A. 中小型企业网络营销 国内外研究现状
现在中小企业的网络营销现状跟在线下开个实体店，店里装修很一般专，也没有做点引导客户的措施属，导致虽然进来看的人很多，但销量很差，最后不得不放弃，是差不多的。现在几乎所有的企业都是在做网络竞价、SEO、外推等技术，确实带来了大量的人气，但成交率太低，或者说入不敷出也不为过。
总结：中小企业做网络营销不是做个网站，然后开始推广就行了的，如果这样，只会白白浪费大量的人力、物力、财力。网络营销是一个长期的过程、是一个积累的过程，在实际操作的过程中难免会遇到各种各样的问题，要做的就是分析数据掌握对的方法，坚持下去。
B. 国内外网上销售的发展现状和前景
很多人都在认为，2005年12月1日《直销管理条例》开始生效，从此拉开中国直销业法治时代的序幕。但我认为《直销管理条例》最大的意义并不在直销业本身。因为根据这部法规的有关规定，中国的直销业要和世界接轨，完全按照国际流行的经营方式开展经营还有一段很长的路要走。但这部法规是中国无店铺销售的形式开始在法律上的首次体现，却有着极其不平凡的意义。
中国在加入WTO后，经济领域发生了很多的变化，而其中变化最大的领域之一应该算是零售业。零售业竞争的结果不仅仅是零售业的规模产生了变化，更重要的事是导致了零售业在业态上开始了多元化的转变。它的基本特征之一就是各种无店铺销售方式的兴起。然而在传统的商业理论中，无店铺销售一直并未受到重视，甚至从未被当作一个行业看待。因此，这部法规的出台是对整个无店铺销售行业的一种鼓励。无店铺销售的发展，应该是今年市场营销领域可以期待的一件事。
根据国际上通行的标准，无店铺销售主要包括邮购、电视营销、直销、网上购物、自动售货机等形式。在这里，我想重点谈一下网上购物。
最权威的中国网络状况调查报告：1亿2000万中国网民中，经常上网购物的达到了7.3%，未来一年计划网上购物的达到58%，把她们加起来就是65.3%！中国就会有1亿2千万人的65.3%在网上买东西，也就是说：8000万人！记得过去权威机构做过统计：在中国上网购物的人，第一年的人均消费大约会是350元左右。350元，乘上8000万人，这就是一个280亿的网上购物市场！这个数据非常值得关注。我想，至少有以下因素值得注意：
第一，业态结构已经开始调整。虽然有店铺零售仍然是主流业态，人们更容易看到诸如大卖场近几年的快速成长和影响，但往往忽略网上购物隐性的发展，统计上也很难准确区分，但实际的发展可能远远超出我们的想象。特别是SARS的出现让我们从另一个角度认识到网上购物的潜力。
第二，新一代消费者的成长已经到了影响购买方式的时候。根据AC尼尔森对大陆的消费者调查显示，上个世纪80年代以后出生的消费者已经成为消费的主流，而他们倾向于现代购买渠道（如网上购物等）。购物者越年轻，利用现代渠道的机会越多。
第三，新媒体的发展给网上购物提供了坚实的现实基础。以因特网为核心的各类新媒体对分销领域变革的影响越来越明显，具有特殊的意义，无论是信息、管理、物流，还是时空特性，都似乎是天然的为网络销售而产生的。
在商品日益丰富、品种日益繁多、科技含量日益增加、消费者收入日益提高的背景下，消费者购物的个性化必然愈加明显。而要满足这种明显的个性化的需求就必须有个性化的服务。而网络销售的针对性就可以很好的解决这个问题。
我并不认为《直销管理条例》的实施会带来直销产业的大发展，起码在现行法规的条件下很难办到。相反，直销条例的严格条件和监管，可能使正规合法的直销公司在数量上极为有限，在企业运营上也会极为谨慎，因此合法公司的整体业绩极有可能在未来一段时间显现下滑的态势。而同时由于直销条例所引起的对直销的关注，必将转化为大量企业对网络直销的兴趣和实质的探索。
所以，我们可以大胆的预计未来网络销售的发展将会与各种新兴的业态一样迅速而多元化的崛起。各种不同形式的网络销售模式已经出现。尤其是以C2B2C为主要模式的新型网络营销方式的出现，使网商成为了一个普遍和真正的概念。也使网络销售成为了一个人人可为行业。未来的网络销售市场必将给人们带来一片新的天地。
C. 国外的网络营销现状
多数国家已进入信息时代，网络接入和先进的终端设备给互联网营销提供了一个良好的发展内环境。下面举几个容例子来解释下国外网络营销的现状：
美国也在不断地完善互联网营销的法律法规体系来给消费者创造一个良好的网络购物环境。
新加坡不仅及时制定相关政策法规，引导企业进行信息化基础设施建设，还积极推动网络营销的发展，消除电子商务发展的安全障碍，并确保网上交易者获得全面、安全和高质量的服务。
以电子产品著称的日本也正在积极实施互联网营销， 而这对于加大电子产品在全球的市场占有份额，促进企业转型，助推经济增长起到了关键性的作用。
由于互联网营销因不受空间、地域、时间限制的优势， 也逐渐成为重要的市场交易模式，网络营销已成为经济最具有活力的增长点。
D. 谁知道国外网络营销发展现状
国外的网络广告模式发展状况。
网络广告是指利用国际互联网这种载体，通过图文或多媒体方式，发布的赢利性商业广告，是在网络上发布的有偿信息传播。
美国作为网络广告的发源地，其网络广告在广告市场仍占较少部分，但网络广告市场规模增长速度不容小视；日本网络广告具有受到其传统市场营销方式的影响大的特征，网络广告与电视广告以及电台广告的呈现融合趋势；韩国的网络广告市场规模基本保持着稳步增长的趋势；在欧洲，英国网络广告发展速度最快，欧洲网络广告市场的广告主主要为IT类和通信类企业。
07年的今天，国内外谈论的不再是简简单单的网络广告了，网络广告经过7年的发展，大家的追求不再是做不做网络广告的选择，而是如何选择更好的网络广告模式了。来电付费广告模式是现在大家所津津乐道的，来电付费是在网络广告的基础上增加了客户与企业主的电脑语音沟通的过程，而它的费用是按照电话的时长而定的。美国AOL、Findwhat.com, Google等老牌互联网巨头，纷纷试水通话付费广告业务，受到中小企业，尤其是从事批发、贸易等广告主的青睐，行业发展势头强劲。而在中国尚处于萌芽期，希望向万维联讯等技术提供商能让来电付费的推广工作做到最好。希望网络、雅虎和google等网站能再次谱写网络新的历史篇章。
E. 我国和国外的服装行业发展现状
由于市场的开放，出口纺织品数量的增加，现行标准已不能满足产品质量和市场变化的要求。大多数的合资企业、独资企业以及有出口任务的企业，采用协议标准，按供需双方的协议合同考核和验收产品。而习惯于依赖国家标准或行业标准的企业，声称没有标准制约了企业的产品开发。
