1. 電子商務英文文獻
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
History
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.
Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing
Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers』 personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.
電子商務或EC（英語: E-Commerce）是指在互聯網(Internet)、企業內部網 (Intranet) 和增值網(VAN， Added Network)上以電子交易方式進行交易活動和相關服務活動，是傳統商業活動各環節的電子化、網路化。電子商務包括電子貨幣交換、供應鏈管理、電子交易市場、網路營銷、在線事務處理、電子數據交換（EDI）、存貨管理和自動數據收集系統。在此過程中，利用到的信息技術包括：互聯網、外聯網、電子郵件、資料庫、電子目錄和行動電話。
而廣義上的電子商務—電子業務或EB（英語: E-Business）則是指對整個商業活動實現電子化，也就是指應用電腦與網路技術與現代信息化通信技術，按照一定標准，利用電子化工具（有時甚至指整個電子媒介領域，包括廣播、電視、電話通訊等等）來實現包括電子商務(或電子交易)在內的商業交換和行政作業的商貿活動的全過程。
發展歷史
在過去的30年間，電子商務的概念發生了很大的變化. 最初，電子商務意味著利用電子化的手段，將商業買賣活動簡化，通常使用的技術包括電子數據交換（EDI）和電子貨幣轉帳，這些技術均是在20世紀70年代末期開始應用。典型的應用是將采購訂單和發票之類的商業文檔通過電子數據的方式發送出去。
電子商務中的「電子」指的是採用的技術和系統，而「商務」指的是傳統的商業模式。電子商務被定義為一整套通過網路支持商業活動的過程。在70年代和80年代，信息分析技術進入電子商務。80年代，隨著信用卡、自動櫃員機和電話銀行的逐漸被接受和應用，這些也成為電子貿易的組成部分。進入90年代，企業資源計劃（ERP）、數據挖掘和數據倉庫也成為電子商務的一個部分。
在「.COM」時代，電子商務增加了新的組成部分——「網路貿易」，客戶在數據加密傳輸技術支持下，利用網上商店的虛擬購物車和信用卡等電子貨幣支付形式，通過互聯網完成商品和服務的采購。
如今，電子商務的涵蓋十分廣泛的商業行為，從電子銀行到信息化的物流管理。電子商務的增長促進了支持系統的發展和進步， 包括後台支持系統、應用系統和中間件，例如寬頻和光纖網路、供應鏈管理模塊、原料規劃模塊、客戶關系管理模塊、存貨控制模塊和會計核算/企業財務模塊。
當互聯網在1994進入公眾的視線時，很多記者和學者預測電子貿易將很快成為主要的商業應用模式。然而，安全協議（例如HTTPS）用了四年的時間才發展的足夠成熟並獲得大范圍的應用。接下來，在1998年和2000年之間，大量的美國和西歐公司開發了許多不成熟的網站。
雖然大量的「純電子商務」公司在2000年和2001年的「.COM」衰退期消失了，還是有很多傳統的「水泥加磚塊」的零售企業認識到這些「.COM」公司揭示了潛在的有價值的市場空間，開始將電子商務的功能增加到網站上。例如，在在線食品銷售公司Webvan倒閉後，兩家傳統的連鎖超級市場Albertsons和Safeway都開始了附屬的電子商務功能，消費者可以直接在線訂購食品。
電子商務的成功因素
技術和組織方面
在很多案例中，一個電子商務公司存活下來，不僅僅是基於自身的產品，而且還擁有一個有能力的管理團隊、良好的售前服務、組織良好的商業結構、網路基礎和一個安全的，設計良好的網站，這些因素包括：
足夠的市場研究和分析。電子商務需要有可行的商業計劃並遵守供需的基本原理。在電子商務領域的失敗往往和其他商業領域的一樣，缺乏對商業基本原則的領會。
一支出色的被信息技術策略武裝起來的管理團隊。一個公司的信息戰略需要成為商業流程重組的一個部分。
為客戶提供一個方便而且安全的方式進行交易。信用卡是最互聯網上普遍的支付手段，大約90%的在線支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在過去，加密的信用卡號碼信息通過獨立的第三方支付網關在顧客和商戶之間傳遞，現在大部分小企業和個體企業還是如此。如今大部分規模稍大的公司直接在網站上通過與商業銀行或是信用卡公司之間的協議處理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用並行計算、硬體冗餘、失敗處理、信息加密和網路防火牆技術來達到這個需求。
