『壹』 急求市场营销 外文文献一篇，最好是带中文翻译的。
I graate, write topic is about network marketing, marketing strategy. Excuse me which cattle man could help me find a Chinese translation of 5000 characters after foreign documentary. I write topic is and related, had better have Chinese translation.
My mailbox is [email protected]
『贰』 有关市场营销的英文文献翻译20000字符
作者，请用谷歌翻译，谢谢
www.google.com.hk/" target="_blank">http://www.google.com.hk/
『叁』 市场营销外文参考文献
2、（美）约翰.A.昆奇著，吕一林译，?市场营销管理—教程与案例?北京.北京大学出版社，2000
3、查尔斯专.戴克著，李圣贤译宝属洁的观点内蒙古.内蒙古人民出版社1999
4、JamesAFitzsimmons著，张金成范秀成译，《服务管理》，北京.机械工业出版社2000
5、RaymondP.Fisk等著，张金成等译，《互动服务营销》北京.机械工业出版社2000
6.菲利普??科特勒.营销管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001
『肆』 急！求关于市场营销（最好是关于营销策略的）的英文文献2000字左右的，最好带翻译，在线等！
大家知道，企业管理包括生产管理、营销管理和财务管理等多个方面，而财务管理是企业整个管理体系的核心，企业的财务管理目标即是企业追求的目标。可见，只有以财务管理为中心，协调运作管理体系的各个方面，才能有效地强化企业管理，促进企业发展。从全国来说，民营企业数量众多、分布广泛、特点各异，再加上受宏观经济环境化和体制影响，民营企业在加强财务管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的“歧视”使民营企业和大型企业不能公平竞争，地方政府、行业管理部门的干预，使民营企业的财务管理目标短期化，再主要的就是民营企业财务管理受业主的影响过大等一些主观因素的存在，导致财务管理的重要性被忽视。所以，其财务管理中存在的问题也多种多样，我认为，目前普遍存在的问题和原因主要有：
（一）融资困难，周转资金不足，使财务管理成断源之湖。
目前，我国民营企业初步建立了较为独立、渠道多元的融资体系，但是，融资难、担保难，仍然是制约民营企业发展的最突出的问题，主要问题是：第一，负债过多，融资成本高，风险大，造成民营企业信用等级低，资信相对较差。第二，大多数民营企业是非大型企业，有些银行受传统观念和行政干预的影响，对其贷款不够热心。第三，中介机构不健全，缺乏专门为民营企业贷款服务的金融中介机构和贷款担保机构。
分析其主要原因表现在两个方面：一是金融业对民营企业的信贷支持不够。我国金融系统从设置到服务项目，大都是以大企业为服务对象，民营企业的信贷服务往往被忽视。由于贷款难，生产经营过程中所需资金不足，极大制约了民营企业的发展。有的民营企业，虽存在暂时困难，但银行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民营企业的融资渠道单一，难以适应市场需求的变化。由于有的民营企业，在既得不到银行的贷款支持，又不具有自我融资或向社会公开融资能力，无形中，加强企业财务管理也就成了一句空话，财务管理也就成了断源之湖。
（二）财务控制薄弱，缺乏科学性，使财务管理举步艰难。
大部分民营企业存在财务控制环节薄弱，而且对加强财务管理方面不够重视，没有从真正意义上理解财务管理在企业中的地位。主要问题有：一是资金管理不严，财务控制薄弱，造成资金闲置或不足。二是应收账款周转缓慢，造成资金回收困难。三是存货控制薄弱，造成资金呆滞。四是重钱轻物，资产流失严重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民营企业认为现金越多越好，致使大量现金未参加周转，有的是资金缺少计划安排，过量购置不动产，而使企业无法应付经营急需的资金，陷入财务困境。二是没有建立严格的赊销政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，应收款不能兑现或形成呆账。三是很多民营企业月末存货占用资金往往超过其营业额的两倍以上，造成资金呆滞周转失灵。四是不少民营企业管理者，对原材料、半成品、固定资产等管理不到位，出了问题无人追究，资产浪费严重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因为企业上层领导财务管理观念落后，缺乏科学性，在思想上没有真正理解财务管理对做大做强一个企业所起到的作用，没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，使财务管理失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用，举步艰难。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色。
由于长期以来在思想上受到旧的财务制度的约束，企业管理人员的观念比较滞后。主要问题有：一是企业的投资者同时就是经营者。二是企业管理者的管理能力和管理素质差，管理思想落后。
分析其原因主要是：民营企业典型的管理模式是所有权和经营权高度统一，企业的投资者同时就是经营者，这种模式势必给企业的财务管理带来负面影响，民营企业中相当一部分属于个体私营性质，在这些企业中，企业领导者集权现象严重，并且对财务管理的理论方法缺乏应有的认识和研究，致使其职责不分，越权行事，造成财务管理混乱，财务监核不严，会计人员独舟难行，想规范管理很难。大部分企业没有或无法建立内部审计部门，即使有，也很难保证内部审计的独立性。另外，有些企业没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，多数民营企业家尚未建立起诸如时间价值、风险价值、边际成本、机会成本等科学管理的概念，由于管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色，失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
『伍』 市场营销英文文献翻译成中文3000字
一、服务营销。
