1. zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
2. 谁有关于H&M,ZARA,GAP等快时尚服装的产品策略或营销策略 等相关的英文文献急急
自己去网络文库看
3. zara公司的具体营销渠道是什么
自营专卖店。也不算西班牙直接开的，应该是zara在中国成立的直属公司，再由那些公司直接开店，没有放开加盟，也没有代理商。
4. 各位亲们，请问zara为何能在已经有很多成衣零售商的德国，取得成功在德国有特别的策略吗或是德国
我来回答吧 我目前在Zara实习管培生。
我想说，ZARA的品牌核心竞争力是目前世界上所有时尚品牌都模仿不了的。且不说规模，毕竟规模人人都有可能做到，这里着重说它的不可复制的模式。ZARA采用的模式叫做Vertical Integration，垂直出货。极大地缩短了出货时间：平均为2周，因此以ZARA为代表的快时尚品牌一年可以有15-20个Collection。与之相比，普通的品牌出货的整个流程需要4至6个月，一年一般只有两个Collection。但是，由于采用了Vertical Intergation模式，ZARA相对于其他快时尚品牌能更好更快地控制整个流程（从市场调研，到设计，打板，制作样衣，批量生产，运输，零售），比同样以出货速度著称的H&M，快了5天。为了追求快，ZARA可谓牺牲了很多的成本：1.在生产流程中，ZARA依靠总部所在的拉科鲁尼亚的无数手工作坊，家庭工厂起家，很多产品直接在当地生产，直到最近几年才逐渐外包，然而H&M前些年有75%的产品在亚洲制造，现在已经将生产全部外包。然而也因为这个原因，H&M的价格大约为ZARA的50%-70%（暂且不考虑原材料成本）2.所有的远程运输都是飞机，而不用货船，甘愿支付高额的运费而不愿意花费广告费和市场营销的费用，ZARA的市场营销费用只占总成本的0.3%-0.4%，然而其他品牌大约占3%-4%。纵使花费了高昂的成本去追求快，ZARA的毛利率和净利率仍然和H&M不相上下，同时ZARA也不愿为了提高利润率去节省上述成本。因此，ZARA达到了所有时尚品牌和零售商都前所未有高度（我在米兰的老师从来不将ZARA称作品牌，因为它更着重于生产和零售环节，从未用设计去定位品牌产品的风格，也并没有一个时装品牌应拥有的Brand Identity）：1. ZARA总部仓库里的所有衣服不会停留超过三天，店铺每周会向总部下单两次以补充产品，存货周转率比其他品牌高3-4倍 2.平均每季只有15%的衣服需要打折出售，其他品牌则为50%。3. 顾客平均一年去ZARA17次，其他品牌只有4次 。
同时，ZARA的快也归功于他们“倒过来”的设计概念。在我参加ZARA面试的时候，HR给我们讲，ZARA的核心，是店铺，因为只有在店铺才能真正接触到顾客，才能了解顾客的需求。因此，店铺提供销售数据，再将其递交给店面经理，店面经理整理完毕后将结果交给设计部门，设计部分按照顾客需求设计出款式，再将其递交给商业部门去评估成本和价格，之后开始打板，样衣制作，在移交给工厂生产，最后存放于ZARA超级大的物流仓库（是亚马逊的9倍），仓库门口都会有无数的货车每天两次将产品运输到欧洲其他地区或者机场。在这个流程中，单就设计而言，平均20分钟设计出一件衣服，每年可以设计出2万5千件以上的新款，是H&M的4-6倍。因为顾客对于时尚的需求是变化的，从店铺收集的资料是具有时效性的，因此，快才是这一模式最根本的也是最重要的制胜法宝。
正是因为ZARA这一特立独行的模式，才使得其余现有品牌完全无法效仿，因为如果效仿就意味着品牌的设计师们不再对设计起决定性作用，甚至需要重建设计师团队，物流系统，生产流程等等。
但是这一模式也有着弊端：1.因为对于全部流程的掌控，使得运营风险增加，如果一旦出现经济衰落或者行业不景气，无法将压力转移给供货商（比如要求供货商降价。。。）2.无法整合各国优势，实现利益最大化。3.店铺被品牌直接管理，无法通过代理等形式快速扩张（比如意大利的贝纳通），并且财产也有一部分需要投资于新店铺和已有店铺的翻新整修，降低了资产周转率（ZARA的Assets Turnover为1.4，GAP为1.8，H&M为2）4.众所周知，抄袭问题，ZARA已经是明着抄了很多年，你告我就告，官司输了就赔你钱，反正我都能挣回来（不像美国的Forever21被控告之后搞得沸沸扬扬。。。）
总之，ZARA创造的是一个全新的商业模式，一个完完全全基于顾客需求的商业模式。因此，ZARA目前的敌人，只有它自己。只有完全认识并控制住利弊，才能得到长久稳定而持续的发展。
5. ZARA为什么会取得巨大成功，它的营销模式是什么
ZARA的成功有抄几个因素：成本控制非常好袭，基本上全球采购。它没有巨额的广告费，而是通过闹市区开店铺加店外橱窗展示来达到广告效应。还有一点书上都没提，就是他的款全是抄欧美大牌的款式。
你去书店，有卖zara的成功模式这本书的。