呆滞。四是重钱轻物，资产流失严重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民营企业认为现金越多越好，致使大量现金未参加周转，有的是资金缺少计划安排，过量购置不动产，而使企业无法应付经营急需的资金，陷入财务困境。二是没有建立严格的赊销政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，应收款不能兑现或形成呆账。三是很多民营企业月末存货占用资金往往超过其营业额的两倍以上，造成资金呆滞周转失灵。四是不少民营企业管理者，对原材料、半成品、固定资产等管理不到位，出了问题无人追究，资产浪费严重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因为企业上层领导财务管理观念落后，缺乏科学性，在思想上没有真正理解财务管理对做大做强一个企业所起到的作用，没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，使财务管理失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用，举步艰难。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色。
由于长期以来在思想上受到旧的财务制度的约束，企业管理人员的观念比较滞后。主要问题有：一是企业的投资者同时就是经营者。二是企业管理者的管理能力和管理素质差，管理思想落后。
分析其原因主要是：民营企业典型的管理模式是所有权和经营权高度统一，企业的投资者同时就是经营者，这种模式势必给企业的财务管理带来负面影响，民营企业中相当一部分属于个体私营性质，在这些企业中，企业领导者集权现象严重，并且对财务管理的理论方法缺乏应有的认识和研究，致使其职责不分，越权行事，造成财务管理混乱，财务监核不严，会计人员独舟难行，想规范管理很难。大部分企业没有或无法建立内部审计部门，即使有，也很难保证内部审计的独立性。另外，有些企业没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，多数民营企业家尚未建立起诸如时间价值、风险价值、边际成本、机会成本等科学管理的概念，由于管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色，失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
4. 跪求中英语对照的4000字的关于市场营销论文
体验营销在房地产企业中的应用
随着体验经济时代的到来，房地产业传统的战略优势，如自然资源、规模经济、资金与技术优势，随着竞争的加剧正在缩小而不再成为必然的优势；企业在产品、价格、渠道及促销、服务等营销操作层面上的竞争，则由于市场运作规范与信息的透明化，而使得相互间模仿和借鉴的速度越来越快，想以此建立起长久的竞争优势也越来越不可能；同时，购房者在物质极大丰富的现代社会，也不再满足于单纯地购买产品，产品或服务所带来的心理上效益也开始占据越来越重要的位置，原有的营销模式已经不能很好的满足消费者需求。三种变化的复合作用，使得开发商只有用创新心理和精神上的营销手段，才能在未来的房地产竞争中打开局面，并最终带来了强调在提高产品本身的使用价值时，开展各种沟通活动，增强顾客体验需求，从而使顾客物质上和精神上得到双重满足的营销理念——体验式营销，在房地产业中得以出现。
一、价值观的演进对房地产营销的影响
很多时候，顾客可能对产品铺天盖地的广告置若罔闻。因为现在花里胡哨的广告太多了，而且许多广告承诺的兑现出现了不少的诚信问题，随着价值观的改变，顾客对于广告的信任正在日益降低。其实顾客更在意的是体现在细节上的实实在在的体验，一个优秀的品牌如果在细节上让顾客获得实实在在的舒适体验其实胜过广告十倍百倍。
房地产开发商必须清楚的认识到：现代营销已进入“体验时代”，房地产行业的环境、特性已经发生了变化，消费者的行为也有了较大的改变，这就要求企业采取合适的营销手段。到底什么样的营销方式才是适合自己的？笔者认为，房地产开发商必须改变创造价值的方式，与消费者共创价值，让消费者成为体验的共同创造者。
消费者价值是营销关注的核心，向顾客提供何种价值是企业制胜的基本问题。传统的教科书列举了4种消费者价值，即功能价值、情感价值、社交价值和个人价值。当前，企业已经“体验”到了“体验经济”所带来的新的价值。“消费者的体验”已经成为第5种消费者价值，即消费者购买和追求的是体验价值。[1]
二、房地产体验营销的特点
在企业开展体验营销之前，首先应该对“体验营销”的特点有所认识：房地产体验营销主要有个性化、无形性、延续性、互动性、主观性等特点。
其一，个性化。产品营销中强调提供标准化的产品，服务营销强调产品和服务的定制，而在体验营销中,由于个体存在巨大差异性，要吸引个体参与达到互动，在营销活动设计中就必须体现较强的个性化。房地产的每个项目都有自己的特点，因此各自定位也不同，除了山水等不可复制的资源，任何特点都可以作为体验营销的内容。
其二，无形性。房地产是一个综合性的行业，除了开发房子，服务更是非常重要的一方面，但是服务本身是以产品为依托的，具有无形性，开发商们通常的做法是将房子和服务捆绑式销售，以更完善地服务消费者，当然许多服务本身也是一种体验。但在体验营销中的无形性更强调顾客所能感受到的一种难忘的、身临其境的体验，它是一种被感知的效果。
其三，延续性。消费者在购房前所获得的感受并不会因一次体验的完成而马上消失，而是具有一定的延续性，如消费者对体验的各种回忆等，有时消费者事后甚至会对这种体验重新评价，产生新的感受。因此房地产体验营销的效果是长期性的，一旦消费者对体验满意，他们对开发商及产品往往产生高度忠诚。
其四，互动性。在产品营销中，消费者是企业的“用户”；在服务营销中，消费者被称为“客户”；而在体验营销中，消费者是企业的“客人”，也是体验活动的“主人”。因为房地产体验活动必须要有消费者的参与，进而在消费者和开发商及产品之间发生一种互动行为。消费者的“主动参与”是体验营销的根本所在，这是区别于“商品营销”和“服务营销”的最显著的特征。离开了消费者的主动性，所有的“体验”都是不可能产生并被消费者自己消费的。
其五，主观性。在产品营销中，企业用价格或其他差异化手段区别于其他企业，在服务营销中企业通过服务价值等让渡使顾客获得更大的利益；而房地产体验营销活动的最终效果是建立在购房者主体印象(主要包括时间、空间、技术、真实性、质地、规格等方面的特征)的基础上的，它包含了个体差异的影响，对不同的印象不同的个体有不同的感受，表现为一种购房者个体的主观性。
三、体验营销在房地产行业的应用
国内房地产商所实践的房地产体验营销就是在整个营销行为的过程中，把消费者的感性行为划分为看(See)、听(Hear)、使用(Use)和参与(Participate)四个连贯的环节，充分利用感性信息的能力，通过影响消费者的更多的感官感受来介入其行为过程，从而影响消费者的决策过程与结果。
笔者认为，房地产体验营销就是利用传统文化、现代科技、艺术和大自然等整合手段来影响消费者的看、听、使用和参与行为，充分刺激和调动消费者的感官、情感、思考、行动、关联等感性因素和理性因素，在产品、服务、情境等方面为消费者创造值得回忆和持续愉悦的丰富体验，从而促进产品的销售和顾客价值最大化。
笔者认为，房地产体验营销可以分为三个阶段进行：体验前营销、体验中营销和体验后营销。
(一)体验前营销
体验前营销是一个非常重要的阶段，这一阶段的主要任务包括开发商内部和外部情况及营销模式分析、顾客体验期望分析和体验设计。