现代经济发展的一个显著特征是服务业的蓬勃发展，其在国民经济中的地位愈来愈重要，服务营销的重要性日益突出，中国已经加入WTO ,外资企业纷纷抢滩中国，中外服务市场营销大战将出现白热化的态势。现实经济生活中的服务可以区分为两大类。一种是服务产品，产品为顾客创造和提供的核心利益主要来自无形的服务。另一种是功能服务，产品的核心利益主要来自形成的成分，无形的服务只是满足顾客的非主要需求。贝瑞认为，在产品的核心利益来源中，有形的成分比无形的成分要多，那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“商品”（有形产品） ;如果无形的成分比有形的成分要多，那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“服务”。与服务的这种区分相一致，服务营销的研究形成了两大领域，即服务产品的营销和顾客服务营销。服务产品营销的本质是研究如何促进作为产品的服务的交换；顾客服务营销的本质则是研究如何利用服务作为一种营销工具促进有形产品的交换。但是，无论是服务产品营销，还是顾客服务营销，服务营销的核心理念都是顾客满意和顾客忠诚，通过取得顾客的满意和忠诚来促进相互有利的交换，最终实现营销绩效的改进和企业的长期成长。
First, services marketing.
Modern economic development is characterized by a significant service instry booming national economy, the status of its growing importance of services marketing highlights the growing importance of China has joined WTO, foreign companies have to seize the Chinese, and foreign services, marketing war will appear white-hot trend. Economic life of service can be divided into two categories. One is service procts, proct creation and delivery for customers mainly from the core interests of intangible services. The other is the function of services, procts, mainly from the formation of the core interests of the ingredients, invisible only to meet customer service needs of non-major. Berry think that the source of the proct's core interests, the tangible and intangible elements of composition to be more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "commodity" (tangible procts); if intangible components of tangible elements to more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "service." And services consistent with this distinction, service marketing research formed the two major areas, namely services, procts, marketing and customer service marketing. Service is the essence of proct marketing, how to promote the exchange of proct services; customer service is of the essence of marketing, how to use the services as a marketing tool to promote the exchange of tangible procts. However, both services proct marketing, or customer service, marketing, service marketing is the core concept of customer satisfaction and loyalty, and by obtaining customer satisfaction and loyalty to the promotion of mutually beneficial exchange, and ultimately sales performance improvement and long-term business growth.
二、网络营销。
互联网络是一种利用通讯线路，将全球电脑纳入国际联网的信息传送系统必将是未来市场营销最重要的渠道。网络营销的特性包括；可24 小时随时随地地提供全球性营销服务；电脑可储存大量的信息，代消费者查询，可传送的信息数量与精确度，远超过其他媒体；能因应市场需求，及时更新产品或调整价格；减少印刷与邮递成本；且无店面租金，节约水电与人工成本；可避免推销员强势推销的干扰；可经由信息提供与互动交谈，与消费者建立长期良好的关系。互联网络是一种功能最强大的营销工具，它同时兼具渠道、促销、电子交易、互动顾客服务以及市场信息分析与提供的多种功能。
它以声光互动沟通的特质，作为跨越时空的媒体，已深深吸引年青一代人的眼光。此外，它所具备的一对一营销能力，正是符合[ 分众营销]与[ 直效营销]的未来趋势。 网络营销可视为一种新兴的营销渠道，它并非一定要取代传统的渠道，而是经由信息科技发展，来创新与重组营销渠道。但不可否认的是，网络营销必然会给传统营销造成冲击，因此商业界必须要注意这种趋势，并与软件产业作密切的联系与合作。以广告业为例，在最新媒体时代，销售是从开始到完成的一贯作业，就是说由吸引注意、引发兴趣、造成购买欲、进行采购，一气而成，而广告公司将参与营销的全程。商业企业也有必要改变传统的组织形态，提升新媒体部门的功能，引进兼具营销素养与电脑科技的人才，未来才能具备市场的竞争优势。
Second, network marketing.
