zarahm营销策略

Ⅰ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献

这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara’s Marketing Strategy

Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”

The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.

Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

Ⅱ M型社会的营销转型

在M型社会，所造成了中间阶层的塌陷，使得两端的力量日益强大。少部分的富有者处于社会的一端，他们需要有情感的产品满足他们的社会地位和代表其尊贵的象征，而另一端的社会大众则希望购买到优质低价的产品，既不失品位又能够支付。同时我们可以看见，互联网、无线和数字等技术的成熟让消费者的选择和变化也越来越快，他们对产品的速度也提出了更多的要求。在这样一个转型的社会中，营销也就自然的贴上了新的标签。 随着M型社会的发展，众多的企业仍然将会更多的关注社会大多数—M型中的大多数。因为对于富者而言，虽然他们的消费能力强，但是他们的市场毕竟有限。正如《金字塔下财富》中介绍的那样，社会的分层使得企业更应该关注金字塔的底层，这才是未来企业获取利润的最大空间。家居界的宜家、时尚界的ZARA和H—M都是低价和多样成功的典范。
在黄金地段开店、与奢侈品为邻、店面光鲜，采用“少量、多款、低价”的理念，对流行时尚做出快速反应，是ZARA和HM的共同点。凭借这些策略，它们在过去几年飞速成长：2003年，ZARA成为全球排名第三的服装零售商，2004财年其全球营业收入达到46亿欧元，获利率高达9.7%，超过美国第一大服饰连锁品牌GAP6.4%的获利率。
H&M的经营理念为公司的成功打基础，确实吸引了H&M顾客：时尚和质量的“性价比”最高。在这里，无论顾客是想得到一条牛仔裤还是一条卡其布裤子，他都可以毫不费力地找到。如果他们想要一个新潮的单肩上装、带有蕾丝装饰或臀部装饰的衣服，他同样可以得到满足。
宜家的成功也有赖于其多样的产品组合选择，以及低价的市场策略。向社会大众提供“低价优质”的产品正是这家公司的营销哲学，也正是这样使得宜家成为了全球最大的家居连锁集团，顾客在他的店中可以买到自己喜欢的各种家居用品，同时通过组合家居的理念，给顾客提供多样化的个性优质产品，而价格却只有其他家居的一半左右。
中国神舟电脑的低价策略使其快速的在电脑市场中分得一杯羹；诺基亚和三星等位代表的手机终端产品一个月就有好几部多样化的新款推出上市，波导当年更是通过低价和多样化产品策略实现了快速扩张；沃尔玛的“天天低价”策略使得其已经成为了无可争议的零售巨头。
也正是因为，处于M型社会中——大多数阶层占了重要部分，他们对价格和产品的多样化需求，使得低价和多样成为了这个时代营销中的关键术语。 在互联网、无线技术等技术的快速发展下，消费者的信息需求也越来越大，也越来越快，这就同时就会使得消费者的需求变化也会加快，同时也容易发生变化。这就营销要加强对速度的要求，从产品设计、分销速度、上市时间、供应链管理等都要快速反应。而企业要实现这种营销的快速反应，就必须注重联盟的力量。
宜家和HM时尚集团正是在营销中快速反应和联盟的好例子。宜家和HM都具有自己的设计师，对产品而言，无论是宜家的产品模块化还是HM的少量化服装产品原则，都是为了实现产品的快速销售的目的。宜家的产品模块化既有利于产品规模化生产，又有利于产品的分销；而HM的少量化和多样化都是为了促进销售，降低库存增加销售速度。从这点看速度已经成为了营销的一个关键要素。
通过信息网络，HM集团把原材料供应商、物流供应商、以及全球700多家分店联系到一起，组建了一个统一联盟，支持其快速营销系统。在设计师开始设计服装时，打板师就开始打样、别针、剪刀，同时采购人员开始通过供应商联盟全球调集新布料，最后设计的服装样品通过其专业的物流商联盟实现快速分销。
而其采用明星营销的方式，也是通过联盟的营销策略，而维持其高档品牌价值的特征。
在现实社会中，因为缺乏快速反应和联盟策略，而失去竞争优势的例子比比皆是。聚众被分众的收购，也正是因为其在扩张和上市速度慢于分众而被收购家世界英雄迟暮，而依靠速度实现快速扩张的国美和苏宁保证了其市场竞争地位。而格力的经销商联盟策略则仅仅的把各方利益捆绑在一起，实现了其营销的成功。
因此，在此社会中，速度和联盟也成为了营销的关键术语。 M型社会的两端，正如哑铃的两端一样，正在改写了市场的营销法则。奢华的消费和简约的品牌价值也成为了众多营销者的关注对象。这就使得企业的营销向上或是向下的问题？
一方面，众多的企业都希望能够吸引高端人群，或是定位于高端人群。其中不乏成功的案例。美国的星巴克正是通过营造一种高雅的、小资情调的环境而吸引了众多富有人群把其作为商务谈判、休闲的场所；而范思哲等国际名牌也正是奢华品的象征但确成为一种成功的范例。
而另一方面，我们看到众多的企业开始注重大众化。从宜家的家居设计的简约风格，可以看出他们的产品也受到了M型社会的大众的更多喜爱。
正如MH的CEO所说，“我们不是时尚的领导者，我们是领导的跟随者”。他们通过对香奈儿这样的服装品牌的跟随，为社会更多大众提供了更简约但时尚的品牌服装。
此外，大众化的另外一个解说是在M型社会中，还有一个营销者忽略的大众群体。根据麦肯锡的研究报告表明，中国还有一个巨大的尚未被满足的大众消费市场，他们是由潜在的准富裕家庭（仍然是M型中的大众群体）约有3500万个家庭组成，而他们具有强大的购买力，但是却因为地处边远，物流不能到达以及没有引起关注而受到漠视。但是我们看看跨国企业的大众营销术似乎可以看到新的曙光。在印度，为了瞄准人口在五千或以下的小村庄，纽约麦克思人寿保险公司（Max New York Life）的投保政策是每年交2美元保费即可望得到208美元的赔偿费。在非洲，伦敦的Freeplay Energy Group设计了一种通过转动一个旋钮就可充电的转动式收音机，从而使那些没有电或买不起昂贵电池的顾客可以获取重要的保健和农业信息。2006年的诺贝尔和平奖的获得者尤纳斯在孟加拉国的Grameen银行开创了微额信用业：为那些没有抵押物的人提供平均15美元的贷款，而取得了不俗的成绩。
因此，我们可以判断，奢华和大众化也必将成为M型社会的关键营销术语。