通过分析消费者的体验世界，能够获得消费者内心最深处的想法，房地产开发商要分析消费者的商业环境和生存环境包括社会文化因素、消费者的体验需求和期望以及生活方式。开发商需要将广泛的生活方式联系到产品的使用情况上，包括产品的质量和功能、品牌的知名度和美誉度、产品的销售情况。同时还要考虑竞争对手、合作伙伴，以及整个产业的有关情况，最后联系到品牌上，也就是说开发商不是以产品而是以顾客体验即以人们购房时的消费意境来把自己和别的开发商区分开来。
现在从顾客的立场出发，梳理出顾客体验世界的4个层次：Ⅰ.品牌提供的体验；Ⅱ.产品的品类提供的体验；Ⅲ.品牌的使用和消费环境提供的体验；Ⅳ.广义的体验与顾客的社会文化环境或与房地产投资的大环境相关联。[3]
房地产的品牌是从品牌提供的特定体验开始的，然后上升到更广泛的意义上。品牌体验就是住宅看起来怎么样、环境如何、配套设施是否完善等，这种品牌体验一部分是由产品品类驱动的，如房型、结构的不同，普通住宅、别墅的不同等，都会引起不同的产品品类体验。更重要的是品牌和产品品类融合在更广义的消费环境中，即住宅能够提供最基本的挡风遮雨、居住的使用功能。最后，这种消费环境(居住)是社会文化的一部分，消费者所购买居住、投资的住宅往往和自身的身份、社会地位、生活方式等联系在一起。从特定的体验上升到更广义的层次上，就能够更理解住宅对现在的顾客意味着什么。一旦融合进个人职业生活的环境，产品本身看起来就那么不显眼了，房地产产品就有了新的意义，提供了新的市场机会。
了解顾客对体验的期望是为顾客创造体验价值的前提，因为顾客的满意来自于体验感知与体验期望之间的比较，符合顾客体验期望的产品和服务才能创造顾客满意；而超越顾客期望的体验经历将创造顾客忠诚，最终实现企业的长期可持续赢利。设计顾客体验、搭建体验平台，这是分析顾客体验世界与传递体验之间最主要的连接点。
(二)体验中营销
体验中营销就是体验实施的过程，这个过程中顾客直接参与体验，体验平台要在与顾客的接触中实施。因此，需要对体验现场进行控制，引导顾客体验按照体验设计的主题线索有效开展活动，从而最大限度地实现顾客的体验期望。房地产开发商可通过定期组织开展活动让购房者及业主参与进来，地点最好是选择在产品实景区，购房者通过参与活动实实在在地感受到社区的环境及文化，还可增进邻里之间的感情，这对促进购房者消费是十分见效的。现在越来越多的开发商意识到这点，篝火节、业主游、美食节等活动不断在开发商中上演，事实证明这对促进房子销售确实很有效果。
(三)体验后营销
体验后营销就是进行沟通与反馈。体验是为了加深购房者对产品和服务的了解，促进销售，但也是为了进一步认识购房者的心理需求。因此，要能够在购房者体验的时候获得购房者的反馈信息，了解购房者的期望，同时加强与购房者的沟通。一方面对购房者感到不满意的地方进行期望再分析，以备重新设计体验，不断改善体验，使之更符合购房者的需要；另一方面，可以超越购房者期望，实现购房者的全面满意，建立企业的顾客忠诚，维持企业的长期成长和赢利。万科地产在这方面有很多值得我们借鉴的地方，体验后的问卷填写、销售代表的电话回访、项目建设进度的定期汇报等都是了解购房者体验感受的好方法。
四、我国房地产体验营销误区
由于对体验营销的概念、框架、策略以及消费者行为的变化没有足够的了解，我国房地产开发商在实践中对体验营销的认识和应用出现了一些误区。
(一)体验营销就是让客户在样板房里住几天
让客户在样板房里住上几天就能得到一个良好的客户满意度？其实不然。因为，用于体验的样板房往往是建在尚未完全竣工的在建楼里，并不能够完全提供全套的生活设备，如上下水不通、室外园林未完成等，难以满足实际使用功能。这样客户就很难得到真实的居住体验。如果是在现楼中体验，由于房地产的预售特性，到那时候再展示，意义也不大。所以，好的体验应该是从客户参观朋友新居开始，从对园林的观感认识开始。
(二)眼球经济代表万能
体验营销应该让消费者、业主受益，而不应干扰正常的生活和工作秩序。当年深圳拒绝蜘蛛人攀爬地王大厦和赛格广场，理由在于写字楼就是用来办公的，不应该受到不必要的干扰。诸多商业秀仅仅以娱众的方式获取眼球，却忽视了是否会影响受众客户的心理，很难让消费者对项目本身产生足够的信心，必然会遭到失败。
(三)通宵排队是体验营销
有众多楼盘在开盘前日出现通宵排队的现象，这其中有许多消费者为了选到满意的房号不得不连夜排队。开发商或代理商的确希望出现这种楼盘热销、供不应求的场面，以便促成客户尽快签订购房合同，但此举往往拉开了与客户之间的心理距离。其实，目前并不存在短缺经济，房地产市场尤其如此，排队选房不是好的体验方式。
(四)售楼处过分舒适
售楼处适当的装修是必要的，但过分铺张，就是一种浪费。其实客户最为关注的仍然是楼盘的实际品质，对售楼处的感知仅仅是停留在环境和服务的感性层面上，而过分追求客户感受不到的层面是没意义的。
(五)宣传造势越热越好
即便是成功的宣传造势往往也过度地提高了业主的期望值，常使得业主入住后产生落差，最后往往对项目认知形成不良印象。而网络是一个非常公共的、虚拟的空间，许多不可测因素在网络里都可能发生，一些情绪化的宣泄甚至能给项目带来破坏性影响。
一、价值链的概念和构成
企业要生存和发展，必须为企业的股东和其他利益集团包括员工、顾客、供货商以及所在地区和相关行业等创造价值。如果把“企业”这个“黑匣子”打开，我们可以把企业创造价值的过程分解为一系列互不相同但又相互关联的经济活动，或者称之为“增值活动”，其总和即构成企业的“价值链”。任何一个企业都是其产品在设计、生产、销售、交货和售后服务方面所进行的各项活动的聚合体。每一项经营管理活动就是这一价值链条上的一个环节。企业的价值链及其进行单个活动的方式，反映了该企业的历史、战略、实施战略的方式以及活动自身的主要经济状况。
价值链可以分为基本增值活动和辅助性增值活动两大部分。企业的基本增值活动，即一般意义上的“生产经营环节”，如材料供应、成品开发、生产运行、成品储运、市场营销和售后服务。这些活动都与商品实体的加工流转直接相关。企业的辅助性增值活动，包括组织建设、人事管理、技术开发和采购管理。这里的技术和采购都是广义的，既可以包括生产性技术，也包括非生产性的开发管理，例如，决策技术、信息技术、计划技术；采购管理既包括生产原材料，也包括其他资源投入的管理，例如，聘请有关咨询公司为企业进行广告策划、市场预测、法律咨询、信息系统设计和长期战略计划等。
价值链的各环节之间相互关联，相互影响。一个环节经营管理的好坏可以影响到其他环节的成本和效益。比方说，如果多花一点成本采购高质量的原材料，生产过程中就可以减少工序，少出次品，缩短加工时间。虽然价值链的每一环节都与其他环节相关，但是一个环节能在多大程度上影响其他环节的价值活动，则与其在价值链条上的位置有很大的关系。根据产品实体在价值链各环节的流转程序，企业的价值活动可以被分为“上游环节”和“下游环节”两大类。在企业的基本价值活动中，材料供应、产品开发、生产运行可以被称为“上游环节”；成品储运、市场营销和售后服务可以被称为“下游环节”。上游环节经济活动的中心是产品，与产品的技术特性紧密相关；下游环节的中心是顾客，成败优劣主要取决于顾客特点。
不管是生产性还是服务性行业，企业的基本活动都可以用上价值链来表示，但是不同的行业价值的具体构成并不完全相同，同一环节在各行业中的重要性也不同。例如，在农产品行业，由于产品本身相对简单，竞争主要表现为价格竞争，一般较少需要广告茗销，对售后服务的要求也不是特别强烈，与之相应，价值链的下游环节对企业经营的整体效应的影响相对次要；而在许多工业机械行业以及其他技术性要求较高的行业，售后服务往往是竞争成败的关键。
二、价值链与企业的竞争优势