Use of the Internet is a communication line, into the international network of global computer information delivery system will be the next most important channel for marketing. Internet Marketing features include; can provide anytime, anywhere 24 hours of global marketing services; computer can store large amounts of information, on behalf of consumer inquiries, the amount of information transmitted and accuracy, far more than other media; to meet market demands in a timely manner Update proct or price adjustments; rece printing and mailing costs; and no store rent, saving water and labor costs; can avoid the interference of a salesman selling strong; can talk through the provision of information and interaction with consumers long-term good relations. Internet is the most powerful marketing tool, it also combines Qu, marketing, electronic transactions, interactive customer service and market information analysis and delivery of a variety of functions.
It features sound and light interactive communication, as of time, the media, who have been attracted to the eyes of the younger generation. In addition, it has a one to one marketing capabilities, it is consistent with [Focus marketing] and [direct marketing] future trend.
Internet marketing can be considered as an emerging marketing channels, it is not necessarily to replace the traditional channels, but through the development of information technology to innovation and re-marketing channels. But it is undeniable that online marketing is bound to impact traditional marketing, so the business community must pay attention to this trend, and with the software instry for close contact and cooperation. Advertising instry as an example, in the latest media age, sales are consistent from start to finish operation, that is attracting attention from the triggered interest, resulting in purchases, procurement, these cities become, and advertising companies will participate in the marketing of the whole. Commercial enterprises also need to change the traditional organizational forms, to enhance the functions of the new media sector, the introction of both quality and marketing personnel in computer technology, the future can have the market's competitive advantage.
三、绿色营销。
所谓“绿色营销”，是指社会和企业在充分意识到消费者日益提高的环保意识和由此产生的对清洁型无公害产品需要的基础上，发现、创造并选择市场机会，通过一系列理性化的营销手段来满足消费者以及社会生态环境发展的需要，实现可持续发展的过程。绿色营销的核心是按照环保与生态原则来选择和确定营销组合的策略，是建立在绿色技术、绿色市场和绿色经济基础上的、对人类的生态关注给予回应的一种经营方式。目前，西方发达国家对于绿色产品的需求非常广泛，而发展中国家由于资金和消费导向上和消费质量等原因，还无法真正实现对所有消费需求的绿化。以我国为例，目前只能对部分食品、家电产品、通讯产品等进行部分绿化；而发达国家已经通过各种途径和手段，包括立法等，来推行和实现全部产品的绿色消费。从而培养了极为广泛的市场需求基础，为绿色营销活动的开展打下了坚实的根基。以绿色食品为例，英国、德国绿色食品的需求完全不能自给，英国每年要进口该食品消费总量的80% ,德国则高达98%。这表明，绿色产品的市场潜力非常巨大，市场需求非常广泛。
绿色营销只是适应二十一世纪的消费需求而产生的一种新型营销理念，也就是说，绿色营销还不可能脱离原有的营销理论基础。因此，绿色营销模式的制定和方案的选择及相关资源的整合还无法也不能脱离原有的营销理论基础，可以说绿色营销是在人们追求健康、安全、环保的意识形态下所发展起来的新的营销方式和方法。现代企业只有树立起一种全新的可持续发展营销的经营理念，努力开展绿色营销，开发绿色产品，进行绿色生产，才能和可持续发展潮流相适应。同时，企业还可进一步“导向消费者”，促成可持续消费模式的全面建立和实现，承担起促进社会发展和生态环境发展的责任和义务，使企业的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益相统一。
Third, green marketing.