提供360度視角的客戶關系，即確保無論是公司的雇員、供應商還是夥伴均可以獲得對客戶完整和一致的視角，而不是被選擇或者過濾得信息。因為，客戶不會對在權威主義（老大哥）監視的感覺有好的評價。
構建一個商業模型。如果在2000年的教科書上有這麼一段，很多「.com」公司可能不會破產。
設計一個電子商務價值鏈，關注在數量有限的核心競爭力上，而不是一個一站購齊的解決方案。如果合適的編製程序，網路商店可以在專業或者通用的特性中獲得其中一個。
運作最前沿或者盡可能的接近最前沿的技術，並且在緊緊跟隨技術的變化。（但是需要記住，商業的基本規則和技術的基本規則有很大的區別，不要同樣在商業模式上趕時髦）
建立一個足夠敏感和敏捷的組織，及時應對在經濟、社會和環境上發生的任何變化。
提供一個有足夠吸引力的網站。有品味的使用顏色、圖片、動畫、照片、字體和足夠的留白空間可以達到這一目標。
流暢的商業流程，可以通過流程再造和信息技術來獲得。
提供能完全理解商品和服務的信息，不僅僅包括全部產品信息還有可靠的顧問建議和挑選建議。
自然，電子商務供應商行業需要履行普世的原則，例如保證提供的商品的質量和可用性、物流的可靠性，並且及時有效的處理客戶的投訴。在網路環境下，有一個獨一無二的特點，客戶可以獲得遠多於傳統的「磚塊+水泥」地商業環境下關於商家
顧客為先
一個成功的電子商務機構必須提供一個既滿意而又具意義的經驗給顧客。都由各種顧客為先因素構成，包括以下:
提供額外的利益給顧客: 電子銷售商如要做到這一點，可提供產品或其產品系列，以一個較低的價格吸引潛在的客戶、如傳統商貿一樣.
提供優質服務: 提供一個互動及易於使用的購買經驗及場所，亦如傳統零售商一樣， 都有助某程度上達至上述目標。為鼓勵顧客再回來購買。可利用贈品或促銷禮券、優惠及折扣等。 還可以互相連接其他相關網站和廣告聯盟等。
提供個人服務: 提供個人化的網站、購買建議、個人及特別優惠的方式，有助增加互動、人性化來代替傳統的銷售方式。
提供社區意識: 可以聊天室、討論板以及一些忠誠顧客計劃(亦稱親和力計劃)都對提供社區意識有一定的幫助。
令顧客擁有全面性的體驗: 提供電子個人化服務，根據顧客的喜好，提供個別服務，使顧客感受與別不同的體驗，便可成為公司獨特的賣點及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服務網站、易用及無須協助的環境，都有一定的幫助。包括所有的產品資料，交叉推銷信息、諮詢產品補替、用品及配件選擇等。
提供各種資訊: 如個人電子通訊錄、網上購物等。透過豐富的比較資料及良好的搜索設備，提供信息和構件安全、健康的評論給顧客。可協助個人電子服務來確定更多潛在顧客。
失敗因素
個人資料的外泄是最大的因素，如果有駭客破解網頁原始碼，並在網頁上種下木馬或是病毒，只要你登入並打上個人資料，駭客便可以馬上知道你在網頁上打下哪些個人資料。所以如何保護顧客的個資等是電子商務最大的問題，如果不妥善處理，那此電子店家便會被淘汰。
2. 電子商務論文怎麼寫
通過這次實習我更加了解並熟悉了B2B及B2C的流程,收獲很多.下面先闡述一下我對B2B的認識:
B2B電子商務是指企業與企業之間，通過Internet或專用網方式進行的商務活動。這里企業通常包括製造、流通(商業)和服務企業，因此B2B電子商務的形式又可以劃分為兩種類型，即特定企業間的電子商務和非特定企業間的電子商務。特定企業間的電子商務是指在過去一直有交易關系的或者在進行一定交易後要繼續進行交易的企業，為了相同的經濟利益，而利用信息網路來進行設計、開發市場及庫存管理。傳統企業在供銷鏈上，通過現代計算機網路手段來進行的商務活動即屬此類。非特定企業間的電子商務是指在開放的網路中對每筆交易尋找最佳夥伴，並與夥伴進行全部的交易行為。其最大的特點是：交易雙方不以永久、持續交易為前提。
與傳統商務活動相比，B2B電子商務具有下列5項競爭優勢：(1)使買賣雙方信息交流低廉、快捷。信息交流是買賣雙方實現交易的基礎。傳統商務活動的信息交流是通過電話、電報或傳真等工具，這與Internet信息是以web超文本(包含圖像；聲音、文本信息)傳輸不可同日而語。(2)降低企業間的交易成本。首先對於賣方而言，電子商務可以降低企業的促銷成本。即通過Internet發布企業相關信息(如企業產品價目表，新產品介紹，經營信息等)和宣傳企業形象，與按傳統的電視、報紙廣告相比，可以更省錢，更有效。因為在網上提供企業的照片、產品檔案等多媒體信息有時勝過傳統媒體的「千言萬語」。據IDC調查，在Internet上做廣告促銷，可以提高銷售數量10倍，而費用只是傳統廣告的1／10。其次對於買方而言，電子商務可以降低采購成本。