纵观国内纺织品市场尤其是制成品和服装市场上涌现出的很多被消费者认可的名牌产 品，其生产企业无一不是执行严格的技术标准和检验制度，无一不是采用优于国家标准和行业标准的企业内控标准。名牌产品是以优良的产品质量为基础，以高水准的标准为支撑，这些共识和实践对促进纺织工业的技术进步和产品质量的提高起到了积极的作用。
我国的纺织品标准现状
与纺织工业的发展相适应，我国纺织标准化工作不断地得到完善和提高，取得不小的成绩，纺织标准化工作为适应国家的经济建设和纺织工业的发展需要做出了应有的贡献。表现在：
1、从纺织材料到制成品和服装的标准已形成体系和规模。截止2002 年底，共有纺织品和服装标准885 个(不包括纤维原料标准)，其中国家标准383个，纺织行业标准502个，形成了以产品标准为主体，以基础标准相配套的纺织标准体系，包括术语符号标准、试验方法标准、物质标准和产品标准四类，涉及纤维、纱线、长丝、织物、纺织制品和服装等内容，从数量和覆盖面上基本满足了纺织品和服装的生产和贸易需要。
2、纺织品标准的采标率列为前位，基础标准与国际接轨。根据国家有关部门的统计，对国际标准的采标率，国内平均水平约为44％，而纺织品的采标率达80％。ISO中有关纺织品和服装的标准约有280多个。纺织行业对这些国际标准进行了研究，已经在不同程度上采用或已列入年度采用计划。除采用国际标准外，还不同程度的采用了国外先进国家的标准，如美国标准、英国标准、德国标准和日本标准等。特别是基础的、通用的术语标准和方法标准基本上采用了国际标准和国外先进标准，使制定的国家标准达到了国际标准或相当于国际标准的水平。
3、各类标准发挥了巨大作用。与国际接轨的基础标准，对统一纺织工业科技术语、统一纺织材料和产品的检测手段、统一规范产品的性能指标起到了重要的作用。特别是依据这些检测方法试验出具的数据不仅在全国范围内具有可比性，而且也得到了国外客户的认可，对纺织品贸易起到了不可低估的作用。制定的大量的纺织产品标准，适应了产品的发展和需要，解决了无标生产的问题，为企业的大量产品进入市场提供了技术依据。
4、企业的标准化理念对提高产品质量起到了关键作用。从1989年《标准化法》实施以来，企业的标准化工作逐步加强，参与标准化的热情越来越高涨。
但是，随着近年来市场经济的发展，现有的标准体制和标准内容逐渐显现出了其弊端，具体表现在：
1、在原有计划经济体制下，我国的纺织产品标准是生产型的，标准的制定以指导生产为主要出发点，技术要求与生产工艺紧密相联，指标定的过细过死，特别是标准的制修订速度滞后于产品的开发速度。有些企业认为标准水平太低，而有的企业却认为标准指标过高，形成了对标准的不同要求和评价。
2、随着纺织制品的成品化成为趋势，消费者对服饰和家庭装饰水平要求的提高，原料质量与制成品质量不配套的问题日益突出。例如，面料标准的色牢度差，水洗尺寸变化率大，缺乏实用性能考核指标等，由于标准不衔接引起的纠纷时有发生，消费者的投诉难以得到解决。
3、以前采标的指导思想是结合中国国情，考虑到国内现有设备和工艺条件，因此使我国采标的多数标准为“ 非等效”或“参照”。除基础标准接轨程度较高外，尽管有不少的产品标准前言中写明是采用国际或国外先进标准，但仅有少数指标甚至个别指标与国外标准一致，或采用的试验方法是采用国际标准的，因此，大多数产品标准的指标和水平没有真正与国外接轨。
4、由于市场的开放，出口纺织品数量的增加，现行标准已不能满足产品质量和市场变化的要求。大多数的合资企业、独资企业以及有出口任务的企业，采用协议标准，按供需双方的协议合同考核和验收产品。而习惯于依赖国家标准或行业标准的企业，声称没有标准制约了企业的产品开发。
与国外先进标准的差距
首先，形成的标准体系不同。ISO或国外的国家层面上的纺织标准，主要内容是基础类标准，重在统一术语，统一试验方法，统一评定手段，使各方提供的数据具有可比性和通用性。形成的是以基础标准为主体，再加上以最终用途产品配套的相关产品标准的标准体系。在产品标准中仅规定产品的性能指标和引用的试验方法标准。对大量的产品而言，国外是没有国家标准的，主要由企业根据产品的用途或购货方给予的价格，与购货方在合同或协议中规定产品的规格、性能指标、检验规则、包装等内容。
我国现行的纺织产品标准有不少是计划经济体制时的产物，形成的标准体系以原料或工艺划分的产品标准为主，目前主要分为棉纺织印染、毛纺织品、麻纺织品、丝产品、针织品、线带、化纤、色织布。近年来也以用途制定标准，但所占比例极小。标准中除性能指标外，还包括出厂检验、型式检验、复验等检验规则的内容，形成了各类原料产品“纱 线―――本色布―――印染布”的标准链。
其次，标准发挥的职能不同。国外将国家层面上的公开标准作为交货、验收的技术依据，从指导用户购买产品的角度和需要来制定，人们称之为贸易型标准。企业标准才是作为组织生产的技术依据。这种贸易型标准的技术内容规定的比较简明，比较笼统，比较灵活。
与之相反，我国大多数的产品标准的职能是用以组织生产的依据，从指导企业生产的角度的需要来确定，人们称之为生产型标准。为了便于企业生产，标准在技术内容方面，一般都规定的比较具体，比较详细，比较死。
随着市场经济的发展，纺织产品的新品种不断涌现，决定了简明灵活的贸易型标准更能符合市场的需要。我国的生产型标准范围较窄，覆盖的产品种类较少，造成标准的数量不少，但仍跟不上产品的发展速度。
第三，标准水平有差距。由于标准的职能不同，标准技术内容，如在考核项目的设置上，在性能指标的水平上等均有一定的差距。
国外根据最终用途制定的面料标准，考核项目更接近于服用实际，如耐磨、纱线滑移阻力、起毛起球、耐光色牢度等。我国的面料标准还缺少诸如接缝滑移、起毛起球、干洗尺寸变化、耐光色牢度等考核指标，不能适应人们对服用产品舒适美观性的要求。对服装的考核主要侧重服装的规格偏差、色差、缝制、疵点等外观质量，判定产品等级时忽略了 构成服装的主要元素―――面料和里料。
我国按生产型标准理念制定的标准，不能适用贸易关系超出生产方和购货方这种情况，例如，按染料类别和工艺制定不同的色牢度等级，在贸易交货验收中确定考核依据较为困难。而国外标准的质量指标控制严格，色牢度普遍高于国内指标1～1.5级，尤其是摩擦色牢度相差更多。
翻开产品标准，为数不少的标准文本中写有“优等品相当于国际先进水平，一等品相当于国际一般水平”等，实际上仅是个别单项指标水平达到国际水平，但综合性能达不到；还有个别标为采标的标准，其内容与国外标准相差甚远。