The so-called "green marketing" refers to the social and enterprises are fully aware of the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and the resulting need for clean-based pollution-free procts based on the discovery, creation and select market opportunities, through a series of rational means of marketing to meet consumer and community development needs of the ecological environment and realize sustainable development process. Green Marketing is the core ecological principles in accordance with environmental protection and to select and determine the marketing mix strategy is based on green technology, green markets and green based on economic, ecological concerns for the human response to a mode of operation. Some developed countries the demand for green procts is very extensive, but developing countries as capital and consumer orientation, quality and consumer reasons, it can not really achieve the greening of all consumer demand. Taiwan for instance, currently only some food, home appliances, communication procts, part-green; while developed countries have adopted a variety of ways and means, including legislation, etc., Lai Tuixing and the achievement of all procts Di green consumption. Thus having a very broad basis of market demand for green marketing activities have laid a solid foundation. To green, for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, the demand for green food can not self-sufficient, the United Kingdom every year, the import of 80% of the total food consumption in Germany is as high as 98%. This indicates that the market potential for green procts is very large, very wide market demand.
Green marketing is the twenty-first century consumer demand resulting from a novel marketing idea, that is, green marketing, marketing is also not out of the original theory. Therefore, the development of green marketing model and program selection and integration of related resources can not can not be severed from the original basis of marketing theory can be said that green marketing is the pursuit of health, safety, environmental protection, developed under the ideology of the new ways and means of marketing. Establish a modern enterprise is only a new marketing philosophy of sustainable development, make efforts to green marketing, the development of green procts for green proction, and sustainable development to adapt to the trend. At the same time, enterprises can further "consumer oriented", to promote sustainable consumption patterns of the full development and realization of their obligation to promote social development and ecological development of the responsibilities and obligations, so that their economic, social and environmental benefits .
『陆』 有关市场营销的英文文献翻译20000字符拜托各位大神
童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜索了！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库： ---------------------------------------------------------- ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ProQuest学位论文全文数据库 国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库 推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。 弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！ 学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！ 外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！ 所以，很容易过去的！ 祝你好运！
『柒』 求一份关于市场营销的英文文献及其中文翻译，要求英文单词2万个英文字母，最好帮我注明英文文献的名字和
你可以用翻译器啊？
『捌』 求几个市场营销的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coru
『玖』 求一篇关于市场营销的英文文献附带翻译5000字左右
家用医疗器械营销概述
目前，市场上畅销的器械类别大致可分为三类：一零售价500元左右的健康电器或一类器械，二零售价1000元-5000元之间的水机（不是器械）或其他，三为零售价5000元以上的健康电器或健康寝具或二类器械。