“价值链”理论的基本观点是，在一个企业众多的“价值活动”中，并不是每一个环节都创造价值。企业所创造的价值，实际上来自企业价值链上的某些特定的价值活动；这些真正创造价值的经营活动，就是企业价值链的“战略环节”。企业在竞争中的优势，尤其是能够长期保持的优势，说到底，是企业在价值链某些特定的战略价值环节上的优势。而行业的垄断优势来自于该行业的某些特定环节的垄断优势，抓住了这些关键环节，也就抓住了整个价值链。这些决定企业经营成败和效益的战略环节可以是产品开发、工艺设计，也可以是市场营销、信息技术，或者认识管理等等，视不同的行业而异。在高档时装业，这种战略环节一般是设计能力；在卷烟业，这种战略环节主要是广告宣传和公共关系策略（也就是如何对付各种政府和消费者组织的戒烟努力）；在餐饮业，这种战略环节主要是餐馆地点的选择。
虽然如前所述不同行业有不同的价值链，同一环节在各行业的作用也不相同，但是，对于具有较大规模的企业，例如跨国公司则可以通过价值链上的关键环节也就是核心能力在相关行业中进行扩散和移植，从而提高企业尤其是跨国公司的竞争优势。跨国公司在国际营销活动中拥有全球跨行业营销的范围经济效应。这种范围经济效应是跨国公司通过最佳广度（范围）地使用通用型要素和资源而获得的。这种通用型要素可以是通用的生产设备、管理经验、营销技能和研究开发能力。由于在价值链的每一个环节几乎都能发现通用型要素的存在，那么，当两个行业的价值链上的关键环节也就是核心能力需要相同的通用型要素时，跨国公司就将自己在一个行业中的核心能力扩散到另一个相关行业，使得范围经济效应转化为范围经济优势。因此，跨国公司在一个行业的营销沟通活动中获得的先进知识、经验和技能，可以不需要很大的追加投资就能转移到其他相关行业。如美国的菲利浦一莫利斯公司是著名的烟草商，创造了万宝路这样的全球性香烟品牌，该公司进入食品行业后，带入了其卓越的广告、营销推广等营销沟通技巧，使得像米勒啤酒等品牌也迅速成为美国的领先品牌，并走向世界。
当跨国公司进行全球营销时，范围经济优势又可以同时转移到新进入的国别市场。根据该国的特定市场环境，跨国公司有计划地选择相关行业的产品相继导入，在市场研究、促销技巧和共同渠道等方面形成范围经济效应，尤其是促销行为的协同效应对树立跨国公司在当地的整体形象具有重要的战略意义。如飞利浦公司在包括中国在内的许多国家都引入其照明、微电子、计算机硬件、家用电器等相关行业的多种产品，并使用相同的广告语“让我们做得更好”，使得公司形象非常鲜明。尽管其多年营运状况不佳，但据调研显示在中国市场上飞利浦公司的知名度要远高于通用电气等强劲的竞争对手。其他如日用消费品行业的跨国公司在各国市场上都如出一辙地引入家用洗涤剂、消费纸品、个人护理用品和食品保健品，这些都是跨国公司获得范围经济效应的例证。
很显然，要保持企业对某一产品的垄断优势，关键是保持这一产品价值链上的战略环节的垄断优势，并不需要在所有的价值活动上都保持垄断优势。战略环节要紧紧控制在企业内部，很多非战略性的活动则完全可以通过合同的方式承包出去，尽量利用市场以减低成本，增加灵活性。对战略环节的垄断可以采取许多形式，既可以是垄断关键原材料，垄断关键人才，也可以是垄断关键销售渠道、关键市场，等等。比如说，在很多靠特殊技能竞争的行业，例如广告业、表演业、体育业，这种垄断优势通常来自于对若干关键人才的垄断；在很多靠产品特色竞争的行业，这种垄断优势往往是来自于对关键技术或原料配方的垄断，例如可口可乐的配方，麦当劳“巨无霸”汉堡包的专用调料配方，都是绝密级别的商业秘密。在高科技产品行业，这种垄断优势通常来自于对若干关键生产技术，例如对计算机的芯片生产技术的垄断造就了全球芯片巨头IN-TEL公司。而微软（Microsoft）则在电脑软件领域拥有无与伦比的创新能力。广州宝洁从成立开始就以“世界一流产品，美化您的生活”作为企业的经营理念，树立“宝洁公司，优质产品”的形象。为了维护其优质产品概念，公司动用其在全世界拥有的超过100名的专业技术人员，每年都花费其销售额的8％-10％（约5亿到7亿元）的费用进行专门的产品研究，宝洁认为，只有不断开发产品功能，提高科技含量，才能占领市场。优质产品概念不等同于国家、行业的标准。为了开发一个优质产品概念，宝洁每年花费销售额的1％－3％进行各方面的市场研究，用宝洁的话说，优质产品必须是消费者合同的产品，产品核心功能和外围功能都成为满足
Experiential Marketing in Real Estate Enterprises
With the experience economy era, the strategic advantages of traditional real estate instry, such as natural resources, economies of scale, capital and technological advantages, with the increased competition is narrowing rather than as a natural advantage; enterprises in proct, pricing, channels and promotion, marketing services, operating at the level of competition, e to the operation of the market norms of transparency and information, and made to imitate and learn from each other at an increasing rate, I would like to establish long-term competitive advantage has become increasingly impossible; At the same time, buyers great material wealth of modern society, are no longer simply satisfied with the purchase of procts, goods or services brought about by the psychological benefits have begun to occupy an increasingly important location, the original Marketing can not be a good model to meet consumer demand. Three changes in the role of the composite, making developers use the innovative marketing of psychological and spiritual means, in order to compete in the future to open real estate situation, and eventually brought in to increase emphasis on the value of the proct itself, the various communication activities, and enhance the customer experience needs, so that customers receive the material and spiritual concept of the al meet marketing - Experiential marketing, to appear in the real estate instry.