第四，国外标准形成了技术壁垒。随着贸易壁垒逐渐减小，各国都在借助于TBT有关条款规定，制造技术壁垒。而制造技术壁垒的有效途径就是法规和标准。欧洲议会和欧盟委员会2002年7月19日共同颁布的指令2002 ／61／EC―《对欧盟委员会关于限制某些危险物质和制剂(偶氮染料)的销售和使用的指令76／769／EEC的第 19次修改令》，连同欧盟委员会2002年5月15日颁布的关于修改并发布授权纺织产品使用欧共体生态标签(Ec o-label)的决定(2002／371／EC)，欧盟在为纺织品和日用消费品的市场准入构筑完整的“绿色屏障” 方面迈出了两个重大的步伐。中国作为全球最大的纺织品生产和出口国，可能受到的影响显然是不可低估的。
由于诸多原因，在进口纺织品中不乏有劣质产品和不合格产品。但我国技术法规和强制性标准欠缺，不能有效监督进口产品的质量。2000 年就着手制定的《纺织品基本安全技术要求》至今还未批准，对国外的不良产品起不到抵挡作用。
F. 高分求[国际服装发展现状和品牌服装营销]方面的外文文献
这是一片写的不错的
Effect of fiber architecture on flexural characteristics and fracture of fiber-reinforc
Vistasp M. Karbharia, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author and Howard Strasslerb
aMaterials Science & Engineering Program, and Department of Structural Engineering, MC-0085, University of California San Diego, Room 105, Building 409, University Center, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
bDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Received 10 December 2005; revised 25 June 2006; accepted 31 August 2006. Available online 7 November 2006.
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to compare and elucidate the differences in damage mechanisms and response of fiber-reinforced dental resin composites based on three different brandsnext term under flexural loading. The types of reinforcement consisted of a unidirectional E-glass prepreg (Splint-It from Jeneric/Petron Inc.), an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber based biaxial braid (Connect, Kerr) and an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber based leno-weave (Ribbond).
Methods
Three different commercially available fiber reinforcing systems were used to fabricate rectangular bars, with the fiber reinforcement close to the tensile face, which were tested in flexure with an emphasis on studying damage mechanisms and response. Eight specimens (n = 8) of each type were tested. Overall energy capacity as well as flexural strength and molus were determined and results compared in light of the different abilities of the architectures used.
Results
Under flexural loading unreinforced and unidirectional prepreg reinforced dental composites failed in a brittle previous termfashion,next term whereas the braid and leno-weave reinforced materials underwent significant deformation without rupture. The braid reinforced specimens showed the highest peak load. The addition of the unidirectional to the matrix resulted in an average strain of 0.06 mm/mm which is 50% greater than the capacity of the unreinforced matrix, whereas the addition of the braid and leno-weave resulted in increases of 119 and 126%, respectively, emphasizing the higher capacity of both the UHM polyethylene fibers and the architectures to hold together