营销模式的创新和变迁，向来都是医药保健品的专利，家用器械也不例外。家用器械营销模式也为三种，一种社区定点或不定点销售，俗称“跑腿式”；第二种会议营销，也分为两种，一单一会议营销型，二复合会议营销型。目前单一型会议营销比例已经较低了，主要是“社区店+会议营销”模式，因为增加了前期筛选的过程，会议营销投入产出比有提高，但弱点也同样明显—营销成本高；第三种就是“体验中心”模式，相比较会议营销而言，特点是购买周期拉长，顾客满意度较高，注重营销细节。价格与模式是关联的，低价配合“跑腿式”，中端挈合“会议营销”型，高端就是“体验中心”了，当然也有例外。
营销模式再创新，它都有核心点。家用器械的营销核心点不外乎这几个：让产品自己说话、顾客复制、结果对比、细节控制、心理暗示。
“让产品自己说话”是器械营销的最核心点，它包含两个方面：一产品本身，二免费体验。古语说，酒香不怕巷子深，任何的叫卖声都比不上产品的疗效。消费者真正需求的是长期使用却能累积疗效的器械，而不是包装完美的东西。温热型器械的火热跟自身是2类器械这点是分不开的（2类器械是SDA指对其安全性、有效性应当加以控制的医疗器械）。我预计，市场上那些伪器械将被逐渐淘汰出局，留守者只有1类和2类器械。
第二免费体验。任何时候，免费体验都会是最佳的营销手段。免费体验的基础是建立在产品良好疗效的基础之上的。实际应用免费体验时，应该把免费体验的内容搞得具有高附加值，具有神秘感，这样免费体验者才有足够的兴趣。具体到操作细节上，就要根据产品特色确定吸引消费群的价值诱因、免费体验的时间长度、对顾客每个接触点的提供同质服务、人多人少时候的不同体验方案应用等等。
总之一句话，让产品自己说话是最省力、最经济、最具顾客忠诚度的器械营销核心。
“顾客复制”是器械营销的另一个关键点。顾客复制包含了以下两个方面：一病毒式数量复制，二病毒式质量复制。病毒式数量复制往往应用于市场开拓的初期。应该有这么几个关键环节；找到关键顾客、制造可以快速传播的小段子（融合顾客案例）、适宜的礼品手段吸引顾客体验或者顾客帮带传、运用排队技术吸引顾客体验等等。说到底，就是要制造一个或多个病毒性的案例或者话题完成在目标顾客中快速复制，以达到小成本大人群的回报。二病毒式质量复制主要是应用在已有众多试用或体验顾客，要提高销售率的阶段。我认为病毒式质量复制主要的技术手段还是顾客帮带传，这种方法准确率高，当然病毒性案例传播是必不可少的。
“结果对比”，我个人认为是一种比较有效的提高消费者购买率的营销手段。器械的主要营销对象肯定是有慢性病的中老年消费群。对于中老年人群来讲，往往医生的结论和检测、化验报告单是他们认为最权威的健康证明。而对于中老年消费群而言，其收入程度决定了他的购买趋向是保守的，购买一样大件是要经过若干遍决策的。那么就要给他和他的家庭找到好的购买理由，使用器械前后的身体指标检测对照是个不错的选择理由（可以是短期的，也可以是长期的）。成本可能高些，但效果很明显。
“细节控制”。俗话说：细节决定成败。器械营销中，对细节的把控反映了此企业的营销水平以及成功与否。中老年消费群起初是冲着免费体验来的，当感知产品疗效后，如果能够提供良好的环境和细节控制的话，那么体验地点就会成为中老年人除却家、公园、菜场的
第四个活动地点。做到了这点，器械不热销都不可能。在会议营销中，我老注意一个细节——鼓掌，很多人都会忽略这点，我基本上通过鼓掌这个细节来判断这个企业会议营销的水平如何。做器械营销，我们就要搞清楚与消费者的每个接触点，而且要确保每个接触点提供的服务是标准的，这样才能给每个顾客统一的印象。当然对于喜来健们不问任何人都叫成“爸”“妈”的这个细节，我有些疑义，但喜来健是提供的标准服务。
“心理暗示”。应该说心理暗示并不是个新的营销手段，但是如果是当作病毒值入销售过程的还就是喜来健们。喜来健存在两种心理暗示：一体验时间必需超过3个月才开卖，二体验前的讲课环节，最核心应是喊口号。喜来健的仪器大都在万元左右，价钱不低，购买阻力很大，喜来健的诡异就在心理暗示这个环节，它要让体验者养成长期的体验和心理习惯，离不开喜来健。这条营销技巧是硬币的两面，用好了提高销售量，用不好易形成社会问题。
末了，我个人认为器械的营销它应该是个综合体。我坚持认为2000元以下器械是未来的主流，动因就是2000元以下器械其营销模式可以是个综合体，而且其营销效果可以集群放大。
真实的器械营销并不是像本文说得这么简单，而是由很多环节组成，但这条是既定的：让产品自己说话！
At present, in the market thebest-selling instrument category may divide into three kinds approximately:Retail price 500 Yuan about healthy electric appliances either a kind ofinstrument, two retail price 1000 Yuan - 5000 Yuan between hydraulic engines(are not instrument) or other, three are the retail price 5000 Yuan abovehealthy electric appliances either the healthy bedding or two kind ofinstruments.
The marketing pattern's innovationand the vicissitude, are always the medicine healthy proct patents, the homeuse instrument is not exceptional. The home use instrument marketing pattern isalso three kinds, one kind of community fixed point or the unfixed point sale,the popular name “runs about the type”; Second kind of conference marketing,also divides into two kinds, a sole conference marketing, two compoundconference marketing. At present was unitary the conference marketingproportion already to lower, was mainly “the community shop + conferencemarketing” the pattern, because increased the earlier period screening process,the conference marketing put into proction compared to having theenhancement, but weakness similarly was also obvious - the marketing cost to behigh; The third kind is “the experience center” the pattern, compares theconference marketing saying that the characteristic is purchases the cycle toelongate, the customer degree of satisfaction is high, pays great attention themarketing detail. The price and the pattern are the connection, the low pricecoordination “runs about the type”, the end lifts gathers “the conferencemarketing”, the high-end was “the experience center”, certainly also had theexception.