First, the evolution of the values of the impact of the real estate marketing
In many cases, customers may have turned a deaf ear to proct advertising overwhelming. Because there are too many ads, and many advertising commitments to honor the integrity of a number of emerging issues, with the changes in values, the confidence of customers for the advertisers are increasingly reced. In fact, customer care is reflected in the details of the real experience, a good brand in the details for customers to get real comfortable experience times in fact, a hundred times better than advertising.
Real estate developers a clear understanding of the need to: modern marketing has entered the "Experience Era", the real estate instry, the environment, characteristics has changed, consumers also enjoy a greater degree of change, which requires enterprises to adopt an appropriate marketing. In the end what kind of marketing is appropriate for their own? I believe that real estate developers must change the way of creating value, and consumers to create value, so that consumers become co-creators of experience.
Consumer value is the core of marketing attention to what customers value is the fundamental question of winning. Traditional textbook lists four kinds of consumer value, namely, functional value, emotional value, social value and personal value. At present, the company has "experience" to the "experience economy" brought about by the new value. "Consumer experience" has become the first five kinds of consumer value, namely, the pursuit of consumer purchases and the value of the experience.
5. marketing 市场营销论文 要英文版的
With the development of IT technology, business to the increasingly rapid pace of change to the network, and now we have entered the information age, speed has become our constant pursuit of direction. For each enterprise essential to marketing departments in order to advance the pace of change even more in, people began to network marketing transformation.
Some experts said that in the Internet age of today's Internet Marketing will soon replace the traditional marketing methods and become the main theme of the market. Because people can see the advantages of the network marketing, in-house, departments, and between all departments of the Internet to share information, but also shorten the time for the transmission of information. Thus greatly improving the efficiency of the computer above the company can build up a database, there are customers inside the basic information and consumer information records and is concive to the implementation of one-on-one marketing, for better customer service. At the same time also allow customers to feel he is very business-to-the mind, increase customer loyalty and sales network for the same very attractive, it may omit many brokers, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers and even And to directly face the customer. Thus greatly rece the cost, the enterprise's procts more competitive to achieve greater sales, and more importantly is able to get the fastest rate of customer feedback to enable enterprises to adapt to market the proct more demand e to enterprises Always walk in the forefront of the market.