without rupture under flexural loading. The addition of the fiber reinforcement substantially increases the level of strain energy in the specimens with the maximum being attained in the braid reinforced specimens with a 433% increase in energy absorption capability above the unreinforced case. The minimum scatter and highest consistency in response is seen in the leno-weave reinforced specimens e to the details of the architecture which restrict fabric shearing and movement ring placement.
Significance
It is crucial that the appropriate selection of fiber architectures be made not just from a perspective of highest strength, but overall damage tolerance and energy absorption. Differences in weaves and architectures can result in substantially different performance and appropriate selection can mitigate premature and catastrophic failure. The study provides details of materials level response characteristics which are useful in selection of the fiber reinforcement based on specifics of application.
Keywords: Fiber reinforcement; Dental composite; Flexure; Damage tolerance; Architecture; Unidirectional; Braid; Leno-weave
Article Outline
1. Introction
2. Materials and methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Summary
References
1. Introction
A range of fillers in particulate form have conventionally been used to improve performance characteristics, such as strength, toughness and wear resistance, Although the addition of fillers and recent changes in composition of resin composites have been noted to provide enhanced wear resistance [1] and [2], conventional filler based systems are still brittle as compared to metals. Sakaguchi et al. [3] reported that these were prone to early fracture with crack propagation rates in excess of those seen in porcelain. This is of concern since clinical observations have demonstrated that under forces generated ring mastication the inner faces of restorations can be subject to high tensile stresses which cause premature fracture initiation and failure [4]. In recent years, fiber reinforcements in the form of ribbons have been introced to address these deficiencies [5]. By etching and bonding to tooth structure with composite resins embedded with woven fibers adapted to the contours of teeth periodontal splints, endodontic posts, anterior and posterior fixed partial dentures, orthodontic retainers and reinforcement of single tooth restorations can be accomplished. While the science of fiber-reinforced polymer composites is well established, the application of these materials in dental applications is still new and aspects related to material characterization, cure kinetics and even placement of reinforcement are still not widely understood.
