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服装营销策略国外研究现状

发布时间:2021-03-05 05:17:03

A. 谁有市场营销品牌策略国内外研究现状的论文呀

摘要:近几年来,我国市场中产品的同类品牌越来越多,企业品牌在市场营销中的地位越来越重要,其品牌能够里示出一个企业的具体价值和市场定位,品牌已经逐渐成为了企业的重要资源,这充分体现出了品牌在企业中的重性。加强创新及大力推广品牌策略,对企业未来的发展起着不可忽视的作用。本文首先对品牌概念,特征和作用进行介绍,然后介绍了品策略和内容方面的相关内容,最后对我国品牌策略的现状进行了阐述,并通过几个方面分析了我国对品牌策略的创新研究。
关键词:市场营销品牌策略创新
In recent years, more and more similar brands and procts in the market of China, the enterprise brand plays a more and more important in the market marketing, the brand can be shown in a practical value and market positioning, brand has graally become an important resource of enterprises, which fully show the brand in the in the enterprise. To enhance innovation and vigorously promote brand strategy, plays a role can not be ignored in the future development of enterprises. www.siyupaper.com This paper firstly introced the brand concept, characteristic and function, and then introces the related content of proct strategy and content, the status of brand strategy in China were introced, and analysis of the innovation research on brand strategy in China through several aspects.

随着市场经济时代的到来,我国企业的经营策略方式发生了翻天覆地的变化,为了能够更好地适应当前的经济形式,使企业能够在新的形式中得到平稳的良好发展,企业在市场中的营销方式趋向于品牌策略营销方式,且品牌策略方式更趋向于鲜明化、个性化、价值化的发展。在我国的新经济形势下同类产品的市场竞争力也愈演愈烈,品牌之间的竞争成为了体现企业在市场竞争中占有率的重点。1品牌概述

1.1品牌概念及其特征和作用
l-1.1品牌的概念
品牌是指用于识别一个或多个已经出售的产品或劳务,使其与其他相同产品间相区别的一个专业术语。品牌主要是指可以通过语言描述来表达出来的内容。品牌的名称通常是由文字、符号、图案或这三种因素随意组合而成,其名称定义涵盖了品牌的主要特征,其具有良好的宣传、沟通和互相交流的作用。品牌是一种表现产品完整形象的概念,它包括品牌名称和品牌标志。比如:宝马、肯德基、可口可乐等都是国外著名的可用语言表达出来的品牌名称。1.1.2品牌的特征
(1)品牌的属性。每一个成功的品牌都会给人们带来属于它本身特有的属性,品牌的属性代表的就是产品或企业本身的一种内涵。这种内涵主要体现在质量、性能、做工、服务、其自身所附有的附加值等方面。
(2)品牌的价值。不同的品牌代表着不同的产品,因为其代表的企业声誉不同,所以在消费者心目中的地位、产品价值和利益也不尽相同,同时也表现了企业在进行品牌设计时对其产品所持有的某种特定的价值观。
(3)品牌的文化。品牌的文化主要是指企业文化在沉淀于产品品牌中的某种体现,同时也是企业在进行经营、销售活动过程中,来充分体现企业文化的一种表现,以及通过品牌所能具体表现出的对利益、情感、个性形象等方面的价值观念的总和。品牌表现的是企业本身特有的一种文化,此外它还是代表一种极能反应企业丰富内涵的文化。企业文化的载体依托于品牌,企业精神通过文化凝结于企业品牌之上,体现于企业品牌之中,又将其全部贯彻于整
个企业经营运行过程当中。(4)品牌的个性。品牌应该具有体现自己独特一面的鲜明个性。创立一个品牌不止要在文字、符号、图形的表现形式上做到标新立异以外,还要着重的突出品牌所代表产品的独特个性,而且要让人们通过看到品牌形象,便可以联想到某种具有鲜明个性特征的人或者物或者其他某一景象等,其主要的目的就是让品牌产生更有效的强大识别功能。

1.1.3品牌的作用
各类产品在当前激烈的市场竞争中,品牌所具有的重要作用,充分体现了一个企业所应具备的企业素质、销售信誉以及品牌形象,同时它也充分体现了一个国家所应具备的经济实力和竞争能力。通过创立新品牌和发展品牌形象,是保持企业持续平稳发展和抢占市场占有率的重要手段,也是促进我国市场经济可持续发展的重要保障。
品牌的主要作用体现为:(1)品牌是体现企业经济实力的主要衡量标志;(2)品牌是提高企业竞争能力的主要实施方法;(3)品牌是推动企业产业化发展的主要途径;(4)品牌是企业获得高额利益的主要保障;(5)品牌是加快企业资产积累的主要表现内容;(6)品牌能促进企业避开市场产品价格间的激烈竞争;(7)品牌能更快地提升企业发展速度。

2品牌策略和内容概述
2.1品牌策略概述
品牌策略是指企业在市场营销过程中把品牌作为市场竞争中主要竞争手段,用此来获得更大利润和价值的企业经营目标。企业通过塑造品牌形象,来体现企业本身的市场价值,在对自身具备的条件进行具体分析后,又加之在外部经济市场环境的基础上,制定出一套符合企业自身发展的总体规划目标和具体行动计划。品牌策略是现代企业中经营销售策略中不可缺少的重要的组成部分,充分利用品牌策略,让企业的产品被更多的人所了解和接受,使企业产品销售更加顺利。企业将品牌营销策略来作为实现市场销售的主要方式,让品牌在销售过程中真正地能够发挥出巨大的作用,使其成为市场竞争的核心作用力。