Some experts say that may be. Network marketing is some advantage, but his shortcomings but can not be ignored. Network can get market information faster, but the network sales increase sales but can not agree with. They believe that this network has only the most cutting-edge things. Most people have not accepted this approach. It is also not in the habit of online shopping, the things on these virtual lack of trust, they believe that the reality is quite the thing. Life, if I bought What is the problem with the quality of things you can find manufacturers directly, or find a vendor, and will soon receive a response. I do not know that the Internet can be the Whom do I contact, how to find, when a reply » Some say things simply do not fit in online sales, proction companies such as Coca-Cola drinks, I Xianghe when casually into stores or supermarkets which can be bought, it has more convenient, however, how to simplify the sales process? » Everyone knows that there is no need of. If you get the trust of customers, to the extent possible, satisfy the customer, then I think the most effective way is not to rece costs, as long as you in every corner of the world placed on Coke, so that people no matter what time any place as long as the wish to Drink will be able to see it and that is the biggest customer satisfaction, not only rece costs but forgot the more important in the market.
Network development is fast, according to the computer penetration rate is now to complete the transition to the network also needs a long time, not to mention to our Chinese enterprises. Network marketing is a great potential, but also可要not fully developed, the traditional marketing methods will still dominate, the network marketing soon replace the traditional marketing is not realistic. Perhaps the best marketing is not marketing, not traditional marketing, I think they can complement each other, Gequ director, perhaps the most promising is the best way of marketing it.
中文
随着IT技术的发展，企业以越来越快的速度向网络化转变，现在我们已经进入了信息时代，速度更成了我们不断追求的方向。而对于每个企业必不可少的市场营销部门在以更超前的速度转变着，人们开始向网络营销转化。
有的专家说，在网络时代的今天网络营销会很快的替代传统的营销方式而成为市场的主旋律。因为人们可以看到了网络营销的优势， 在企业内部 ，部门和部门之间都相互联网有利于信息共享 ，也缩短了信息传递的时间。 从而大大提高了工作效率， 可以在公司电脑上面建立数据库，里边存有客户的基本资料和消费信息纪录 ，有利于实施一对一营销，从而更好的为客户服务。同时也能让客户感受到企业对他是相当的在乎， 更提高了客户的忠诚度 ，而对于网络销售同样很有诱惑力，它可以省略许多中间商，象批发商 、经销商、 甚至是零售商， 而直接面对客户。从而大大降低了成本，企业的产品更有竞争力取得更大的销售业绩，而更主要的是能以最快的速度得到客户的反馈信息，使企业的产品更适应市场的需求，而使企业总是走在市场的最前列。
可有的专家却认为。网络营销是有一些优势，但他的缺点却不容忽视。网络化是可以更快的得到市场信息， 但网络销售提高销售业绩却不堪赞同。他们认为，网络化今天却只是最前沿的东西。大部分的人还没有接受这种方式。人们还不太习惯在网上购物，他们对这些虚拟的东西缺乏信任，他们还是比较相信现实中存在的东西。生活中，如果我买了东西质量有什么问题直接就可以找厂家， 或者找卖主 ，而且会很快的得到答复。可网上我不知道该找谁，怎么找，什么时候有答复？再说有的东西根本就不适合在网上销售，比如可口可乐公司生产的饮品， 我想喝的时候随便进哪个商店或者超市都能买到，这已经再方便不过了，还要怎么简化销售过程吗？谁都知道没有必要了。你要想得到顾客的信任，想尽可能的满足顾客，那么我想最有效的方法不是去降低成本，只要你在世界的每个角落都摆放上可乐，让人们不论在什么时间什么地点只要想喝就能够看到它那就是对顾客最大的满足，不要只顾着降低成本而却忘了更重要的市场占有率。
网络化发展的的确快，可按照现在的电脑普及率要完全的向网络化转变还需要相当长的时间，更何况对我们中国的企业。网络营销确实潜力很大，可要完全开发却也不易，传统的营销方式还是会占主导地位，网络营销很快的取代传统的营销是不现实的。也许最好的营销方式不是网络营销，也不是传统营销，我觉得他们完全可以相互补充，各取所长，也许那才是最好最有前途的营销方式吧。
6. 求一篇有关市场营销英文的论文5000字
First, services marketing. Modern economic development is characterized by a significant service instry booming national economy, the status of its growing importance of services marketing highlights the growing importance of China has joined WTO, foreign companies have to seize the Chinese, and foreign services, marketing war will appear white-hot trend. Economic life of service can be divided into two categories. One is service procts, proct creation and delivery for customers mainly from the core interests of intangible services. The other is the function of services, procts, mainly from the formation of the core interests of the ingredients, invisible only to meet customer service needs of non-major. Berry think that the source of the proct's core interests, the tangible and intangible elements of composition to be