Due to the nature of filled polymer and ceramic systems that have been used conventionally, most material level tests designed and used extensively, for the characterization of dental materials, emphasize the brittle nature of materials response. In many cases the tests and the interpretation of results, are not suited to the class of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites, wherein aspects, such as fiber orientation, placement of fabric and even scale effects are extremely important. The difference in characteristics and the need to develop a fundamental understanding of response of continuous fiber and fabric, reinforced dental composites has recently been emphasized both through laboratory and clinical studies. Recent studies have addressed critical aspects, such as effects of fabric layer thickness ratios and configurations [6], fiber position and orientation [7] and even test specimen size [8]. However, the selection and use of continuous reinforcement is largely on an ad hoc basis, with diverse claims being made by manufacturers, without a thorough understanding of the materials based performance demands for the material by the specifics of an application (for example, the fabric architecture required for optimized performance of a post are very different from those for a bridge) or details of response characteristics at levels beyond those of mere “strength” and “molus”. Further, each fabric is known to respond in different manner to manipulation and drape (i.e. conformance) to changes in substrate configuration [9]. The architecture of the fabrics permits movement of fibers or constraint thereof and even shearing of the structure, to different extents. Weave patterns have also been noted to be important in the selection of composite materials for dental applications based on the specifics of application [10]. Thus, clinically, when each of the different fabric configurations is used to reinforce dental composites, there are manipulation changes that occur to some of the fabric materials. For the biaxially braided material, the fiber orientation can change after cutting and embedment in the composite when adapting to tooth contours. The fibers in the ribbon spread out and separate from each other and become more oriented in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the ribbon. When the leno-weave is cut and embedded in dental composites, the fiber yarns maintain their orientation and do not separate from each other when closely adapted to the contours of teeth. However, e to the orthogonal structure gaps can appear within the architecture providing local areas unreinforced with fiber reinforcement. The unidirectional glass fiber material does not closely adapt to the contours of teeth e to the rigidity of the fibers. It is difficult to manipulate the fibrous material which leaves the final composite material thicker; further manipulation causes glass fiber separation with some visible fractures of the fibers themselves.
The aim of this study is to experimentally assess the flexural response of three commercial fiber/fabric reinforcement systems available for dental use and to compare performance based on different characteristics and to elucidate differences based on details of fabric architecture and fiber type.
2. Materials and methods
Three different fabric-reinforcing procts, all in ribbon form, were used in this investigation. The first is a 3 mm wide unidirectional E-glass prepreg structure with no transverse reinforcement (Splint-It, Jeneric/Petron Inc.1) designated as set A, whereas the other two are formed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers in the form of a 4 mm wide biaxial braid (Connect, Kerr), designated as set B and a 3 mm wide Leno-weave (Ribbond, WA), designated as set C. The first is a pure unidirectional which intrinsically gives the highest efficiency of reinforcement in the longitudinal direction with resin dominated response in the transverse direction. The second is a biaxial braid without axial fibers, which provides very good conformability and structure through the two sets of yarns forming a symmetrical array with the yarns oriented at a fixed angle from the braid axis. The third architecture has warp yarns crossed pair wise in a figure of eight pattern as filling yarns providing an open weave effect for controlled yarn slippage and good stability.
Multiple specimens of the fabrics were carefully measured and weighed and the average basis weight of the biaxial braid was determined to be 1.03 × 10−4 g/mm2 whereas that for the leno-weave was 1.42 × 10−4 g/mm2. It was noted that the unidirectional had an aerial weight of 2.2 times that of the other two. Rectangular test bars of size 2 mm × 2 mm × 48 mm were constructed from layered placement of a flowable composite resin (Virtuoso FloRestore, Demat) in polysiloxane molds, with glass slides held on top with rubber bands and light cured for 60 s using a Kulzer UniXS laboratory polymerization lamp. In the case of sets B and C the fabric was first wetted and then placed on the first layer of the flowable composite resin such that the fiber reinforcement was placed between 0.25 and 0.5 mm from the bottom surface (which would be used as the tensile surface in flexural testing). The addition of higher molus material at or near the tensile surface is known from elementary mechanics of materials to increase flexural performance and has been verified for dental composite materials by Ellakwa et al. [11] and [12]. Care was taken to maintain alignment of the fibers and fabric structure and not cause wrinkling or lateral movement which would affect overall performance characteristics. The fabric reinforced specimens had only a single layer of reinforcement near the bottom surface with the rest of the specimen having no fiber reinforcement. This general configuration for flexural specimens has been used previously by Kanie et al. [13]. In the current investigation, fiber weight fraction in the single layer was between 37 and 42% but is significantly lower if determined on the basis of the full thickness of the overall specimen. Unreinforced bars of the resin were also fabricated the same way for comparison and were designated as set D.
