㈠ 畢業論文外文翻譯是什麼意思有什麼要求
畢業論文外文翻譯:將外文參考文獻翻譯成中文版本。
翻譯要求:
1、選定外文文獻後先給指導老師看,得到老師的確認通過後方可翻譯。
2、選擇外文翻譯時一定選擇外國作者寫的文章,可從學校中知網或者外文資料庫下載。
3、外文翻譯字數要求3000字以上,從外文文章起始處開始翻譯,不允許從文章中間部分開始翻譯,翻譯必須結束於文章的一個大段落。
參考文獻是在學術研究過程中,對某一著作或論文的整體的參考或借鑒。徵引過的文獻在注釋中已註明,不再出現於文後參考文獻中。外文參考文獻就是指論文是引用的文獻原文是國外的,並非中國的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所寫作品所用的語言。如莎士比亞的《羅密歐與朱麗葉》原文是英語。
譯文就是翻譯過來的文字,如在中國也可以找到莎士比亞《羅密歐與朱麗葉》的中文版本,這個中文版本就稱為譯文。
主要標准
翻譯是語際交流過程中溝通不同語言的橋梁。一般來說,翻譯的標准主要有兩條:忠實和通順。
忠實
是指忠實於原文所要傳遞的信息,也就是說,把原文的信息完整並且准確地表達出來,使譯文讀者得到的信息與原文讀者得到的信息大致相同。
通順
是指譯文規范、明白易懂,沒有文理不通、結構混亂、邏輯不清的現象。
實踐產生理論,歐美許多國家的翻譯理論是五花八門的。從大的方面來看,可以分為兩大派:一派是翻譯可能論,一派是翻譯不可能論。其實,完完全全百分之百的可能是沒有的,完完全全百分之百的不可能也是沒有的。
世界上一切翻譯活動都是在這兩個極端之間進行的。歐洲許多著名的人物,比如馬丁·路德、M.阿諾德、F.W.紐曼、J.B.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、Fr.R.諾克斯、V.那巴可夫等等,都對翻譯提出了自己的理論。據《開塞爾世界文學網路全書》的意見,這些理論中有些是剛愎自用的。
㈡ 畢業論文外文翻譯怎麼寫
外文翻譯要求:(1)選定外文文獻後先給指導老師看,得到老師的確認通過後方可翻譯。(2)選擇外文翻譯時一定選擇外國作者寫的文章,可從學校中知網或者外文資料庫下載。(3)外文翻譯字數要求3000字以上,從外文文章起始處開始翻譯,不允許從文章中間部分開始翻譯,翻譯必須結束於文章的一個大段落。
㈢ 畢業論文 外文翻譯
可以先把你的題目翻成外文的 然後去谷歌里搜 就會有文章了 題目翻幾個關鍵詞就可以了
㈣ 畢業論文外文翻譯。
媒體如何應對突發性事件 白虎平 祝 勇 突發性事件具有突然性、異常性、緊迫性等特點,對突發性事件進行報道,是對媒體及其從業人員責任感、新聞敏感性和敬業精神的綜合考驗,也是提高媒體聲譽的重要手段。 今年2月27日上午,榆林電視台新聞熱線接到榆林血站求助電話稱:外傷性患者急需手術,血站AB型血漿告急,請求群眾獻血。榆林電視台迅速啟動突發性事件報道預案,通過游飛字幕的形式向社會發出求助獻血信息,同時,調集記者趕赴醫院和血站了解傷者救護情況,記錄各界群眾獻血場面,探究血站血漿短缺原因。連續報道《熱血譜寫生命贊歌》,以真實感人的畫面,展現全社會各界群眾對社會的責任感和對弱者救助的愛心。節目播出後,引起極大反響,掀起一股義務獻血熱潮,榆林市政府隨即建立健全了全民義務獻血制度。 面對突發性事件,媒體如何應對,是一個課題。從榆林電視台對血漿短缺事件的成功報道來看,筆者認為應從三方面做好突發性事件報道的應對。 一、建立突發性事件應對機制 突發性事件新聞,由於其不可預測性,無法進行事先的安排准備。但如果被動等待,一旦事件降臨,往往會措手不及而喪失報道時機,因此必須建立相應機制。榆林電視台在內部成立了主管新聞台長、新聞部、技術部、播出部主任和骨幹記者組成的突發性報道小組。血站血漿告急事件發生後,台領導立即啟動應急機制,協調技術,播出部門做好前期預告和後期播出;組織記者第一時間進入事發現場;安排編輯、主持人進行製作,從而掌握了報道主動權。可以說,快速有力的組織是這次報道成功的關鍵。 二、強調現場,突出細節 突發性事件是復雜的,往往包含著多種信息,同時又提供了沖擊力很強的現場。電視新聞要想抓住觀眾,就不能單純採用「現場畫面+解說」的新聞報道形式,而必須提供多角度、多層次的新聞信息。現場是事件的形式,細節是事件的血肉,因此,當突發性事件發生時,以最快的時間提供來自現場的實證畫面和多方信息反饋,就成為報道主題。 血站血漿告急事件發生後,榆林電視台兩組記者分赴血站和醫院,以「我在現場」的目擊式報道,用親身感受帶著觀眾進入現場,用直接敘述的方式傳遞信息。同時,用細節畫面展現事件,營造氣氛,吸引觀眾,表現主題。在醫院,寂靜的手術室(全景),醫生焦急期待的眼神(特寫),躺在手術台上的患者(中景),跳動閃爍的心電監護儀表(特寫)等一組鏡頭和患者家屬懇切的話語,揪人心,突出懸念;在血站,記者快速傳遞獻血、采血場面,採用隨機采訪的形式,記錄獻血者的內心世界。母女、父子,不同身份獻血者和他們樸素真誠的獻血救人精神,讓受眾肅然起敬的同時,也喚起自身的社會責任感。 當第一袋血漿經過消毒處理後,護士快速奔跑的身影、腳步、救護車鳴笛、記者行進畫面,當血漿輸入患者體內,手術順利開始……每一組畫面都緊緊抓住受眾,讓受眾懸著的心終於放了下來。電視采訪是實現受眾視覺延伸的手段,記者是受眾「親歷」現場的視線。記者不僅要讓受眾了解事件的環境,更要捕捉現場細節畫面。環境是事件發生的所在地,包含事件發生的各種因果元素,它富含的信息量使事件和現場成為相互關聯的整體;細節最富含新聞價值,最能寄託人物情感;突出環境和細節可以使報道更具立體感、更具說服力。 三、加強策劃,跟蹤報道,延伸事件報道主題 在血站血漿告急事件報道中,我們確定三個階段:第一階段採用預告性報道,只告訴受眾發生了這樣一件事,搶得新聞時效;第二階段突出自覺獻血精神,弘揚社會責任感,引起廣泛共鳴,為下一步報道做好鋪墊;第三階段,控究血站血漿告急原因。通過血漿告急的危害性、獻血的認識,如何解決血庫存量等小主題進行推進式報道,使一個小事件延伸為一個關乎每個人生命的大主題。 新聞策劃是對新聞傳播過程的決策與設計活動。凡事預則立。突發性事件盡管不可預見,難作準備,但事件發生必然有其深層的原因。在突發性事件基本事實報道清楚後,媒體應快速探究現象背後的深層次原因。這不僅是媒體的責任,也是受眾的需求,更是對事件報道主題的延伸。 <a href=" http://www.yingshixx.com/view.aspx?id=786 " target="_blank"> http://www.yingshixx.com/view.aspx?id=786</a > 看看這個行不?不好找啊
