Ⅰ 求助一篇關於保險的英文文獻，謝謝
If you'd like to get quick auto insurance quotes, or find a local car insurance agent, you're in the right place. But we offer much more than car insurance. Thousands of satisfied customers depend on us for insurance on their homes. Plus we are America's #1 RV insurance specialist.
Ⅱ 急求關於網路保險的英文文獻！！！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA
網路保險
Internet Insurance
Network insurance
Net Insurance
保險學 Insurance
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=en
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
Principles of insurance
A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for indivial members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called 「law of large numbers,」 which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no 『homogeneous』 exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.
Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be 『pure,』 in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the indivial characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an indivial policy could proce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire instry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any indivial insurer』s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.
[edit] Indemnification
Main article: Indemnity
The technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.
An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].
Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an indivial, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.
[edit] Insurer』s business model
Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.
Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.
The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price procts accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).
An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.
Insurance companies also earn investment profits on 「float」. 「Float」 or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.
In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance instry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the 「float」 method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]
Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, e to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.
Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.
Types of insurance
Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.
Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]
Health
Health insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for indivials to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.
[edit] Disability
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards.
Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.
[edit] Life insurance
Main article: Life insurance
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.
Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.
In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.
In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.
Property
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
字數超限了。。。
Ⅲ 怎樣寫電子商務保險論文範文，電子商務保險論文範文
範文是傳不了的，
提綱應該寫了吧
Ⅳ 求關於保險營銷的參考文獻，共20篇，其中兩篇外文的
推薦到OA圖書館查詢，可免費下載。
查中文輸入中文關鍵詞，查英文文獻輸入英文關鍵詞。
Ⅳ 關於保險業網路營銷與傳統營銷整合的外文文獻
是用英文寫作？
Ⅵ 誰能告訴我幾個關於保險學著作的名稱，或者期刊論文，「要國外的」，特別注意一定要國外的，類似參考文獻
(美)康斯坦斯·M.盧瑟亞特(ConstanceM.Luthardt)等著,英勇,於小東總譯校.財產與責任保險原理[M]. 北京大學出版社, 2003
(美)小哈羅德·斯凱博(HaroldD.Skipper,Jr)等編著,荊濤等譯.國際風險與保險[M]. 機械工業出版社, 1999
(美)所羅門·許布納(S.S.Huebner)等著,陳欣等譯.財產和責任保險[M]. 中國人民大學出版社, 2002
【英】Malcolm A. Clarke 著、 何美歡、吳志攀等譯：《保險合同法》，北京大學出版社 2002 年版。
43.Ewan Mckendrick :「Contract Law」（影印本）,法律出版社 2003 年
版。
44.Michael H. Whincup：「Contract Law and Practice—the English
System and Continental Comparisons」 中信出版社,2003 年版。
45.John F. Dobbyn : 「Insurance Law」（影印本）,法律出版社 2001
年版。
46.John Lowry , Philip Rawlings : 「Insurance Law :Doctrines and
Principles」 , Hart Publishing Ltd. (1999).
47.Ray Hodgin :「Insurance Law :Text and Materials」 (Second
Edition) Cavendish Publishing Limited (2002) .
48.Steven L. Emanuel：「Contracts」，中信出版社 2003 年版。
49.Melvin A. Eisenberg:「Disclosure in Contract Law」，91 California
Law Review （2003）.
50.Anthony T. Kronman :「Mistake, Disclosure, Information, and the
Law of Contracts」,7(1) Journal of Legal Studies (1978).
51.Fleming J :「Insurer』s breach of good faith——a new
tort?」,(1992) 108 LQR 35.
