A. zara的成功是如何闡述戰略管理的
第一方面是准確的品類管理，快時尚的主要目標是採用一種非常具有成本效益的方式快速地開發並生產滿足客戶需求的產品。作為品牌商，需要分析並發現自己最擅長、最易於滿足客戶需求、利潤最好的品類。為了實現這一目標，需要協調市場營銷部門、開發部門和外部的合作夥伴及時地掌握和分析銷售數據。因此，必須有一個靈活高效的信息化系統來支撐，讓全體參與方基於一個統一的高效溝通和協作平台，准確快速地開發和管理利潤率貢獻高的品類。
第二方面是快速反應的供應鏈，快時尚的重點在於「快」，同時也必須做到「快」而不亂。存在兩類供應鏈：敏捷供應鏈(Agile)和精益供應鏈(Lean)；敏捷供應鏈的原則是和供應鏈上的全部合作夥伴實時共享信息和技術，通過緊密協作減少庫存；精益供應鏈的核心特徵是在正確的時間交付正確的產品。快時尚的供應鏈需要把兩者有機結合在一起，形成「精敏」供應鏈(Leagile)。於是，必須改善和簡化從產品概念、設計、開發、打樣到生產、物流配送的整個流程。經過流程的改善和簡化以後，快速反應的供應鏈就實現了價值的增加和成本的減少，同時對客戶的需求變化得到及時地反饋。要實現「精敏」供應鏈，必須採用當前先進的軟體技術以支撐整個業務流程的順利運行，從而保證流程和數據的准確、實時地執行，不遺漏、不延遲任何一個流程和數據的細節。
第三方面是供應商關系管理，快時尚品牌需要和供應商建立良好並且廣泛的合作夥伴關系。供應商需要和品牌商一起緊跟市場需求和時尚潮流，並且需要在產品設計和開發階段參與進來。為了保證溝通順暢和緊密協作，最好有一個統一的溝通和協作平台，然後合作各方基於平台高效運行每一個業務流程和准確記錄每一個數據細節。
第四個方面是內部關系，和保持良好的外部供應商關系一樣重要的是必須要有協調一致的內部關系。很多組織架構是根據不同的職能部門進行劃分，如市場營銷、設計、采購、生產、質檢等，並且各職能部門之間的溝通協作和信息共享總是不盡如人意。要高效執行快時尚商業戰略，必須要有緊密的關系和快速的市場反應能力。這就要求必須有一個統一的信息化系統來確保溝通的及時和協作的緊密無間。
B. zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
C. 求一篇某企業營銷策略研究的論文
目前，國內外對培訓企業市場營銷方面的研究基本集中在理論層面，對培訓企業而言，這些研究成果的實際市場營銷運作的指導還需具體化。因此，本文的研究以相關營銷理論為基礎，結合浙江省社會經濟發展實際，對浙江民營培訓企業實戰型的營銷策略進行了研究和探討，以此提升浙江省培訓行業運作治理水平。 民營培訓企業營銷策略 一、引言 近幾年，中國培訓業發展非常迅速。統計數據顯示，2000年中國的培訓市場規模是100億元，2001年是300億元，2005年中國培訓業收入達到2000億元，而且這一數字正在以每年30％的速度遞增。培訓業作為中國市場經濟發展的一個組成部分，正日益扮演著重要的角色。因為經濟的發展離不開各類人才的支持和參與，而人才的輸送和培養除了通過現有的國民教育體系之外，其餘大部分則是通過個人終身學習和培訓來完成。因此，當前國內外經濟發展的競爭在很大程度上已由過去比資源、比發展模式轉變為對各類人才培養和使用的競爭。 浙江省「十一五」規劃明確提出：圍繞浙江社會經濟發展目標，以高層次、高技能人才為重點，大力開發人才資源。如實施「萬名公務員公共治理培訓工程」、輪訓全省規模以上企業的高層經營治理人才、深入推進「新世紀151人才工程」和「錢江學者計劃」、實施高技能人才培訓工程、啟動百萬農村實用人才培養計劃等。浙江省這一系列人才目標和人才戰略的實施，假如沒有浙江省培訓企業非凡是數量眾多的浙江民營培訓企業的參與是根本無法達成目標的。因此，研究浙江省民營培訓企業營銷策略，不僅能改變當前國內外對培訓企業市場營銷方面的研究大多集中在理論層面或戰略層面而實際市場運用意義有限的弊病，而且也可為提高浙江民營培訓企業的核心競爭力、促進浙江省培訓業整體健康發展提供幫助。 二、國內及浙江培訓市場現狀分析 目前，國內的培訓企業從其運行機制來看可以分成三類。