『壹』 ZARA 國際營銷案例 15分全送了!
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『貳』 市場營銷案例分析
稀世寶礦泉水整合營銷策劃案例
案例:
在武漢,稀世寶礦泉水供不應求,成為湖北省礦泉水第一品牌。在北京,稀世寶礦泉水躋身水市五強。稀世寶礦泉水在中小學生中異常風靡,孩子們親切地把它昵稱為「格格水」。這是武漢國有資產經營公司旗下的湖北稀世寶礦泉水有限公司與北京匹夫營銷策劃公司審時度勢,經過快速壟斷稀缺資源,搶先禮聘明星趙薇和大膽「借東風」合作實施的一場精彩的市場營銷戰役。
市場調查與分析
1.市場背景
(1)飲料市場競爭激烈
飲料市場品種和品牌眾多,市場推廣投入大,利潤薄。新品種、新品牌果汁、功能飲料不斷涌現,飲料市場不斷被切碎細分,瓜分著消費者的錢袋,擠占著飲料水的市場。
(2)品牌繁多
飲料水分為純凈水(包括太空水、蒸餾水)和礦泉水兩大類。全國有純凈水生產企業1000多家,礦泉水生產企業1000多家。在武漢市場,有純凈水29種,礦泉水21種。
(3)純凈水各方面較之礦泉水占上風
從廣告宣傳、營銷水平、品牌號召力到消費者選擇偏好,整體上礦泉水不敵純凈水。純凈水利用的客觀優勢是成本低廉,消費者現階段對飲料水選擇上的誤區。
(4)礦泉水前景良好,潛力巨大
在發達國家,飲用礦泉水才是講健康、有品味的標志。世界知名水飲料品牌都是礦泉水,如法國「依雲」。礦泉水在世界上已有近百年的悠久歷史。我國消費者對礦泉水的認識有較快的提高,飲水已不僅僅是解渴,同時還追求對身體有益。我國礦泉水質量有大幅度提高,合格率從1992年的34.5%上升到1997年的78.2%,部分品牌礦泉水銷量也相當大。
2.競爭者狀況
第一集團軍:樂百氏、娃哈哈、康師傅,他們是領先品牌;第二集團軍:農夫山泉、怡寶、小黑子、獲特滿,他們是強勢品牌;其他40餘種水飲料是雜牌軍,是弱勢品牌。
第一名康師傅30.64%
第二名樂百氏28.56%
第三名娃哈哈15.74%
特點;品牌知名度高,企業實力強大,廣告投入大,其中樂百氏既生產純凈水又生產礦泉水,既靠純凈水低成本賺錢,又靠礦泉水樹形象從長計議。
樂百氏、娃哈哈相繼在湖北搶灘登陸建分廠,實施本土化戰略,降低成本,強化競爭力。
3.消費者狀況
消費者已形成購買飲用水的習慣,經常購買者佔48.89%,偶爾購買者佔48.15%,只有 2.96%的人從來不購買。年齡結構明顯偏輕。
消費行為特徵:重品牌,重口感,對礦泉水、純凈水概念模糊,但已有一部分消費者認識到,長飲純凈水無益,開始留意選擇優質礦泉水了。
4.市場潛量
武漢是四大「火爐」之一,飲料水銷量極大。武漢市750萬人,經常購買飲料水的人夏季日均購買1瓶(600mL,1.20元)以上,銷量是3.96億。偶爾購買的人夏季周均購買1瓶,銷量是5572.88萬。其他季節暫忽略不計,武漢市飲料水實際潛量至少為4.5億元,即使再打5折也有2個多億的潛量。
5,稀世寶市場表現
知名度、美譽度不高。在武漢,稀世寶原市場佔有率僅1.70% 。消費者對稀世寶「不了解」者佔87.41%,「了解」者佔12.60%;品牌知名度為16.20%。