這些都是比較好的
Ⅶ 求一篇關於保險（Insurance）的英語文章
這是江南冬天特有的地方小吃。
小的時候，一放學就往街上跑，當然，這是在口袋裡有幾個錢的時候。穿過小巷，翻過小橋，就可聞到油炸臭豆腐的香味。經營油炸臭豆腐的是個瘦瘦的老人，眉毛鬍子全白了，他總是挑一副擔子，擔子其實是木頭做的箱子，前面一個箱子放著臭豆腐、醬油、辣椒醬和一疊小盤子，還有一個罐頭瓶，裡面插著幾雙筷子。後面一個箱子安放著一隻小煤爐和一口鍋。
老人總是站在街的拐角，專心致致地油炸臭豆腐。從沒有聽過他的吆喝聲，但總有許多食客尋著香味而來，在他的小擔子前站成一圈。他的臭豆腐很有特色，乍看上去黑不溜湫，和別的臭豆腐沒有什麼兩樣，但一入鍋再一出鍋，就變得金燦燦、香噴噴，塗上一層醬油或辣椒醬(他的辣椒醬是自製的，紅艷艷的，辣得香，辣得舒服)，黃黃紅紅，煞是好看。小心翼翼咬上一口(因為非常燙)，外黃內白，外酥內嫩，香辣刺激，此時已不是在吃而是舌頭打著卷往下吞。
老人一次總是只炸幾塊，炸好幾塊賣幾塊，所以等的人都是一個吃，其他的人共同行注目禮。吃油炸臭豆腐的人大多是女人和孩子，真的很奇怪，江南女子都是不吃辣的，但一到這擔子前就都變成「辣妹子」了，辣椒醬塗了厚厚的一層還要塗，女人此時也不管斯文了，直吃得嘴唇通紅，涕淚交加，熱汗直冒。老人只是不住地說：辣得結棍，勿要吃得格許多。說歸說，他也不去阻擋。所以，老人的辣椒醬每天都要消耗一瓶。
那時，我父親每月給我五毛錢，至少有一半的錢是貢獻給臭豆腐了。一塊臭豆腐一分錢，吃完一塊，這一天才能安靜下來。有時候沒有計劃好超支了，那麼，我就剋制住自己不往那裡跑，怕自己的眼睛裡會長出鉤子來。不過，那樣的時候，只要我不小心溜到老人的擔子前，老人總會洞察一切，好象發現了我的口袋裡沒有半分錢，就會笑眯眯地炸一塊最脆最嫩的送給我吃。不好意思白吃，等下個月父親寄錢來的時候，我馬上就去還給他，老人也收下，但必定多炸一塊臭豆腐給我。
離開那個江南小城二十多年了，我再也沒有吃過那樣美味的油炸臭豆腐(雖然我在其他江南城市也吃過油炸臭豆腐，但是味道好象總是差了一點)。它總是出現在我的夢里，和它一起出現的還有那個連名字都不知道的白鬍子白眉毛的瘦老人。
Ⅷ 跪求一篇4000字左右的外文文獻，關於銀行保險的
2.Incentive contracts in the Chinese banking instry
To comprehend the impact of incentive contracts it is important to be familiar with the institutional background of China』s banking instry, the place in which the incentive contracts that we are studying were designed and executed. To this end we begin by focusing on two financial institutions in rural China, the Agricultural Bank of China(ABC)and the Rural Credit Cooperatives(RCC),covered by the survey data.
The ABC is one of the four specialized state-owned banks in China.5 It serves the financial needs of both urban and rural areas. In contrast, RCCs exclusively target rural clients. The main difference between the ABC and RCCs lies in the nature of ownership: the RCCs have a collective ownership status allowing them more flexibility in complying with central financial policies. The RCCs were formerly under the supervision of the ABC, but attained the status of an independent financial institution in 1994.These two financial institutions currently dominate the formal financial system in rural China.As of the late 1990s,they accounted for nearly 80 percent of total rural deposits and loans(Brandt and Li,2003;Brandt et al.,2005).
The ABC has its headquarters in Beijing and has branch offices at locations corresponding to every administrative level.6 In contrast, RCCs are local financial institutions with their headquarters–called the Federation of RCCs (xin yong lian she) –at the county level. In general, both the ABC and RCCs have established branches(henceforth referred to as bank branches)in each township. The locations of bank branches reflect the territorial structure of the governmental system, and the scope of business is designed to minimize overlapping and competition within the same institution.