第一類是專業學術性的培訓企業，主要以大學為依託，這類培訓企業權威性強，有自己的核心課程和專業培訓師，知名度較高，其缺陷在於培訓收費高，理論強於實踐；第二類是在業內有一定知名度的培訓師單獨或者多人合夥開辦的培訓公司，這類培訓公司有一批穩定的市場客戶群，課程研發能力較強；第三類就是「培訓中介」公司，它們占國內培訓企業70%以上，這類培訓企業只是純粹的業務拓展機構——搜尋需要培訓的企業客戶並為其安排培訓師。從國內培訓企業的主體構成來看，民營培訓企業幾乎涉足了培訓市場的所有培訓項目。民營培訓企業主要以個人辦學為主。雖然民營培訓企業擁有的既有資源不多，不具備高校或者政府背景等培訓機構所擁有的一些先天資源，但在培訓市場上卻是最具活力和市場化運作最為成功的培訓企業。民營培訓企業在辦學理念、培訓產品創新、營銷策略、治理機制、激勵機制等方面都是以市場為導向，因而表現得生氣勃勃，培訓市場的佔有額也是最高的。 據浙江省企業培訓業協會估計，目前浙江省約有各類培訓企業一千多家，民營培訓企業佔了絕大多數，但其中品牌、規模上檔次的寥寥無幾，整個行業非凡是中小民營培訓企業，普遍存在著：發展定位不清楚，缺乏品牌，沒有核心競爭力；經營治理水平低，沒有明確和有效的營銷策略；缺乏健全的企業內部治理機制；無序競爭等問題。尤其是營銷能力薄弱的問題，直接導致一方面是許多惡性競爭的產生，使得相當數量的民營培訓企業無法開展和維持正常的經營活動，如大部分培訓企業以電話營銷等單一營銷模式進行業務拓展，己成為培訓企業客戶開發和機構發展的軟肋。另一方面是大量的消費者得不到其真正需要的培訓產品和服務。 總體來看，目前相當數量的浙江民營培訓企業仍在靠創業者的一些社會或人情關系維系著生存和發展，企業的發展戰略與營銷思路不清楚，經營行為具有很強的隨意性。因此，系統地考慮企業發展的長遠性、方向性問題，著力構建屬於培訓企業核心競爭力的營銷架構，從營銷策略的研究入手，切實提高浙江民營培訓企業的營銷能力，是當前迫切需要解決的問題。 三、浙江民營培訓企業營銷策略研究 傳統營銷理論告訴我們，工業品或消費品行業的營銷治理一般強調4Ps的架構——產品、價格、渠道和促銷：企業創造產品，然後界定出產品的特色和利益、制定價格、選擇銷售產品和服務的通道，並且通過廣告、公關和人員推銷等方式，無孔不入地大肆推廣其產品和服務。而培訓作為一種服務，其營銷組合在4Ps的基礎上又增加了「人員」、「有形展示」、「服務過程」三個變數，從而形成了服務營銷的7P組合。因此，對於培訓企業而言，其營銷治理應在4Ps的基礎上更多地考慮顧客的因素，即必須由產品或服務的設計階段開始，在整個營銷過程中都充分考慮消費者的需求和意願，並且在整個服務過程中都盡可能的使消費者感覺最大程度的滿足。本文以下部分將結合一般營銷理論，依據浙江民營培訓企業的實際和未來發展的需要出發，重點分析研究提出適合浙江民營培訓企業發展的營銷策略。 1.聚焦策略 聚焦策略：是指集中優勢兵力於某個培訓項目或者某個細分市場，構建、強化自身的核心業務。該策略適用於一些處於弱勢競爭地位的浙江民營培訓企業，這些企業往往規模小，課程研發能力薄弱，沒有品牌和營銷能力上的優勢。該類企業主要需解決的問題是：如何解決經營范圍與實力弱規模小之間的矛盾。對於這類培訓企業而言，它們應收縮戰線，實施聚焦策略。該策略的最終目標不是在較大市場上佔有較少的份額，而是在較小的市場上佔有較大的份額。具體來看，聚焦策略可從兩個方面進行： 精簡培訓項目 「大而全」、過多的培訓項目反而讓培訓企業耗費了過多的資源和精力，使得培訓企業未能形成有特色的核心課程。而且，並不是每個培訓項目都能有很好的市場和發展潛力。因此，應遵循「保留優勢項目，淘汰弱勢項目」的原則，根據市場需求對課程進行精簡，保留有特色、有優勢、企業自身資源和能力能夠答應進行加大投入力度的培訓項目，力求在人員配置、服務過程和選定的核心課程、特色課程上進一步強化優勢和特色，逐步建立培訓企業的競爭優勢。 收窄目標市場 精簡培訓項目的同時，應根據保留項目的特點相應地收窄目標市場。將這些項目有針對性的提供給市場中最適合、最有需要的目標客戶群。這樣做的好處是：一方面因為營銷對象的集中，企業能充分發揮優勢，深入了解市場需求變化，降低經營成本，提高盈利水平；另一方面也能給目標客戶以相當專業的印象，並形成良好的口碑。 