Eight specimens (n = 8) from each set were tested in three-point flexure using a span of 16 mm which provides a span to depth (l/d) ratio of 16, which is recommended by ASTM D 790-03 [14]. It is noted that flexural characteristics can be substantially affected by choice of the l/d ratio which intrinsically sets the balance between shear and bending moment, with shear dominating on shorter spans. Load was introced through a rounded crosshead indenter placed in two positions—parallel to the test specimen span (P1) and perpendicular to the test specimen span (P2). The load head indenter was of 4 mm total length. This was done to assess effects of load introction since ribbon architecture had fibers at different orientations. Tests were concted at a displacement rate of 1 mm/min and a minimum of eight tests were concted for each set. Loading was continued till either the specimen showed catastrophic rupture or the specimen attained a negative slope of load versus displacement with the load drop continuing slowly past peak to below 85% of the peak load. This level was chosen to exceed the 0.05 mm/mm strain limitation of apparent failure recommended by ASTM D790-03 [14] so as to enable an assessment of ctility of the specimens. Specimens were carefully examined for cracking, crazing and other damage.
The flexure strength was determined as
Click to view the MathML source (1)
where P is the applied load (or peak load if rupture did not occur), L the span length between supports and b and d are the width and thickness of the specimens, respectively.
While the tangent molus of elasticity is often used to determine the molus of specimens, by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve to measure the slope, m, which is then used as
Click to view the MathML source (2)
in the current case a majority of the specimens show significant changes in slopes very early in the response curve indicating microcracking and non-linearity. Since these occur fairly early the molus determined from the initial tangent has significant statistical variation. In order to determine a more consistent measure of molus the secant molus of elasticity as defined in ASTM D790-03 [14] is used herein, with the secant being drawn between the origin and the point of maximum load to determine the slope m, which is then used in Eq. (2). This also has the advantage of providing a characteristic that incorporates the deformation capability, thereby differentiating between specimens that reach a maximum load at low deformation (such as, the unreinforced composite and the unidirectional reinforced composite) and those that show significant deformation prior to attainment of peak load (such as, the specimens reinforced with the braid and leno-weave).
The matrix material is generically more brittle than the fiber and usually has a lower ultimate strain. Thus, as the specimen bends the matrix is likely to develop a series of cracks with the initiation and propagation of cracks depending not just on the type and positioning of the reinforcement, but also on the strain capacity of the neat resin areas. It is thus of use to compute the strain in the composite under flexural load and this can be determined as
Click to view the MathML source (3)
where D is the midspan displacement.
The toughness of a material can be related to both its ctility and its ultimate strength. This is an important performance characteristic and is often represented in terms of strain energy, U, which represents the work done to cause a deformation. This is essentially the area under the load-deformation curve and can be calculated as
Click to view the MathML source (4)
where P is the applied load and x is the deformation. In the case of the present investigation, two levels of strain energy are calculated to enable an assessment of the two response types. In the first, strain energy is computed to the deformation level corresponding to peak load (which is also the fracture load for sets A and D). In the case of specimens that show significant inelastic deformation (sets B and C) strain energy is also computed till a point corresponding to a deformation of 11.5 mm at which point the load shows a 15% drop from the peak. Post-peak response in flexural has earlier been reported by Alander et al. [8].
3. Results
The application of flexural loading was seen to result in two different macroscopic forms of response. In the case of specimens from sets A and D (reinforced with a unidirectional fabric and unreinforced) failure was catastrophic, in brittle fashion, at peak load, whereas in the case of specimens from sets B and C the attainment of peak load was followed by a very slow decrease in load with increasing displacement, representative of inelastic or plastic, deformation. Typical response curves are shown in Fig. 1 as an example.
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Fig. 1. Typical flexural response.
The variation in flexural strength (plotted here in terms of stress at peak load) with type of specimen and load introction method is shown in Fig. 2. The highest strength was achieved by specimens with the braided fabric wherein on average a 125% increase over the unreinforced specimens was attained. Statistical analysis with ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test revealed that method of load introction did not affect the results and that further there were no significant differences in overall peak strength results between sets A and B (specimens containing the unidirectional and braided fabrics). Significant differences (p < 0.003) were noted between sets B and C. It is, however, noted that in sets B and C, failure did not occur at the peak load, with load slowly decreasing with increase in midpoint deflection. A comparison of flexural stresses for these systems at peak load and load corresponding to a deflection of 11.5 mm is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen the two systems show significant inelastic deformation with drops of only 12.8, 12.1, 11.7 and 9.5% from the peak, emphasizing the stable, ctile and non-catastrophic, post-peak response in these systems.
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Fig. 2. Flexural strength at peak load.
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Fig. 3. Comparison of flexural stresses in specimens having non-catastrophic failure modes.