傳統的原材料采購是一個程序繁鎖的過程。而利用Internet，企業可以加強與主要供應商之間的協作，將原材料采購和產品製造過程兩者有機地結合起來，形成一體化的信息傳遞和處理系統。據通用電氣公司的報告稱：它們利用電子商務采購系統，可以節約采購費用30％，其中人工成本降低20％，材料成本降低10％。另外，藉助Internet，企業還可以在全球市場上尋求最優價格的供應商，而不是只局限於原有的幾個商家。(3)減少企業的庫存。企業為應付變化莫測的市場需求，通常需保持一定的庫存量。但企業高庫存政策將增加資金佔用成本，且不一定能保證產品或材料是適銷貨品；而企業低庫存政策，可能使生產計劃受阻，交貨延期。因此尋求最優庫存控制是企業管理的一個目標之一。以信息技術為基礎的電子商務則可以改變企業決策中信息不確切和不及時問題。通過Internet可以將市場需求信息傳遞給企業決策生產，同時也把需求信息及時傳遞給供應商而適時得到補充供給，從而實現「零庫存管理」。(4)縮短企業生產周期。一個產品的生產是許多企業相互協作的結果，因此產品的設計開發和生產銷最可能涉及許多關聯企業，通過電子商務可以改變過去由於信息封閉而無謂等待的現象。(5)24小時／天無間斷運作，增加了商機。傳統的交易受到時間和空間的限制,而基於Internet的電子商務則是一周7天、一天24小時無間斷運作，網上的業務可以開展到傳統營銷人員和廣告促銷所達不到的市場范圍。
拿我們的系統來說,主要包括EDI中心,銀行,生產者,物流中心和商場.
EDI是一種電子化數據交換的工具，是現代計算機技術與網路通迅技術相結合的產物。它將企業與企業之間的計算機系統之間的數據往來用標准化、規范化的文件格式、以電子化的方式，通過網路系統在計算機應用系統與計算機應用系統之間，直接地進行信息業務交換與處理。整個過程無需人工介入或以最少的人工介入，以達到無紙完成數據交換。提高企業的效益。EDI中心界麵包含三大功能：
3. 電子商務畢業論文英文摘要
The popularity of e-commerce is an inevitable trend, it is not only a sales channel, a new proction management way, and will bring a commercial revolution. Schumpeter, with "the new proction function, market and enterprises need to update and new business model to replace the old commercial mode, this process is called him" creative destruction ".
Based on the basic composition of traditional enterprise business model based on the analysis of the system, from the business mode, and discussed the three layers of e-commerce enterprises for its intrinsic business model, and the influence of traditional enterprise success of e-business two case analysis, further study of the enterprise electronic commerce business model, how to traditional inherent e-commerce enterprises of the level of its final stages division, how to develop e-business, puts forward some countermeasures and Suggestions. Think with the traditional enterprise develop e-commerce, its influence on enterprise business model is one of the outer - middle - lining the progressive process of traditional enterprise electronic commerce, the process must follow the rules, can receive the good effect.