2.差異化策略 差異化策略是指培訓企業根據各個細分市場中消費者需求的差異性，設計提供有別於競爭對手的產品和服務，以獲取相應的市場份額。適用該策略的培訓企業為：競爭能力不強、規模小、生存空間窄、定位不準確。雖然可能已經聚焦於某一經營范圍，但在該經營領域未能形成其特色和差異化，專業化運作水平低，品牌影響力弱。這類培訓企業需解決的主要問題是：如何利用有限的優勢和資源來構建有差異化特色的核心課程和服務，並通過專業化的運作來形成核心競爭力。 在浙江民營培訓企業中，義烏采智企業治理咨詢公司就是一家差異化策略運用比較成功的企業。這家成立於2001年的培訓企業在短短幾年時間里已成為義烏乃至浙江民營培訓企業中的佼佼者，年銷售收入千萬元以上，靠的就是其准確定位於高端市場，並通過組建其專業化的講師、咨詢師隊伍來打造其在市場中的差異化品牌。對大部分浙江民營培訓企業而言，具體實施差異化策略可考慮從以下兩個方面入手： 服務質量 培訓消費者的滿足程度取決於對培訓服務購買前的期望和培訓企業提供的服務實際質量的接近程度。假如服務的質量與消費者所期望的相一致，消費者就會感到滿足，因此，差異化策略最重要的一個實施方向就是服務質量。而決定服務質量的關鍵因素依重要程度可排列如下：可信性、責任心、保證、深入度、有形體現。根據以上這些決定服務質量的關鍵因素，浙江省民營培訓企業應從課程設置、人員素質、經營理念、公司制度等各方面給予配合和保證，從而使顧客相信，培訓企業所提供的課程都是消費者真正需要的，培訓企業傳授課程的方式都是消費者能夠有效獲取知識的，培訓企業的宣傳和品牌形象與其實際經營活動的效率和效果是相一致的。 獨特的業務拓展模式 實施差異化營銷策略，對浙江民營培訓企業來講，另一個需解決的難點問題是業務拓展。誰在這個市場擁有自己獨特的業務拓展模式，誰最大程度的把握了一些關鍵渠道，誰就能在競爭中獲得成功。以下幾類業務開拓渠道是浙江民營培訓企業可以去嘗試的： ①政府主管部門或行業協會：與政府主管部門或行業協會的合作除了可以隨時把握政府對於一些特定行業、企業的人才開發政策之外，另外由政府部門出面牽頭組織的培訓活動相對輕易組織和開辦。 ②行業龍頭企業：對大多數培訓企業而言，應集中優勢兵力，與一兩個行業龍頭企業合作開展培訓。因為龍頭企業大多是所在行業的標桿企業，其一舉一動往往是其它企業模擬和跟隨的標准，所以將行業龍頭企業作為渠道開拓的突破口，不僅可以擁有穩定的業務來源，還可以提升機構本身的品牌知名度，從而達到從點到線再到面的業務拓展。 ③高等院校和科研機構：與高等院校和科研機構合作，民營培訓企業不僅可以把握有關行業最前沿的發展動態，同時可以他們為橋梁與相關政府部門、行業協會及企業建立聯系。 ④互聯網：網路營銷不僅可以更好地將產品本身、促銷手段、顧客意見調查、廣告、公共關系、顧客服務等諸多內容結合在一起，同時可以通過文字、聲音、圖像及視訊等手段與顧客進行一對一的溝通交流，實現與顧客的互動，更為重要的是有效的網路營銷可以大量節省渠道拓展的費用。 3.締結聯盟策略 當前的市場競爭早已不是過去那種「不是你死便是我亡」的時代了，競爭除了博弈也能有合作，只要能達到雙贏的結果。浙江省民營培訓企業可在培訓企業間業務互補的前提下進行合作、增加客戶來源，是一條非常可行的道路。比如人力資源治理培訓企業與拓展練習培訓企業，它們之間就存在著非常大的合作空間。這種類型機構之間的合作，不僅不會給培訓企業帶來額外的成本負擔，卻可以使客戶資源的價值實現最大化，同時提高消費者的滿足度。除此之外，利用合作方的平台宣傳自己的培訓企業，如在對方的場所設置宣傳點；聯合舉辦活動，擴大雙方的影響力；雙方交換企業資源，將資源提供給對方的顧客，對顧客進行「體驗式營銷」，從而達到宣傳的目的。 四、結論 綜上所述，要想解決當前浙江民營培訓企業發展中存在的主要問題，就應以目標客戶群的需求為中心，結合市場競爭的狀況，根據培訓企業自身的資源和能力，制定適合培訓企業自身特點的營銷策略，以此建立健全相應的培訓企業運營機制，通過有效的營銷實施方案，最終實現為消費者提供高質量、有針對性的課程和服務以及培訓企業自身的發展目標。