Before the economic reforms started, China』s state-owned banks, just like other SOEs, were primarily subject to centralized management and economic planning. The government provided no incentives to motivate bank managers or workers to exert effort; their pay was predetermined and thus independent of performance. Since the early 1980s, however, China has sought to reform its banking sector. So far, the government』s major reform involves the introction of performance-based incentives for bank managers and workers; the managers are provided incentives, but the state has not relinquished ownership of the banks(Groves et al.,1994).As a major reform initiative to improve the performance of state-owned banks, especially targeted at increasing deposits and recing non-performing loans, the government initiated a bonus system for state-owned banks in the mid-1980s. Usually, the higher-level bank, a county bank in our case, signs a so-called responsibility contract indivially with each township branch manager. The contracts, normally signed on an annual basis, specify a formula tying the bank manager』s monetary rewards to performance.
2.獎勵的合同，在中國銀行界
理解的影響，激勵合同，這是重要的是要熟悉的體制背景下中國的銀行界，發生在其中的激勵合同，我們正在研究，設計並執行槍決。為此，我們首先著眼於兩個金融機構在中國農村，中國農業銀行（ ABC法）和農村信用社（碾壓混凝土） ，統計調查所涵蓋的數據。
美國廣播公司就是其中的四個專門國有獨資商業銀行在中國.5它的經濟需要，城市和農村地區。在此相反，農村信用社專門的目標，農村的客戶。之間的主要差別ABC和農村信用社，關鍵在性質所有權：農村信用社有一個集體所有權的地位，讓他們更靈活地遵守中央的金融政策。該以前農村信用社的監督下的ABC ，但達到的地位，一個獨立的金融機構在1994.these兩個金融機構目前主宰正規金融體系在中國農村.例如20世紀90年代末，他們占近80 ％的占農村總存款及貸款（勃蘭特和李， 2003年;勃蘭特等人， 2005年） 。
美國廣播公司其總部設在北京，並已分支辦事處的地點，相應的每個行政級別.6此相反，農村信用社是地方金融機構與他們的總部所謂的聯邦農村信用社（辛勇佘廉）在縣一級。在一般，無論是ABC和農村信用社建立了黨支部（此後被稱為銀行分行）在每一個鄉鎮。地點銀行分行反映領土結構的政府系統，以及業務范圍是設計，以盡量減少重疊和競爭，在同一機構。