銷量極低,1998年共生產1700噸,各地總銷售額不足400萬元,武漢地區年銷售額僅80萬元左右。
稀世寶有特點,但表現不突出。稀世寶富硒特點區別於其他純凈水、礦泉水,但較少人知。
售價高。在消費者不知是好水的情況下,價格缺乏競爭力。
鋪貨工作很不好,購買不方便。
包裝設計極差,瓶貼顯得陳舊,無檔次,無品味。
有品牌生存基礎。稀世寶在武漢靠人際關系銷售了三年,維持住了品牌生存基礎。
企業診斷
稀世寶礦泉水公司成立於1992年10月,生產地在湖北省恩施州建始縣,1995年產品試銷,1997年3月公司設立銷售總公司,設計生產能力為年產2萬噸。稀世寶上市已三年,市場佔有率、美譽度、銷售總量還處在一個很低的水平上,到底是哪些因素影響了稀世寶,經調查研究發現其主要問題是:
1.經營管理粗放隨意。尤其在銷售系統上,不適應現代市場競爭環境,沒有建立起一套科學的、統一的、權威的銷售指揮中心和專業高效的銷售隊伍。武漢分公司和商貿公司各自為戰,互相扯皮。
2.人員布局失衡。做管理的多,做業務的少;閑著的人多,幹事的人少。
3.營銷人才短缺。由於營銷專業人才不足,造成只知道理頭生產,卻不知怎樣打市場;只知自己和產品是好東西,以為會人見人愛,不知人家憑什麼非得愛你;只知在生產設備上勇敢地投入,卻不敢在廣告宣傳上大膽地花錢,等等。
4.無明確定位。稀世寶無市場定位,無產品功能定位,缺乏獨特的銷售主張(USP),產品形象模糊。沒有給消費者利益點,人家憑什麼買。
5、無市場調查,天廣告宣傳。無市場調查就像讓瞎子打前戰,無廣告宣傳,消費者怎麼敢喝「從沒聽說過的水」。因此,消費者對它無興趣,經銷商也沒信心。
6.鋪貸工作極不到位。商場、超市、旅遊景點、街頭攤頭很少見到稀世寶的影子。礦泉水這種即買即飲的商品鋪貨差到這個程度絕不可能買得好。因為誰也不會為一瓶水跑細了腿。
7.營銷乏術。由於營銷人才短缺,造成稀世寶的營銷水平很低,沒有市場研究,無戰略策劃,無長遠規劃,營銷策劃不連貫,不系統。廣告定位模糊,廣告力度不夠,手法落後。盲目開拓市場,無重點無主次等。
8.包裝設計極差。瓶貼著上去顯得陳舊、無檔次、無品味。包裝就是產品的臉,臉不幹凈,極難看,消費者還會有興趣嗎?
9.外部競爭環境惡劣。飲料水行業是市場競爭最激烈的行業之一,而礦泉水面對的最強勁的競爭對手——純凈水非常強大,他們以低成本,依仗大品牌和雄厚的資金支持,在對路的市場策略指導下,占據著飲料水的霸主地位。打開礦泉水市場對誰來說也不是一件容易的事。
戰略規劃
1.戰略思路:旗幟鮮明地與純凈水劃清界限,不打價格戰,不與它一塊走下坡路;大打功能牌,凸顯稀世寶天然富硒價格,明晰消費者可獲得的超值利益;向全社會倡導綠色健康的生活方式,傳播科學正確的消費觀念,從而樹立稀世寶健康高品味的品牌形象,並塑造一個對社會真誠負責、為人類造福而工作的企業形象。
2.戰略步驟:樹立品牌,做地方老大;強化品牌,做中國礦泉水名牌;延伸品牌,做世界以硒為核心的綠色健康產業龍頭。
3.戰略部署:以武漢為大本營,以北京為北方重點市場,率先突破,穩住陣腳後,走向全國。
4.品牌形象定位:健康、活力與高尚品味!