more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "commodity" (tangible procts); if intangible components of tangible elements to more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "service." And services consistent with this distinction, service marketing research formed the two major areas, namely services, procts, marketing and customer service marketing. Service is the essence of proct marketing, how to promote the exchange of proct services; customer service is of the essence of marketing, how to use the services as a marketing tool to promote the exchange of tangible procts. However, both services proct marketing, or customer service, marketing, service marketing is the core concept of customer satisfaction and loyalty, and by obtaining customer satisfaction and loyalty to the promotion of mutually beneficial exchange, and ultimately sales performance improvement and long-term business growth. Second, network marketing. Use of the Internet is a communication line, into the international network of global computer information delivery system will be the next most important channel for marketing. Internet Marketing features include; can provide anytime, anywhere 24 hours of global marketing services; computer can store large amounts of information, on behalf of consumer inquiries, the amount of information transmitted and accuracy, far more than other media; to meet market demands in a timely manner Update proct or price adjustments; rece printing and mailing costs; and no store rent, saving water and labor costs; can avoid the interference of a salesman selling strong; can talk through the provision of information and interaction with consumers long-term good relations. Internet is the most powerful marketing tool, it also combines Qu, marketing, electronic transactions, interactive customer service and market information analysis and delivery of a variety of functions. It features sound and light interactive communication, as of time, the media, who have been attracted to the eyes of the younger generation. In addition, it has a one to one marketing capabilities, it is consistent with [Focus marketing] and [direct marketing] future trend. Internet marketing can be considered as an emerging marketing channels, it is not necessarily to replace the traditional channels, but through the development of information technology to innovation and re-marketing channels. But it is undeniable that online marketing is bound to impact traditional marketing, so the business community must pay attention to this trend, and with the software instry for close contact and cooperation. Advertising instry as an example, in the latest media age, sales are consistent from start to finish operation, that is attracting attention from the triggered interest, resulting in purchases, procurement, these cities become, and advertising companies will participate in the marketing of the whole. Commercial enterprises also need to change the traditional organizational forms, to enhance the functions of the new media sector, the introction of both quality and marketing personnel in computer technology, the future can have the market's competitive advantage. Third, green marketing. The so-called "green marketing" refers to the social and enterprises are fully aware of the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and the resulting need for clean-based pollution-free procts based on the discovery, creation and select market opportunities, through a series of rational means of marketing to meet consumer and community development needs of the ecological environment and realize sustainable development process. Green Marketing is the core ecological principles in accordance with environmental protection and to select and determine the marketing mix strategy is based on green technology, green markets and green based on economic, ecological concerns for the