前經濟改革開始，中國的國有獨資商業銀行，就像其他國有企業，主要是受到集中管理和經濟規劃。政府沒有提供誘因，激勵銀行經理或工人著力;他們的薪酬是既定的，因此獨立的表現。自八十年代初期，但是，中國已要求改革其銀行界。直至目前為止，政府的重大改革，涉及引入基於業績的獎勵措施，為銀行管理人員和工人;基金經理所提供的誘因，但國家並沒有放棄所有權的銀行（林等人， 1994年） 。作為一個重大改革，主動改善的表現，國有獨資商業銀行，特別是有針對性的增加存款，減少不履約貸款，政府發起了花紅制度，為國有獨資商業銀行在八十年代中期。通常情況下，更高水平的銀行，一個縣的銀行在我們的情況下，標志一個所謂的責任，合同單獨與每個鄉鎮分行經理。合同，通常簽署了關於一年度的基礎上，指定一個公式綁銀行經理的貨幣獎勵表現。
Ⅸ 保險銷售創新的文章
保險公司服務創新是多方位、多層次的。它不僅包括服務理念的創新，服務手段的創新，還包括制度的創新。
（一）保險服務理念的創新
服務理念的核心在於保險公司的發展戰略應該從以業務為中心轉向以客戶為中心。公司的一切活動包括保險產品的設計、保險營銷、保險理賠等皆以客戶至上為原則。
注重服務理念的保險產品設計要反映客戶的需求與偏好，應時而變。消費者的需要產生於消費者的主觀偏好與所處環境的客觀狀態兩個方面。不同的消費者由於年齡、性別、民族、文化水平、成長歷程，以及所處的人文環境等多重變數導致了作為獨立個體的消費者的偏好差異很大。隨著經濟狀況和社會文化的改變，消費者的需求也會發生變化。例如，隨著我國市場經濟的深化，社會保障體制的改革，家庭結構的改變，人口老齡化現象的出現，新的風險與新的保險需求將不斷涌現。在現階段，人們急需的保險品種包括老人護理保險、醫療意外事故保險、特殊疾病保險、貸款人信用保險、人體器官特殊功能保險等。這些險種，在目前我國保險業的經營中幾乎還是一片空白，雖然個別險種已在一些保險公司中試辦，但離市場要求還相差甚遠。
注重服務理念的保險營銷應從傳統的交易性推銷轉變為關系營銷。交易性推銷強調獲得銷售定單，忽視銷售以後的時期。關系營銷強調產品或勞務的整個生命周期，買賣雙方是夥伴關系。關系營銷是買賣雙方為減少沖突、促進雙方利益關系的長期協議。通過夥伴關系，買主應該得到有質量保證的產品和勞務，供應商負責確保買主的訂單。這種夥伴關系能確保買賣雙方在彼此都滿意的價格下長期獲益。應用關系營銷的營銷哲學在於提高客戶的忠誠度。擁有忠誠的消費者是企業保持長期成功的關鍵。在高度競爭的環境中，保持現有客戶比開發新客戶帶來的效益更加顯著。貝恩顧問公司調查了很多行業後發現，若維護忠誠消費者的努力增加5％，企業收入可增長25％-100％。這種情況在提供復雜產品或服務的企業表現得尤為明顯。努力維護忠誠客戶所創造的經濟價值主要體現在以下幾個方面：企業維護忠誠客戶取得的成效直接影響對新客源的開發；隨著時間的推移，忠誠的客戶會逐步增加其消費的規模與數量，例如，某人買了一家保險公司的汽車保險後，可能會到該公司購買家庭財產保險或其他險種；為長期客戶提供服務的成本比較低廉，這些消費者對公司的做法和規章制度都很熟悉，耗用的資源因而會相應減少。忠誠的消費者是最好的「口頭宣傳隊」。據西方企業界調查，客戶從某一個企業轉向另一個企業的原因，70％是服務質量問題，業務人員怠慢一位顧客，會影響40位潛在客戶，而一個滿意客戶會帶來8筆潛在生意，其中，至少會有1筆成交。在競爭激烈的保險市場，用服務來留住老客戶、吸引新客戶才是上策。
注重服務理念的理賠要求快速、准確、及時、周到，不惜賠、不濫賠。保險的基本職能是經濟補償，補償的表現形式就是理賠。理賠服務使遭受損失的企業絕處逢生，使慘遭不幸的家庭重建幸福。對於保戶來說，他們購買保險最關心的莫過於出了事故能否得到賠付，賠付是否及時准確。國內保險市場普遍存在「投保和理賠兩張臉」的現象，這也是保戶對保險業不滿的主要原因。據保險公司工作人員稱，理賠程序包括報案、登記、調查取證、提供要件、做卷、復核、審批等。其中只有2—3項需要保戶直接參與。但從報案登記開始，保險公司的人不一定馬上就進入調查取證的階段，需要集中安排時間才能進行，這就無形中延誤了理賠的進程。調查取證回來，是否馬上做卷，做卷之後是否隨即復核，復核完是否立即審批，期間都可能發生拖延的現象，日積月累，便形成了社會反映比較集中的保險理賠緩慢而且麻煩的抱怨。如果保險公司真正樹立了以客戶為中心的服務理念，這些現象都應該逐漸根除。