5.產品功能定位:富硒,保護視力。
物以稀為貴。稀世寶礦泉水的稀缺資源是其中的礦物質硒,它是我國硒含量唯一達標的天然礦泉水,是國內僅有的硒、銳、低鈉重碳酸鈣三項礦物質同時達標的優質礦泉水。這是產品定位的重要依據,是實現價值壟斷、競爭致勝的立足點。
怎樣找到產品特性與消費者需求的吻合點呢?硒有很多功效,抗癌、改善心腦血管疾病、保護視力等,只有保護眼睛、提升視力最符合水的身份和最適應水的消費心理,消費者能夠相信並且願意接受,進下科學探討發現客觀有效可行。
6.核心產品三層次:第一解渴;第二改善視力;第三提供人體所需的多種微量元素。
7.消費入群定位:以年青人為主,以中小學生為突破口。
根據稀世寶的功能定位富硒,改善視力,因此消費群明晰:①中小學生;②知識分子、電腦操作者;③視力不佳的中老年人及遊客。
針對各消費群的溝通,要分步驟有主次,學生群體是重點,要率先突破。
營銷策略
一)營銷理念
1.品牌理念:出售水,同時出售健康,給您好視力。
2.品牌基礎:不僅滿足生理基本需求,同時提供其它品牌無法提供的超額價值;並且以上利益能在方便、愉快的情況下得到滿足。
3.概念支持:以稀世寶硒礦泉水生成地的自然地理構造為科學依據,創造稀世寶硒礦泉水「連升三級」概念。
第一級:地上循環16年,水質干凈,富硒含多種微量元素;
第二級:山下深層十公里處湧出半山腰;
第三級:超脫一般礦泉水,實現多種元素特別是硒、鍶、低鈉重碳酸鈣含量全線達標;
4.營銷理念:以現代最新整合營銷傳播理論為基礎,結合匹夫策劃理念與經驗,傳統與創新相結合,調動一切可以調動的手段,如:廣告、公關、事件行銷、促銷、新聞宣傳、CI等,協調一致地為產品打開市場樹立名牌服務。
(二)營銷組合
A.產品
1.舊瓶換新裝:改換瓶貼。稀世寶是在武漢已上市三年的產品,名可不改,水不必換,但原來陳舊的形象必須改變,原瓶貼給人以落伍、低檔的印象、水無色無味,富含礦物質又看不到,那麼瓶貼就代表著水,它必須要能替水「說話」。此術極為重要。
設計思想:首先要設計一個品味很高的Logo,作為VI系統的核心,其它元素與之和偕搭配,彰顯品牌。重新組合產品說明,明示產品特點。
2.規格組合:僅有600mL不夠。產品規格的個性化、差別化和系列化,是方便顧客、取得競爭優勢的重要手段。要增加330mL和大桶5L(家用裝)。
B.價格政策
零售價:600mL ,2.50-3.00;330mL,2.00-2.50元。這個價格比樂百氏等礦泉水略高,比依雲等高檔品牌略低,以顯示自己的價值。
C.廣告與促銷策略
1.廣告創意策略原則:以理性訴求為主,以感性訴求為輔。
2.廣告訴求目標:中小學生。
3.廣告表現策略:明星出名。借星要新、准、巧。
開拓市場最先需要的就是產品知名度,水這種低關注度高感性的消費品尤其如此。在中國,打開知名度最迅捷的辦法就是請名人名星作廣告。借星出名,屢試不爽。而新星托新品最相宜,就是說要尋找最新明星。
找新星關鍵在一個「難」字,要超前還不能走眼,要准確預測「星」的熱度和走向,投消費者之所好。
《還珠格格》中主演小燕子的趙薇是首選:第一,絕對新星,其他企業產品沒用過;第二,人氣正旺火爆異常,深受普通消費者的喜愛;第三,「小燕子」趙薇尤其在中小學生中風靡,這正是我們想要接觸的主要目標對象;第四,她有一雙出奇的大眼睛,水靈誘人,與產品主打功效吻合。稀世寶形象代言人非「小燕子」莫屬。
4.廣告發布原則:以硬廣告為主,以軟廣告為輔;以地區性媒體為主,全國性媒體為輔;硬廣告以電視、報紙為主,發布系列專題廣告,其他媒體為輔;軟廣告以報紙為主,發布系列科普文章。以電視專題片、廣播專題、DM、宣傳冊為輔。
電視廣告發布要借力使力,讓趙薇主演的稀世寶廣告搭乘《還珠格格》和《還珠格格》續集1999年度最火爆的順風車,火上加火。片中是小燕子,片外又是小燕子演的稀世寶廣告,輪番強化記憶,使之成為一個社會熱點話題。
5.促銷策略原則:正合為主,奇術爭雄。用常規方法加大產品的市場採納廣度,用出奇制勝的手法,從眾多競爭對手中凸現出來,加大市場採納深度。
D.渠道規劃
1.主推代理制:武漢地區要批發、直銷相結合;
優先給旅遊景點、學校附近、運動場所、街頭大小商店、平價超市和大型商場布貨;
對小攤小店小批發,以張貼稀世寶招貼畫為條件,開始時送其3-5瓶稀世寶烘托氣氛,吸引進貨。
2.渠道戰術:
①銷售稀世寶送攤點冰櫃。交押金領取印有稀世寶Logo和廣告語的冰櫃,銷售稀世寶達標後冰櫃即歸攤販主所有。