The marketing pattern innovatesagain, it has the core spot. Home use instrument's marketing core nothing elsebut these: Let proct speak, the customer to plicate, the result contrast,the detail control, the psychological suggestion.
“lets proct speak” is the instrumentmarketing most core spot, it contains two aspects: A proct itself, two freeexperience. The archaism said that the liquor fragrance does not fear the laneto be deep, any hawks the sound not to compare the proct curative effect.What consumer true demand is the long-term use can actually accumulate thecurative effect the instrument, but is not the packing perfect thing. Thewarming up instrument is fiery 2 kind of instrument this is cannot separate (2kind of instruments with oneself is SDA refers to medical instrument which toits security, validity must perform to control). I estimated that in the marketthese false instruments will be been eliminated graally, remaining behind totake care of things have 1 kind and 2 kind of instruments.
The second free experience. At any time, thefree experience can be the best marketing method. The free experience'sfoundation is the establishment in above the proct good curative effectfoundation. When practical application free experience, should do the freeexperience content has the high added value, has the mystical feeling, suchfree experience only then has the
enough interest. Makes concrete tothe operation detail, must according to the proct characteristic determinethat time the attraction expense group the value cause, the free experience'stime length, to customer each contact point provides the homogeneity service,the person multi-people to be few different experience plan application and soon.
In brief a few words, let proctspeak are most rece effort, to be most economical, most to have the customerloyalty the instrument marketing core.
The customer plicates” isinstrument marketing another key point. The customer plicated has containedthe following two aspects: A viral type quantity plication, two viral typequality plication. The viral type quantity plication often applies in themarket development initial period. Should have such several key links; Findsthe small piece which the essential customer, the manufacture may disseminatefast (fusing customer case), the suitable present method to attract thecustomer to experience or attends to the association of merchants either comingfrom other places or working away from their native place belt passing on,using the lining up technology attracts customer experience and so on. In thefinal analysis, is must make or many virulent cases or the topic completes inthe goal customer the fast plication, achieves the small cost big crowd the repayment.Two viral type quality plication was mainly the application in had thenumerous tests or the experience customer, must raise the sales rate the stage.I thought that the viral type quality plication main technological meansattend to the association of merchants either coming from other places orworking away from their native place belt biography, this method rate ofaccuracy is high, the certainly virulent case dissemination is essential.
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『拾』 急求市场营销方面外文文献！
The competitive nature of the automobile instry has prompted the companies to take up new and innovative marketing strategies to thwart the competition. The B segment of cars is the segment which sees maximum competition as the consumer has a number of models to choose from and it's the volumes which drive the margins.
All the companies as a part of their marketing strategy offers a range of vehicles in all the segment to make sure that the customer is driving one of their vehicles only.
Advertisements on the Audio visual medium are a rage as it gives the car makers an opportunity to flaunt their cars. Flashy cars can be demonstrated on television but when it comes to the finer prints of the cars, print and online media comes to the rescue.
The online medium offers a greater flexibility to the car companies since they come with a lot of interactive features like demonstrating the interiors of the car with its salient features.
The print medium on the other hand provides an opportunity to the car makers to explain the function of a car in detail.
Celebrity endorsements and testimonial advertisements have come a long way and they are also doing their bit to sell the cars. Super star Shahrukh Khan has been associated with Hyundai Motor Company for a long time and he comes regularly on television to promote the Santro car. Similarly Ford has roped in Junior Bachan for the promotion of the latest offering from the company Ford Fiesta. On a similar note Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukherjee is shown chasing each other with a Chevrolet aveo.
Aamir Khan who is considered to be one of the most talented actors in the instry is frequently seen changing roles on screen to promote the Toyota Innova, a car which is generations ahead of its predecessor Toyota Qualis.
Cricketers haven't been left behind in the race of promoting cars; Fiat Palio had received a great thrust when the promotion of the car was taken up by the batting maestro Sachin Tenlkar.In addition to the publicity and advertisement which is done by the companies there are certain innovative strategies which are taken up by the companies to beat the competition from time to time.