human response to a mode of operation. Some developed countries the demand for green procts is very extensive, but developing countries as capital and consumer orientation, quality and consumer reasons, it can not really achieve the greening of all consumer demand. Taiwan for instance, currently only some food, home appliances, communication procts, part-green; while developed countries have adopted a variety of ways and means, including legislation, etc., Lai Tuixing and the achievement of all procts Di green consumption. Thus having a very broad basis of market demand for green marketing activities have laid a solid foundation. To green, for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, the demand for green food can not self-sufficient, the United Kingdom every year, the import of 80% of the total food consumption in Germany is as high as 98%. This indicates that the market potential for green procts is very large, very wide market demand. Green marketing is the twenty-first century consumer demand resulting from a novel marketing idea, that is, green marketing, marketing is also not out of the original theory. Therefore, the development of green marketing model and program selection and integration of related resources can not can not be severed from the original basis of marketing theory can be said that green marketing is the pursuit of health, safety, environmental protection, developed under the ideology of the new ways and means of marketing. Establish a modern enterprise is only a new marketing philosophy of sustainable development, make efforts to green marketing, the development of green procts for green proction, and sustainable development to adapt to the trend. At the same time, enterprises can further "consumer oriented", to promote sustainable consumption patterns of the full development and realization of their obligation to promote social development and ecological development of the responsibilities and obligations, so that their economic, social and environmental benefits .
7. 有没有关于市场营销方面的英文文章
www.financetimes.com上面多的很的内啊容
8. 跪求中英语对照的5000字的关于市场营销论文
有些公司认为，制定战略的方法就是集中公司中三到四名最好的人员，将他们锁在房子里讨论，直到得出问题的答案为止。这就是常说的“封闭的智囊团法”。另一些公司则偏爱于将其全部德高望重的管理人员集中于会议中心（或气候宜人的加勒比海小岛上）以讨论未来的计划——即“避开电话、避开一切”的方法。这两种方法都尽可能地避开日常的战术选择，试图得到长期的战略思考。显然，这两种方法都是不正确的。
1．战略服从于战术
正如结构要服从于功能一样，战略要服从于战术。也就是说，战术上取得成功是战略的唯一的最终目标。如果已定的战略无益于战术结果，那么，这样的战略就是错误的，而不管它有多么完美的形象与体现。战略的制定不是从上到下，而应该是自下而上的。一位将军只有深入了解战场上发生的一切，才能在制定有效的战略中处于有利的地位。战略不是来自涂有防腐剂的象牙塔中，而是生存于市场的土壤里。
一个完善的战略的目的在于推动战术的运用，而没用其它别的意图。在军事活动中，一项行动计划的目的，简单地说，就是让两位士兵作好准备，愿意并且能够在一定时间和地点向唯一的敌人开战。换句话说，就是在战术上运用实力原则。重大的战略可能是大胆的、激动人心的，甚至是令人畏惧的，但如果从战术上看，它不能保证战场上的军队在准确的时间和地点完成任务，那么，这个战略就是彻底失败。就这方面而言，没有坏的战略和好的战略之分，它本身没有天生的优点。它们不像一部小说的情节或一部电影的轮廓，只等着有人给填上正确的词语和音乐。它们也不同于艺术作品需要从它们独特性、创造性和大胆的构思几方面来判断，营销战略应该从它与消费者和竞争者的联系方面来确定它们的效果。
在军事战争中，一个认真学习战略的学生是从刺刀的研究开始的。卡尔·冯·克劳塞维茨他之所以成为世界上最著名的军事战略家并不是偶然的，因为他在12岁就加入了普鲁士军队，开始了他的军事生涯。他深深地懂得什么是战争，因为他经历了无数次惊心动魄的战争：在耶拿之战他被法国人俘虏了；在波罗的尼，他参加了拿破仑与沙皇的军队激战；在贝尔塞纳河畔，他目睹了历史上最悲惨的场景之一——数千名法国人被踩在哥萨克人的马蹄下；他也参加了滑铁卢大战……，他的伟大战略思想是在战火的熔炉中产生的。克劳塞维茨之所以懂得胜利的意义，因为他曾饱尝过被战败的苦难。所有伟大的军事战略家都有相似的经历，他们通过先研究战术来掌握战略，战略要服从于战术。
把一门大炮装在一台内燃机的上部，再配以装甲和履带，这样你拥有了什么？坦克——相当于拿破仑时代的大炮的20世纪的武器。
二次大战中最优秀的军事战略家也是从军事战术基础学起，这也许不是偶然的。1917年，小乔治·史密斯·巴顿是坎莫波罗战役中的观战者，当时，英国人发动了世界上首次大规模的坦克进攻。1918年，巴顿成为美国装甲兵第一任司令，同年后期，他率领坦克部队进入圣密哈尔前沿阵地。在1944年的诺曼底登陆和横跨法国的激烈的攻击战中，巴顿用他的坦克战术，使他的第三军打破了夺取阵地方面所有的世界纪录。
尽管他有性格暴躁的缺陷，但巴顿无疑是一位精明的战略家，他在军事领域的成就应归功于克劳塞维茨的战略思想的影响。他曾说过：“我们不能先做计划，然后试图让环境来适应计划，而应该使计划适应于环境的变化。我认为，高级将领中成功与失败的差别就在于他是否具有适应环境的能力。”
广告就是当今营销战中的坦克和大炮。作为一位营销战略家，只有你掌握了如何使用广告的战术，你才能摆脱艰难的不利地位。由于许多管理人员忽视了广告力量的应用，他们下令发动自杀性的进攻战以袭击掩藏着的对手，这极类似于在第一次世界大战的堑壕战中曾发生过的事。巴顿说：“敌军的背部是装甲部队极易攻击的地方，设法去攻击它。”苹果公司雇佣约翰·斯考利，不是因为他了解百事可乐的配方和如何经营瓶装工厂，而是因为他处理广告的艺术。尽管命运总与斯考利的办公计算机战略作对，但他的广告至今仍在使用，他创造的以乔治·奥威尔为主题的1984年的广告产生了其它任何一项电视信息无与伦比的巨大冲击。