除此以外，對服務理念的貫徹還體現在保險的延伸服務領域。保險延伸服務就是普通保險服務的一種延伸，是保險公司利用自己的資源優勢，擴大為客戶提供保險責任以外的附加服務，如風險咨詢、風險管理、防災防損等。如與信貸消費有關的保險服務，保險公司可以利用自身的專業和人才優勢，為客戶提供一些有關投資咨詢、理財顧問、信息交流等方面延伸服務。與養老、醫療保險相關的保險延伸服務包括定期免費體檢、健康咨詢、附加康復護理等。歐美一些大型保險公司甚至有自己的急救醫院、康復中心，客戶可以在那裡享受優惠的服務，投保數額大的客戶還可享受免費療養。保險延伸服務已成為國外各保險公司競爭的主要手段。
（二）保險服務手段的創新
由於我國保險事業才剛剛起步，與國外保險業的百年歷史相比，我們的差距還很大。這就要求我們一方面要發揮後發優勢，學習外國保險公司的先進經驗；另一方面要結合具體的發展階段與社會文化環境，創造屬於自己的服務特色。
通過引進學習國外保險公司的先進服務手段，巧借他山之石，國內的保險服務取得了長足的發展。1992年友邦保險進入中國保險市場，率先引入個人營銷員制度，國內保險公司紛紛效仿，開拓了壽險業的蓬勃發展勢頭。在友邦保險公司陸續推出海外交費、海外理賠、美國國際支援服務、電腦度身定做保單服務、全國范圍全年24小時免費查詢電話、網上服務、電話自動應答查詢服務、一站式服務後不久，其他國內的保險公司也迅速跟上。
當然，外資保險公司自身也在不斷的創新之中，新的服務技術層出不窮。比如國外的一份壽險保單是一張IC卡大小的刷卡，小卡內存了該保單的全部保險條款、交費情況、現金價值等，可用於理賠、兌付、借款，甚至信用擔保、請求緊急援助等，在互聯網的任何一個國家和地區通用。而我們的保單還在採用單證形式，給保戶的攜帶、收存帶來很多不便。而無紙化是未來的必然趨勢。另外，國內大部分保險公司也建立了自己的網站，力圖讓客戶可以通過網路直接投保、咨詢。但與國外成熟的電子商務相比，我們還停留在初級階段。例如：美國全國保險公司為了增強自己的競爭力，決定將互聯網與公司同客戶交流的其他渠道進行整合，如電話服務中心以及獨家代理等。由於客戶信息資料的集中，使得銷售代理可將更多的精力放在客戶的個人化要求上；同時，客戶具備了藉助網路快速獲得報價、要求服務、申請理賠和直接投保等自我服務的能力。除此以外，無論是網頁上提供的報價和保險信息，還是其他任何渠道獲得的咨詢都完全一致，客戶獲得了完美、統一而協調的服務。公司對客戶的了解更加完全，通過分析客戶的資料、購買歷史和更新習慣等，公司可以設計出更加有針對性或更具個性的促銷活動。保險銷售人員不再是「跑腿先生」，而成為專業的理財顧問。
針對中國特殊的社會人文環境，國內保險公司也紛紛推出自己的特色服務。比如國內多家保險公司都已開通了以「955」開頭的全國性服務專線電話，實現24小時為客戶提供咨詢申訴和回訪服務，以樹立自身專業服務的品牌和形象。2002韓日世界盃足球賽，國內保險公司與韓國同行合作，為赴韓的球迷提供異地出險查勘、理賠服務、國外緊急救援等服務項目。有的保險公司在高考考場外設置綠蔭涼棚，為考生家長提供飲水及休息場所，並主動協助當地教育部門維持考場外秩序。近幾年，一些知識層次較高、經驗豐富的代理人開始根據客戶的不同情況和需求，將公司的各類產品有機組合，為客戶設計科學合理的保障計劃。一些代理人自學中醫等知識，或通過舉辦客戶沙龍，為來自各個行業的客戶提供交流信息的機會。
（三）保險服務制度的創新服務不僅是為客戶提供服務，同時也包括對公司內部員工的管理。公司的發展有賴於忠誠客戶的擴大，而忠誠客戶的擴大有賴於忠誠的員工。那麼，對於公司員工而言，服務創新主要體現在激勵機制與約束機制的改變。無論對於內勤人員還是外勤人員，無論對於管理經營層還是普通員工，激勵機制的設計都應當體現以客戶為中心的理念。例如現階段，保險代理人的傭金主要來源於直接傭金。而首期傭金在傭金總額和首期保費中佔有很高的比重。首期傭金占每筆保險業務全部傭金的80％以上，占首期保費的30％-40％。這樣一種傭金體制無疑使代理人在保險推銷過程中重數量而輕質量，不利於與客戶保持長久的關系，更有甚者會發生欺詐客戶的行為。
擴展閱讀：【保險】怎麼買，哪個好，手把手教你避開保險的這些"坑"