A comparison of secant molus (measured to the peak load) for the different sets is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, with the exception of the unidirectional system, the apparent moli were lower than that of the unreinforced specimens. It is also noted that although the Tukey post hoc tests do not show a significant difference e to orientation of load indenter, the level for the unidirectionals is only 0.1022 compared to 1 for the others. Removal of a single outlier from P1 results in p < 0.007 indicating a strong effect of orientation of the indenter with the secant molus being 17.7% lower with the indenter placed parallel to the fibers, which results in splitting between fibers and uneven fracture with less pullout.
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Fig. 4. Comparison of secant moli under flexural loading.
As was noted previously, both the unreinforced samples (set D) and the unidirectional prepreg reinforced specimens (set A) failed in catastrophic fashion at deformation levels significantly less than those at which the other two sets reached the inelastic peak. Since sets B and C did not fracture but showed large deformation with some partial depth cracking through the matrix it is important to be able to compare the levels of strain attained on the tension face using Eq. (3). This comparison is shown in Fig. 5 at the level of peak load (which is the fracture/failure load for sets A and D). While the addition of the unidirectional to the matrix resulted in an average strain of 0.06 mm/mm which is 50% greater than the capacity of the unreinforced matrix, the addition of the braid and leno-weave resulted in increases of 119 and 126%, respectively, emphasizing the higher capacity of both the UHMW polyethylene fibers and the architectures to hold together without rupture under flexural loading. It should be noted, as a reference, that the strain at the point at which the tests on sets B and C were stopped, at a midpoint deflection of 11.5 mm, was 0.135 mm/mm, which represents a 233% increase over the level attained by the unreinforced matrix. The us
G. 国内外服装业的现状
中国：大而不强。
近日，今年三季度部分纺织服装公司季报公布，数据显示多数公司利好。伴随着这一喜讯，有关服装行业将迎来行业“拐点”，即将走出行业低谷的说法开始传播。事实是否如此?种种因素决定了“拐点说”显得言之过早。
截至10月31日，有82家纺织服装公司公布三季报，其中，有68家公司实现盈利，另有14家公司报亏。也就是说82家纺织服装公司有逾8成公司报喜。进而有人得出了行业“拐点”来临。对此，其给出的理由是棉价“过山车”对纺织企业的影响正逐渐消除，具有一定规模与实力的纺织服装类上市公司最先恢复过来。
对此有业内人士表示了异议，原材料价格只是影响服装业的部分原因，而目前困扰服装业发展的问题是多方面的。
河北省纺织与服装协会会长王超在接受记者采访时表示，部分企业数字指标好转，只能表示某个服装品牌或者说是行业局部，得到了好转，而影响服装业整体发展的根本问题，比如产能过剩问题、发展方式问题、同质化问题、劳动力成本增高等问题仍然存在，服装业发展仍然困难。
王超以河北省容城县服装业为例，指出了当前国内服装业面临的现状。