㈤ 畢業論文中的外文翻譯可以在什麼網站找到非常感謝!
畢業論文中的外文翻譯可以到學校圖書館電子資源庫,利用圖書館資源查找。也可以提取論文關鍵詞在網頁搜索框中搜索,從你的論文題目提取,注意參考文獻不需要完全和你的標題一致,有時候搜索不到外文的時候,記得放大你的關鍵詞范圍。㈥ 畢業論文外文翻譯
物流一詞源於英文的」logistics」,原意是軍事後勤保障,在第二方世界大戰以後被廣泛地應用於經濟領域。美國物流管理協會對物流的定義為」物流是為滿足消費者需求而進行的對原材料、中間產品、最終產品及相關信息從起始地到消費地的有效流動與存儲的、實施和控制的過程」。
物流由四個關鍵部分組成:實質流動、實質存儲、信息流動及管理協調。物流的主要功能是創造時間效用和空間效用,主要方式是通過倉儲克服空間距離。
第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中間商提供的服務,中間商以合同的形式在一定期限內提供需的全部或部分物流服務。第三方物流公司是一個為外部客戶管理、控制和提供物流服務作業的公司。
據統計,歐洲目前使用第三方物流服務的比例為76%,美國約為58%,且其需求仍在增長;歐洲24%和美國33%的非第三方物流服務用戶正在積極考慮使用第三方物流服務。第三方物流作為一個提高物資流通速度、節省倉儲費用和資金在途費用的有效手段,已經越來越引起人們的高度重視。
一、使用第三方物流的優越性
使用第三方物流產可以給企業帶來眾多益處,主要表現在:
1、集中主業
生產企業使用第三方物流可以使企業實現資源的優化配置,將有限的人力、財力集中於核心精力,進行重點研究,發展基本技術,開發新產品參與世界競爭,增強企業的核心競爭力。
2、節省費用
專業的第三方物流提供者利用規模生產的專業優勢和成本優勢,通過提供各環節能力的利用率實現費用節省,使企業能從分離費用結構中獲益。生產企業隨著規模的不斷擴大,對營銷服務的任何程度的深入參與,都會引起費用的大幅度增長,只有使用專業服務公司提供的公共服務,才能夠減少額外損失。根據美國田納西大學、英國EXEL公司和美國EMST&YOUNG咨詢公司共同組織的一項調查顯示:很多貨主表示,使用第三方物流使他們的物流成本平均下降了1.18%,貨物周轉期平均從7.1天縮短到3.9天,庫存降低了8.2%。
3、減少庫存
第三方物流服務提供者藉助精心策劃的物流和適時的運送手段,最大限度地減少庫存,改善了企業的現金流量,實現成本優勢。
4、提升企業形象
第三方物流服務提供與顧客是一種戰略夥伴關系,第三方物流提供者利用完備的設施和訓練有素的員工對整個供應鏈實現完全的控制,減少物流的復雜性,通過自己的網路體系幫助顧客改進服務,不僅樹立自己的品牌形象,而且使顧客在競爭中脫穎而出。
二、我國企業在使用第三方物流方面存在的問題
盡管與第三方物流公司合作有很多優勢,但是很多企業並不是將更多的物流業務外包出去,原因歸結為:
1、抵制變化
很多公司不願意通過物流外包的方式來改變現在的精力模式。尤其是一些國有企業,物
流業務外包還將意味著解僱大批員工,這對於國有企業的管理者來說意味著一個非常大的風險。
2、缺乏認識
企業對於第三方物流公司的認識程度普遍還很低,企業沒有認識到供應鏈管理在企業競爭中的巨大作用。
3、害怕失去控制
由於供應鏈的實施在提高公司競爭力方面的重要作用,很多公司寧願有一個小而全的物流部門,也不情願將這些功能交給別人,主要原因是擔心如果失去內部物流能力,會在客戶交往和其他方面過度依賴第三方物流公司。
4、物流業務外包本身有其復雜性
供應鏈物流業務通常和公司其他業務,如財務、營銷或生產集成在一起,物流業務外包本身就具有復雜性。對一些實際業務,包括運輸和倉儲的集成可能會帶來組織上、行政上和實施上的一系列問題。此外,公司內部信息系統的集成性特點,使得把物流業務交給第三方物流公司來運作變得很困難。
5、衡量物流外包的效果受諸多因素的影響
准確地衡量物流成本對信息技術和人力資源的影響比較困難。很難確定物流業務外包到底能夠給企業帶來多少潛在的成本好外。另外,各個公司業務的獨特性和公司供應鏈作業能力,通常被認為是不宜向外部公開的內部信息,很難准確地比較公司間的供應鏈作業能力。
盡管有些生產企業已經意識到利用第三方物流可以給企業帶來很多好外,但是在實際應用時往往分成幾個步驟,同時選擇數個物流服務提供商作為合作夥伴,以避免將業務交由一個物流服務提供商而帶來的依賴性。
三、我國第三方物流企業在發展中遇到的問題
一個成功的物流企業,必須具備較大的運營規模,建立有效地地區覆蓋區域,具有強大的指揮和控制中心,具備高水準的綜合技術、財務資源和經營策略。
我國第三方物流企業在發展中遇到的問題可以歸納如下:
1、運營模式問題
目前世界大型物流公司大都採取總公司與分公司體制,總部採取集權式物流運作,以業務實行垂直管理。建立現代物流企業必須有一個能力很強、指揮靈活的調控中心對整個物流業務進行控制與協調。真正的現代物流必須是一個指揮中心、一個利潤中心,企業的組織、框架、體制等形式都要與一個中心相匹配。我國的物流企業在運營模式上存在問題,國外物流企業的管理模式值得國內物流企業借鑒。
2、倉儲或運輸能力欠缺
物流的主要功能是創造時間盜用和空間效用。就目前中國的第三方物流企業而言,有些公司偏重於倉儲,運輸能力不足;另外一些公司則是運輸車輛很多而在全國沒有多少倉庫,靠租用社會倉庫來完成對客戶的承諾。
3、網路問題
我國有幾家大的物流企業擁有全車性的倉儲網路或貨運網路,但是這個網路的覆蓋區域並不是十全十美的。客戶在選擇物流合作夥伴時,很關注網路的覆蓋區域及網路網點的密度問題。有關網點的建設問題應引起物流企業的重視。
4、信息技術
世界大的物流企業都擁有」一流三網」,即訂單信息流、全球供應鏈資源網路、全球用戶資源網路和計算機信息網路。憑借先進的計算機管理技術,這些物流客戶也是高附加值產品的生產企業,國內物流企業必須在信息系統上增加投入才可以改變自己的市場定位。
集中與整合是第三方物流企業的發展趨勢。原因是:第一,大的公司有意將供應鏈的主要環節外包給盡可能少的幾家物流公司;第二,建立一個高效的全球第三方物流企業所需資本的投入日益增加;第三,許多第三方物流供應商都通過兼並和聯合的方式來擴大其服務能力。
Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate procts, final procts and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "
Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.
Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.
According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.
First, the advantages of using a third-party logistics
The use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:
1, focus on core business
Manufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new procts in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.
2, cost-saving
Professional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass proction and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.
3, rection of inventory
Third-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.
4, enhance the corporate image
Third-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, recing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.
Second, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in
While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:
1, resistance to change
Many companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, were
Flow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.
2, lack of awareness
For third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.
3, fear of losing control
As a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.
4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexity
Supply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or proction of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.
5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors
Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.
Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.
Third, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered
A successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.
China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:
1, operating model
At present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.
2, the lack of storage or transport capacity
The primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers.
3, network problems
There are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.
4, information technology
The world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the proction of high value-added procts business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.
Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.
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