zara的营销组合策略

❶ 简述市场营销的4p组合策略

1、产品的组合：主要包括产品的实体、服务、品牌、包装。它是指企业提供给版目标市场的货物、服务权的集合, 包括产品的效用、质量、外观、式样、品牌、包装和规格, 还包括服务和保证等因素。

2、价格的组合：主要包括基本价格、折扣价格、付款时间、借贷条件等。它是指企业出售产品所追求的经济回报。

3、分销的组合：地点通常称为分销的组合, 它主要包括分销渠道、储存设施、运输设施、存货控制, 它代表企业为使其产品进入和达到目标市场所组织, 实施的各种活动, 包括途径、环节、场所、仓储和运输等。

4、促销组合：促销组合是指企业利用各种信息载体与目标市场进行沟通的传播活动, 包括广告、人员推销、营业推广与公共关系等等。

(1)zara的营销组合策略扩展阅读

4p原则：

1、诚实守信的原则：诚实守信又是基本层的道德要求的最基础部分，它是企业经商道德的最重要的品德标准，是其它标准的基础。在我国传统经商实践中，它被奉为至上的律条。

2、义利兼顾的原则：义利兼顾是指企业获利，要同时考虑是否符合消费者的利益，是否符合社会整体和长远的利益。

3、互惠互利原则：互惠互利是进一步针对企业的营销活动的性质，提出的交易中的基本信条。

参考资料来源：网络-4p

❷ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献

这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara’s Marketing Strategy

Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”

The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.

Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

❸ zara公司的具体营销渠道是什么

自营专卖店。也不算西班牙直接开的，应该是zara在中国成立的直属公司，再由那些公司直接开店，没有放开加盟，也没有代理商。

❹ 简述市场营销的4p组合策略

家电行业细分了抄很多类，你具体只哪一类呀？饮用水可以细分成5类呢、
市场调研策划：主要研究市场环境、市场供求、消费行为、消费习惯、消费需求等方面的问题。
企业战略策划：包括总体战略和经营战略。总体战略又叫发展战略，总体战略从企业整体角度，明确企业使命，决定企业的投资组合战略和成长战略。经营战略从战略业务单位的角度，分析形势，制定目标任务和计划。总体战略目的是使企业整体资源配置优化并获取长远的发展，经营战略目的在使企业某个业务单位获取行业竞争优势和长远的发展。总体战略指导经营战略，经营战略服务于并服从于总体战略。
战略性营销策划：包括市场机会研究、市场细分、目标市场选择、市场定位策划。
战术性营销策划：又叫策略性营销策划或营销组合。即4P，产品、价格、渠道、促销。

❺ 简述市场营销组合策略

市场营销组合指的是企业在选定的目标市场上，综合考虑环境、能力、竞争专状况对企业自身可属以控制的因素，加以最佳组合和运用，以完成企业的目的与任务。市场营销组合是制定企业营销战略的基础，做好市场营销组合工作可以保证企业从整体上满足消费者的需求。市场营销组合是企业对付竞争者强有力的手段，是合理分配企业营销预算费用的依据。

营销组合是企业市场营销战略的一个重要组成部分，将企业可控的基本营销措施组成一个整体性活动。市场营销的主要目的是满足消费者的需要，而消费者的需要很多，要满足消费者需要所应采取的措施也很多。因此，企业在开展市场营销活动时，就必须把握住那些基本性措施，合理组合，并充分发挥整体优势和效果。
营销组合这一概念是由美国哈佛大学教授尼尔·鲍顿（N. H. Bor den）于1948年最早采用的，并确定了营销组合的12 个要素。随后，理查德·克莱维持教授把营销组合要素归纳为产品、订价、渠道、推广。
市场营销组合是制定企业营销战略的基础，做好市场营销组合工作可以保证企业从整体上满足消费者的需求。市场营销组合是企业对付竞争者强有力的手段，是合理分配企业营销预算费用的依据。