Ⅲ 优衣库,zara,hm的商业模式有何不同.

所谓商业模式是一个系统性的概念，分为广义的以及狭义的概念。
从广义上来讲，这三家连锁衣装零售企业的商业模式都是快时尚的典型代表，所谓的快时尚是通过时尚买手以及精细化管理的产业链，以小批多次的高频次产品生产极大的缩短零售门店商品更新的间隔，最大化的实现应季商品的价值，提高零售门店的坪效。另一方面积极的搜取客户的需求信息，通过全面的数据信息系统为下一期的设计目标提供数据支持，从而形成从顾客中来，到顾客中去的典型的良性循环。
但是三者的系统稍微有一些不同：
1.优势产品
ZARA和HM比较像，款多量少，款式更新速度极快，着重把握时尚潮流。可能某段时间有那么几款卖得特别好，不过很难挑出什么标志性产品。

优衣库主打基本款，夏天款式繁多的UT、秋冬的摇粒绒、轻型羽绒、HEATTECH保暖内衣是它的拳头产品

2.风格
ZARA：时尚（成熟、白领）
HM：时尚（年轻、活力）
优衣库：日式休闲
后两个你去他们官网看下就知道。而优衣库刚好相反，他的非基本款让欧美模特穿也挺奇怪。

3.价格
这个和他们各自的风格、市场定位有关系。给我总的印象：ZARA>GAP>HM=优衣库
其中优衣库的价格这两年有个波动，2011、2012年基本全线涨价，这两年年又降回来了

4.质量
总体印象：优衣库>ZARA>HM，不时有后三个品牌质量不过关、面料有毒的新闻出现。而优衣库最近出现过一次婴儿睡衣易燃在美国被召回，貌似不是因为面料，而是因为剪裁 = =#
当然这个是同价位商品的比较，如果不同价位的话，GAP 249的牛津纺衬衫确实比优衣库149的要好。HM就不说了，渣一样的质量...

5.发展趋势
这几个快销品牌，第一是ZARA，第二是HM，优衣库在第五。不过优衣库的发展非常迅猛，它在中国的开店数目也是这几个品牌里面最多的。优衣库今年开始向时尚度和设计感发力，春夏新款色彩异常丰富，女装的DIP系列卖得还挺好。另外在新材料的研发和使用上，优衣库也是做得最为用心。ZARA和HM没看出什么变化，最让人看不懂的是GAP，在美国走的基本是平价的路子，来到中国后价格一点都没有亲民的意思，说时尚吧，也不是，质量最好吧，也轮不上它。经营状况每况愈下，近来还有要被优衣库收购的传言。

6.总结
扯得有点多，回到题主说的各自优势。我个人比较主观的总结，ZARA：快、时尚度（非常努力地抄大牌）；HM：快、便宜；优衣库：性价比、基本款的丰富性。

Ⅳ 大家如何看待hm和zara的销售方式

应该是这样的:很多人买衣服,都不敢试太多,不买又不合适,在hm和zara你基本上没有这样的感觉.可以随便试.

Ⅳ zara公司的具体营销渠道是什么

自营专卖店。也不算西班牙直接开的，应该是zara在中国成立的直属公司，再由那些公司直接开店，没有放开加盟，也没有代理商。

Ⅵ ZARA为什么会取得巨大成功，它的营销模式是什么

ZARA的成功有抄几个因素：成本控制非常好袭，基本上全球采购。它没有巨额的广告费，而是通过闹市区开店铺加店外橱窗展示来达到广告效应。还有一点书上都没提，就是他的款全是抄欧美大牌的款式。
你去书店，有卖zara的成功模式这本书的。

Ⅶ 谁有关于H&M,ZARA,GAP等快时尚服装的产品策略或营销策略 等相关的英文文献急急

自己去网络文库看