②旅遊景點壟斷銷售。借關系營銷,在重點旅遊場所使稀世寶成為指定飲品。稀世寶出資為各景點印製門票,同時在門票上印製稀世寶廣告,形成一對一的營銷效果。
③累積分獎勵批發商。為批發商確立幾個界限,每達到一個界限就能達到相應的獎勵。
④建社區直銷站,全線覆蓋武漢市場。
E.事件行銷
1.活動目的:塑造品牌形象,擴大知名度,提高美譽度。
2.活動創意原則:創新,雙向溝通,參與互動,緊緊把握時代脈搏,製造或引發社會熱點,引導消費時尚。
F.公關及形象活動
1.活動目的:培養消費者品牌偏好,清除不良干擾因素。
2.活動原則:輕易不做,做則做到圓滿。疏通關系,聯絡感情,借各方力量,直接或間接地為產品拓展市場服務。
廣告創意
稀世寶兒歌篇:
廣告訴求對象:中小學生
廣告訴求點:改善視力
訴求支持點:稀世寶含硒多
廣告口號:常喝稀世寶,視力會更好。
廣告創意內容:
採用生活片斷式和名人推薦式相結合的方式。在人們非常熟悉的兒歌《小燕子》歡快的旋律聲中,《還珠格格》的主演、當紅明星小燕子的扮演者趙薇,一副孩子王的樣子,她領著一群可愛的孩子做眼保健操。畫外音一個稚嫩的童聲唱起了由兒歌《小燕子》改編的歌曲:「小燕子,大眼睛,天天喝瓶礦泉水……」從而點明了廣告主題,趙薇手拿稀世寶礦泉水,忽閃著一雙又大又亮的眼睛說:「常喝稀世寶,視力會更好」。
主題活動
1.借「視覺年」重金尋寶
藉助「99中國視覺年」進行事件行銷。
據衛生部門調查,全國中學在校生中,近視發病率為64%,小學生發病率為46%。稀世寶礦泉水最顯著的功能就是預防近視、提高視力。
活動內客:凡在武漢市尋找含有硒達標的礦泉水就可參加抽獎活動,第一天獎勵500元,20名;第二天獎勵300元,35名;第三天獎勵100元,100名。
活動目的:迅速提升知名度,強化產品資源的稀缺,增強稀世寶的高價值。
此活動空前轟動,每天參加者都超過了千人以上。當地各大新聞媒體紛紛報道,「好貴的硒礦泉,500元一瓶」成為街頭巷尾議論的話題。稀世寶礦泉水在很短的時間內達到很高的知名度,並且極大地提高了產品的珍稀感。
2.借「環保」收買人心
活動題為:「為了環保,高價收購空瓶」。1個稀世寶空瓶換2元錢,其他品牌飲用水瓶每個1分錢。
活動目的:提升稀世寶美譽度,樹立致力於人類健康與環保事業的崇高形象。
活動開始後每天人山人海,3天時間共收回稀世寶空瓶數以萬計,稀世寶的美譽度直線上升。
3.借生態解疑
針對一部分消費者對稀世寶硒礦泉水水源的真實性心存疑慮,開展生態旅遊恩施尋源活動。稀世寶礦泉水水源地湖北恩施建始縣森林覆蓋率達60%以上,空氣清新、風景秀美、民風古樸,生態絕好。
活動內容:在8、9.10三月,消費者只要將5個稀世寶礦泉水瓶貼寄到稀世寶公司即可參加抽獎,每月開獎一次,中大獎者到恩施尋
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『叄』 從你本人角度分析學習市場營銷的價值200字
市場營銷的價值意義:
第一、商品市場狀況分析
第二,市場心理及對象類型
第三,市場管理方法及案例
第四,市場規則及法規
第五、市場潛能的開發及意義
『肆』 怎樣寫市場營銷案例分析
1、宏觀環境分析(一般是目標市場的營銷環境、相關政策)
消費者行為分專析(確定消費人屬群,以及消費者行為的模式特點等) 。
2、競爭對手分析,可以利用SWOT模型,分析同行業的競爭狀況 。
3、分析企業的內部環境,比如企業的背景等。
宏觀營銷環境指對企業營銷活動造成市場機會和環境威脅的主要社會力量。分析宏觀營銷環境的目的在於更好的認識環境,通過企業營銷努力來適應社會環境及變化,達到企業營銷目標。
一旦確定了競爭對手,那麼從戰略制定講,需要對競爭對手作以下四個方面的分析:
1 .競爭對手的各期目標和戰略。
2.經營狀況和財務狀況分析。
3.技術經濟實力分析。
4.領導者和管理者背景分析。
企業內部環境(Enterprises interior environment) 企業內部環境是指企業內部的物質、文化環境的總和,包括企業資源、企業能力、企業文化等因素,也稱企業內部條件。即組織內部的一種共享價值體系,包括企業的指導思想、經營理念和工作作風。
『伍』 zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的,沒有中文翻譯的,看不懂的話試試翻譯器,查查字典什麼的,我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is