这并不是说人唰推销和其它营销手段过时了。在营销战中，每种武器都有其重要的作用（正如拿破仑时代的步兵的作用一样），但广告是最重要的武器，如果一个公司想赢得一场大的营销战，必须把广告处理得完美无缺。批评家引用了许多事例来证明处理不当的广告似乎并没有什么不良影响。IBM公司成功地推出了微型机，并没有因为广告中有查理·卓别林的滑稽形象而遭受损失；的确，质量差的广告对巨大的IBM公司来说只是一点小小的麻烦，但对于那些没有和IBM公司同样大实力的公司而言，低劣的广告将会决定他们的命运。
2．战略容忍平庸的战术
战略来源于对战术的充分理解，奇怪的是战略并不依赖于最好战术，良好的战略的精髓在于不依靠完美的战术也能够在营销战中取胜。IBM公司不需要突出的广告也能赢得微机战，因为，在这种产品投放市场前，作为第一家生产家用计算机公司的战略就保证了IBM公司的成功，这种战略使公司的战术顺利实施；而对战术的充分理解则决定了IBM公司采取这种战略。
在认识到广告武器的重要性的同时，许多公司领导又错误地依赖于它，他们试图寻找广告中的绝招以保证公司在战争中取胜。有些公司把赌注下在宏大的广告计划上，希望它会挽救局势，但这样的局势很少得到挽救，道理是相当简单的；如果战略是有用的，一般的战术也可以取胜，如果需要完美的战术才能取胜，那么这个战略就不是可靠的。换句话说，既依赖于完美的战术同时又依赖于一个不可靠的战略的公司，它将在两种不同的情况下失败：①不完善的战略；②对完美战术的依赖，这在历史上很少出现。
但没有什么东西是绝对的，营销战和军事战一样，命运有时与人作对。克劳塞维茨说：“局势越是无法挽回，越易遭受严重的打击”。依靠完善的战术来取胜的营销将领常常很快会抱怨武器失灵。在今天的战场上，广告是常规武器。
3．战略指导战术
在制定战略过程中，有些将领忽视对战术问题的研究，因此一旦战争开始，他们变得对战术问题敏感了。如果一个战略从战术的观点来看是可行的，那么战争一开始，战略就应当指导着战术。
一位善战的将领应该能够忽视战术上的困难，以便加快战略目标的实现。有时，花费大量的财力去克服可能阻碍总体战略实施的困难也是必要的，例如，有时为了实现有助于总体战略成功的战术目标，不得不在短期内亏本经营。反之亦然，如果战术目标与战略相矛盾，你也许不得不缩减甚至放弃盈利产品的经营，对一味追求销售量的管理人员来说，这就会惹起许多麻烦。克劳塞维茨一贯强调战略的整体性。他很快就放弃了这一同念，即夺取某一当然的战略要地或对一个无防御的地区的占领意味着一切，除非它有利于总体行动。克劳塞维茨又提到：“正如商人不能将一笔生意的所得拿出保存起来一样，战争中的单项优势也不能和总目标相脱离。”像可口可乐这样的20世纪的贸易商有时会忘记一条19世纪商人都熟知的原则，他们愿意引进一种需求不殷的产品，如减肥可乐来出售，而当他们的泰博的生意下降时，他们又表示惊讶！记住：“单项优势不能和总目标相脱离。”
产生分权式管理方法的最大原因是由于公司的战术缺乏战略指导。像产品大量扩张一样，分权式管理在短期内会产生一定的效果，但从长期看，公司注定要遭殃。国际电报电话公司就是一个恰当的例子，它最近为长期的分权式管理付出了代价。现场决策是大多数分散组织用来维护自身存在的理由。现场研究战术问题是制定切实可行的战略的基本组成部分，但它仅是一个部分，仍需要有人将各组成部分联成一个系统的整体战略。
4．重点进攻
在一定时期内，一项目标会控制着一个公司的战略计划，公司的资源应当优先满足这项目标的需要，这种观念可以称之为“重点进攻”。
分权式管理和公司的战略缺乏整体性导致了多面进攻，这在今天的美国企业中是常见的。有些公司成功了，有些公司失败了，但没有一家能协调一致，以保证企业的长期发展。以埃克森（EXXON）公司投身办公用品系统的不幸经历为例：Qwip、Qwyx、Zilog、Vydec、Daystar、Dialog和Delphi，这些都是埃克森公司进攻办公用品市场使用的一些牌子，但它的战略表现在哪里？石油与水的组合要比石油与办公设备的组合好得多。IBM公司的微机开发与埃克森公司的盲目行动正好相反，它的微机开发有一个重要的战略目标：防止公司的主机生意受到侧面的攻击，且他们投入了大量的人力、物力用于微机开发（同样的思想使IBM公司360/370主机产品线提前出现了几十年）
有些公司经常为其下属组织提供财力和物力，可在实际经营中却很少或根本就不对它们进行指导。“拿这些东西去赚钱”是采取多面进攻的公司的一般指导方针。而公司的下属组织在开始经营时，一般都倾向于对“机会目标”发动进攻。既定的目标容易捕捉，这也许是有道理的，但是，它们是否会有长远的未来呢？就拿文字处理机来说吧，当IBM公司的重点转向通用办公计算机时，文字处理机市场相对开放了，所以，兰尼亚公司、CPT公司、NBI公司以及其它一些公司迅速地进入这个市场，试图抓住这一目标，但明天这些公司将奔向何方？华纳通讯公司购买了阿特罗公司时，其长期战略是否存在？过去，这些公司的行动被时髦地称为多样化经营，实际上，他们在公然违反军事准则中最基本的东西——集中兵力。MCI公司为什么要一直与世界大公司之一的美国电报电话公司交战？并通过开设MCI邮政业务开辟了第二战场？从军事观点看，这样做毫无意义，当这项业务的经营亏损上长时，这项活动在营销方面看似乎也没有存在的意义。通用汽车公司以25亿美元从达拉斯的罗斯，波罗特手里买下了电子数据系统后，他们想干什么？可以肯定“它毫无战略意义”。
如果公司采取这样的行动是偶然的，那实在是糟透了（他们提供了我们不能拒绝的机会）。要是公司放弃他们的整体战略而只发展多样化战略那就更糟了。拿索尼公司来说，据《幸福》杂志报道，它已制定了50—50的战略，即到1990年要使生产的消费品和非消费品各占50%，以取代今天的80%和20%，这样做有意义吗？不！这样只不过是把资源从获胜的战场上转移到失败的战场上，况且索尼公司是在一个非常时期——他们在消费品生意上面临着危机时做这一切。
5．进攻与反攻
物理定律描述到：每一对作用力都有一大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。但许多营销指挥官在制定作战计划时却好像他们的敌人没有任何反应一样，没有什么事情比它更远离事实了。可能发生的事恰恰相反：你降价50%，你的竞争对手也很可能这样做；对于每一项行动，你的竞争对手一定会做出某些反应，即使他们不能与你的最初动机完全一致。不要陷入自己的盲目行动中。一项可行的营销战略是要考虑到竞争对手的反击的，许多营销战的基本原则已认识到了反击的危险性，进攻原则之二即是：寻找并攻击领导企业实力上的薄弱环节。因为，领导企业为了阻止这样的攻击，他们不得不削弱自己的实力，这实在是他们不愿做的事情
预测市场份额变化是分析反击可能性的另一种方法，有些公司大胆地预言到他们将占有一半的市场份额，但是却没有估计到这一过程中会发生的反击，受伤的大鹰也会做出反应。要考虑到反击的存在，但与处于进攻地位的你相比，你的竞争对手将花费更多的财力，作出更大的牺牲才能保护他们所拥有的东西。
6．行动并非独立于战略
不论一个公司采取或准备采取什么行动，它都不能与它所体现的战略相分离，行动就是战略的体现。
但是，许多营销人员认为战略与行动是可以分离的，例如，苹果公司曾声称，它打算入侵幸福500。现在苹果公司的人不能停下来自问：“我们的战略是什么？”入侵幸福500是苹果公司的战略，入侵是否成功除了考虑IBM公司的实力外，将主要取决于这项战略所产生的战术能否适用于苹果公司。当然，苹果公司可以利用营销战的基本原则（例如，在狭窄的战线上发动进攻）来增加它取胜的机会，但这些因素的作用是有限度的，更基本的战略问题是：一个拥有像苹果公司这样财产的小公司能够在IBM的老窝里与之较量吗？
成功的大公司常常由于错误地理解“有志者，事竟成”的格言而陷入困境，他们经常先决定公司要达到的目的，然后分派力量制定战略以实现他们的目标。没有一个大公司有实力这样做，总有些目标是他们所无力达到的。
精明的营销战略家生活在战术与实力的世界中，他们决不会因其自我意识而妨碍了判断，也决不贪图不可能的事情，更不可能发动超出合理目标范围的进攻。他们把精力集中于利用现有战术能够实现的目标上，而不是集中于宏伟的规划或空洞的幻想上。
7．战略不能与战术相分离
行动体现战略，战略体现战术，这是一个紧密无罅的序列，如果你想在某一点上将它割裂，你将自食其果。战术方面的知识有助于制定战略，战略使公司行动的实施成为可能。一旦行动被确定，下一步就是战略指导战术；战略与战术之间的障碍会危害整个过程。
以大多数营销战的广告为例：公司通常雇佣某些代理商处理广告活动中的战术问题，但公司一般在代理商着手工作之前就制定了营销战略；换句话来说，即公司决定做什么，代理商决定如何做。这听起来如此简单和合乎逻辑，以致指出这种安排的致命缺陷似乎是不合适的。战略与战术之间人为的障碍使代理商的战术问题上的专业技能难以成为公司制定战略时的一个积极因素。
为了使将来的营销战更有效，广告代理商必须更多地参与战略计划工作，或者公司必须掌握更多的广告战术，两种倾向似乎是同时发生的。可是，当今没有几家代理商知道如何将广告战术知识融进战略计划中，也没有几家公司深入掌握了广告战术。许多代理商将会强烈地拒绝有更多的战略思考的要求，因为从深层看，他们不愿对广告的成功负责，而宁愿把失败归罪于产品或销售能力
9. 市场营销的论文（英文）
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