Keywords: electronic commerce mode of traditional enterprise organization structure, core competitiveness
4. 電子商務畢業論文範文
1.網路廣告的形式有哪些？
搜索引擎（例如網路，谷歌）
電子商務平台（阿里巴巴）內
直達網址 網路實名容
導航廣告
贊助廣告
橫幅式廣告Horizontal Banner
豎式旗幟/網路門戶Vertical Banner/Portals
按鈕式廣告(Buttons/Icon)
5. 一個關於電子商務的英語作文，議論文，120—150個字，急需！！謝謝了
那麼急就給5分，太少了吧，別人死乞白賴的給你寫篇文章才5分，你給50分我給你寫。
6. 關於電子商務的英語作文
With rapid development of informationization, global electronic commerce transaction has increased greatly within past decade years. Almost all kinds of instries are closely connected with electronic commerce. However, everything has two sides.
On one hand,booming electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home, which saves time and unnecessary formalities. That's why e-commerce is preferable to traditional commerce.(優勢：Advantage)
On the other hand,there exist many problems either.It is hard to control the virtual business. False,deceptive informatin is interspersing among e-commerce. Without management, losses are liable to happen every time. So we should hold strong risk awareness to protect ourselves on e-commerce.（問題：Problems）
Above all, the trend towards promising e-commerce is an irresistible trend of times. It undoubtedly contributes to impayable prosperity of world economy. Let』s prepare to embrace this irretrievable trend.(前景：Perspective)
全手工翻譯 共計129個字！
7. 求一篇關於電子商務的英語作文
With rapid development of informationization, global electronic commerce transaction has increased greatly within past decade years. Almost all kinds of instries are closely connected with electronic commerce. However, everything has two sides.
On one hand,booming electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home, which saves time and unnecessary formalities. That's why e-commerce is preferable to traditional commerce.(優勢：)
On the other hand,there exist many problems either.It is hard to control the virtual business. False,deceptive informatin is interspersing among e-commerce. Without management, losses are liable to happen every time. So we should hold strong risk awareness to protect ourselves on e-commerce.（問題：Problems）
Above all, the trend towards promising e-commerce is an irresistible trend of times. It undoubtedly contributes to impayable prosperity of world economy. Let』s prepare to embrace this irretrievable trend.(前景：Perspective)
8. 電子商務的認識的英語作文
英訓學習中心我會推薦ABC天卞口語有.好.學習效果，外教很有耐心所以我上課時會多讀多說多練多問多聽，雖然他們會追蹤學習進度 不過課堂結束後記得總結知識 確保學習效果 E-commerce will graally replace the traditional business model of the 1st century the core of economic activity. Enterprise Information is the basis for the implementation of e-commerce. Helpful-to-business e-commerce role, the same e-commerce business also brings the risk of short e-commerce enterprise is a double-edged sword, it is necessary to continue to practice in the process of recing business risk e-commerce in enterprises, give full play to its advantage. Conct in the business perspective in ts article on the e-commerce, enterprise risk explained in detail and in depth analysis of e-commerce enterprise risk environment, and one by one analysis of the possible causes and risk response measures. For the smooth conct of business e-commerce activities escort, to try to promote a new era of enterprise e-commerce activities. E-commerce will replace traditional business model and the 1st century is the core of economic activities. Enterprise informationization is the foundation of e-commerce. Electronic commerce is not only the essence through the network, but using the Internet shopping, thoroughly change the traditional technology of business operation mode. Information technology is that it is not true that the traditional working methods, and it is more efficient to enterprise broke traditional work rules, and create a new way of working, ts is the core content of the enterprise restructuring. Information technology is enterprise restructuring, the starting point is the ultimate goal of enterprise restructuring of the vecle. E-commerce has helped to enterprise, e-commerce has also brought to the business risks, anyhow e-commerce to enterprise is a double-edged sword, in the practice process, rece the management risk of the enterprise that e-commerce in enterprise in its biggest advantage.