据介绍，河北省作为服装大省，“大而不强”的特点突出，而这恰恰是中国服装业的特征。经过多年发展，目前在河北省部分县市形成了服装产业集群，容城县就是其中一个。
截至去年年底，容城县拥有服装企业830家，年生产服装4亿多件(套)，经过贴牌的产品主要外销往欧洲市场。包括皮尔卡丹、哥伦比亚户外等知名服装品牌都在容城拥有代工厂。
而目前劳动力工资增长，成为容城县服装业发展的枷锁，且越来越紧。2010年工人工资是1000多元，2011年上半年涨到1500元，2012年年初突破了2000元，否则招不到工人只能停产。
在面对招工难的同时，容城县部分服装企业去年来还不得不面对订单减少而导致的开工不足问题。
王超说，容城县的服装业可以说是目前国内服装业的缩影。服装行业保持可持续性发展，只有转变发展方式，推进产业结构优化升级。而转变发展方式、结构升级并不是短时间就能做到并看到效果的。
国外：
二战后至今美国的纺织服装业,无论是其就业人数占总制造业人数的比重,还是其产值占美国
GDP的比重都呈逐渐下降的趋势,反映了美国纺织服装业的逐渐衰落;但与此同时,由于其人力资本、基础设施、技术水平、金融市场方面占据较大优势，因此其综合竞争力仍高于中国、印度等国。
H. 国外服装业研究现状
你可以参考一下这个答案。
I. 国外网络营销发展现状
多数国家已进入信息时代，网络接入和先进的终端设备给互联网专营销提供了一个良好的发展属环境。下面举几个例子来解释下国外网络营销的现状：
美国也在不断地完善互联网营销的法律法规体系来给消费者创造一个良好的网络购物环境。
新加坡不仅及时制定相关政策法规，引导企业进行信息化基础设施建设，还积极推动网络营销的发展，消除电子商务发展的安全障碍，并确保网上交易者获得全面、安全和高质量的服务。
以电子产品著称的日本也正在积极实施互联网营销， 而这对于加大电子产品在全球的市场占有份额，促进企业转型，助推经济增长起到了关键性的作用。
由于互联网营销因不受空间、地域、时间限制的优势， 也逐渐成为重要的市场交易模式，网络营销已成为经济最具有活力的增长点。
J. 服装网络营销国内外研究现状怎么写
国外中国络营销行业比较成熟。起步早，技术成熟，领先国内10年以上。下面以美国为例进行分析： 相关统计显示，2014年，中国电子商务市场规模超过美国。行业普遍认为，美国线下零售企业的整合度和集中度较高，供应链效率更强，电商企业在供应链上的价格和效率的优势不明显，所以造成规模相对落后于中国。 美国的中国络营销发展具体情况如何？ 一. 增速保持平稳 美国电子商务占到整体零售市场的份额逐年提高，2013年电子商务市场销售规模约为2630亿美元，占比达到5.8%，仍处在较低位置，低于中国目前近8%的水平。 2013年美国电子商务市场增速16.6%，近几年增速已趋于平稳，同期整体零售市场规模增速为4.3%。对比美国电子商务市场增速和整体零售规模增速，电子商务增速近4年年均16%左右，同期整体零售市场增速年均5%左右。 二. 品类有所差异 从电子商务的品类份额来看，电子数码、服装配饰、汽车和配件是电商市场中份额最高的三大品类，2013年在电商中的占比分别为21.8%、17.0%、10.4%。在中国，2013年中国络零售市场中，品类占比前三名的则是：服装鞋帽、3C家电、化妆品类。 以分品类增速来看，图书音像、服装配饰、汽车和配件是增速最快的三个品类，2014年预计同比增长率分别为17.2%、16.3%、15.8%；增速较慢 的三个品类是文具、家具家居、食品饮料， 2014年预计同比增长率分别为13.7%、14.1%、14.8%。 三．移动电商高歌猛进 据eMarketer报告，测算美国2013年移动电商零售规模达到384亿元，同比增长56%，远高于电商整体增速。 从设备占比来看，智能手机逐渐减小，平板占比逐渐提升，并成为主流；预计2016年，平板占比将达到70%，智能手机占比降为28%。 估算美国2013年约有1.18亿人通过移动设备浏览商品，占到电商购物者数量的62.2%， 其中7260万人通过移动设备至少完成一次购买行为，人数同比增长38.3%，这一数字有望在2016年增长至约1.2亿人，2016年移动设备购物者渗 透率预计将达到84.6%。 四．全渠道时代来临 2013年超过60%的美国零售商将“全渠道”作为其重要性排名第一的公司战略。渠道变革的四个中，最终的全渠道阶段是以消费者为核心，消费者自然地在各种现实和虚拟的购物环境之间转换，且这种转换越来越是无意识地，渠道之间的界限越来越模糊。 在全渠道时代，消费者购买行为不再是电商时代简单的“线下体验，线上下单”， 渠道之间的界限越来越模糊，门店和移动终端的地位将越来越重要。 （见图10） 从影响消费者购买行为的因素来看，朋友在社交中国络上的推荐越来越成为影响消费者购买决策的决定性的因素，而由于社交中国络的移动化，这也在一定程度上反应了移动端的重要性。（ 在消费者最关心的五项全渠道能力中，按第1条与第4条展示了“一致性”的要求，第1条要求价格一致，第4条要求商品分类一致（意味着线上难以扩品类），这要求零售商在全渠道的过程中，将原先专注的品类继续深耕，而不是在跨渠道的过程中简单地跨品类。 第2条、第3条、第5条展示了消费者对购物体验的需求，但背后所要求的是零售商对其所经营的不同品牌的每一件单品和背后的供应链有极强的掌控能力。 随着移动端消费的扩大，线下零售企业更能发挥其线下门店的优势，迎来全渠道时代，以消费者为中心，线上线下的界限将逐渐模糊，门店和移动终端的地位将越来越重要，但同时对零售商能否对其所经营的不同品牌的每一件单品和背后的供应链有较强的掌控能力提出了更高的要求。 附：美国主要电子商务中国站（TOP 10） 根据美国“FAVORITE 50”最受欢迎的50家电子商务中国站排名：排名前10位的中国站中，除Amazon（B2C）和eBay（C2C）外，其余均为传统线下零售企业； 这些线下零售企业本身就是各自品类的巨头，他们在拓展线上并没有盲目地往平台化的方向发展，而是发挥自身品类的商品、供应链、客户（会员）等方面的优势， 更为专注；如：超市： Walmart 、 Target ；电子数码： BestBuy；百货及服装： Kohls、 JCPenney、 Macys、 OldNavy。 参考资料：刊登于《连锁》2014年6月刊