2.2品牌策略内容
以品牌策略为企业市场营销手段,是以品牌为主要核心,通过分析、设计等方法,让品牌在市场营销过程中给企业带来最大的经济收益。品牌策略的主要内容可以分为品牌创建、品牌形象策划、品牌传播策划、综合创意策划等项个内容。实施品牌策略就是让企业从整体的发展策略角度出发,经过对企业产品的包装和大力宣传,使广大消费者对产品有更深刻的了解,同时使得成为消费者喜爱的产品。提高品牌知名度、信誉度和顾客忠诚度,对企业在生产、经营、管理等各个方面的整体经营管理得到提升,进而塑造企业良好形象,最终实现增强经济实力的企业核心目标。

3品牌策略的现状
在我国加入世贸组织后,一些国外品牌企业进驻到我国经济市场内,这给我国的大多数品牌企业都带来了巨大的市场冲击。一些知名品牌,不是被抢先注册了商标,就是被国外企业收购或挤垮。我国对于品牌的认知还没有达到一定的程度,这使得我国在这一方面造成了巨大的经济损失。积极开展品牌策略实施,发展、强化企业自身的品牌产品还处于初级的意识阶段。这种意识一方面来源于政府的正确引导,另一方面来源于在市场竞争中的实践。尤其是在市场竞争中的实践,使得很多企业在激烈的市场竞争中,用尽各种营销手段,着重分析、标新立异、另行捷径,发展属于企业自身的品牌效应。比如在上海,有三枪牌内衣、真丝大王、开开牌服饰、爱建衣料等,属于自身的品牌产品。由于发展出了属于自身的品牌产品,使得企业在如此激烈的市场竞争中,站立头角,在市场竞争中占据主要地位,发展成了现在全国知晓的大品牌。于是很多企业才意识到要在市场经济中真正实现自身企业的发展,不能只采用传统的营销策略,应该根据企业自身的鲜明特点,实施和推进品牌策略,发展属于企业自身的品牌产品。现如今,实施品牌策略在企业营销过程中还存在着一些不可轻视的主要问题。其主要表现为:(1)企业在实施品牌策略时对相关概念的理解不清晰。一些企业在实施和推进品牌策略时,仅仅只是把对生产商开发、生产的名牌作为重点内容。认为只要和这名牌产品的生产商互相合作,经营名牌产品,就是在实施和推广自身企业的品牌策略。其实,这样的理解是错误的,实施品牌策略是企业以促进自身发展为基础,进而创建、发展自身的品牌产品,它是充分的把企业投入到经济市场当中,在市场中以其得天独厚的优势发展品牌产品。(2)缺乏在实施品牌策略时的时间紧迫感。企业要在市场竞争中占据主导地位,应当先把企业销售作为主要方面,其他的一些可以先放一放。而实施企业品牌策略是个系统化、连续化的工作,必须加大力度、不断尝试,不能只是采取表面化的推广方法。(3)企业对实施品牌策略的方法使用不得当。一些企业在具体实施品牌策略时的对品牌营销的理论知识认识缺乏,企业在具体实施品牌策略时茫然无措。很多时候是看到别的企业做什么品牌的产品,自己也跟着人家去做,随波逐流,缺少创新精神和主见。其实在当前的知识经济环境下,没有太多现成的优秀产品可以复制,在别人已经树立起品牌形象后,再去摹仿、学习别的企业的产品,已经不能产生其自身的品牌价值。综上撰述,只有在经济市场中做到从实际情况出发,创建和发展属于企业自身的产品,才能开发出具有鲜明个性的品牌产品。(4)企业缺乏相应的管理营销机制。现如今,大多数企业尚处于建立现代化企业制度过程中。只有在企业经营过程中实施经营管理分离,企业才能够具有相对独立的特性。不然在具体实施和推广企业品牌策略时,就在企业经营过程中只能产生短期的经营行为。品牌策略是一个具体化过程,它具体体现在具有连续性和短期实现行为,所以,企业在具体实施和进行品牌推广策略过程中一定要解决好企业在经营管理机制方面的问题。

4品牌策略的创新研究
4.1品牌策略观念的创新
品牌策略观念的创新,主要是指企业在市场当中的营销创新的主导,只有在观念方面的领先创新,才能使得企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于领先地位。品牌策略观念的主要内容包括:(1)全球性品营销策略l Marketing牌策略观念,即树立能够满足全球顾客需求产品的观念。在我国力III.&WTO后,我国企业产品营销受到了巨大的冲击,这就要求我国企业应当具有品牌策略观念,放眼于全球性的巨大潜力市场需求,创造属于企业自身品牌的新的市场。换句话说,就是企业在进入WTO后的条件下,要让自己的品牌产品顺利走出国门,走向世界的大舞台,必须着眼于对全球性市场需求的分析,研究出消费者的主要消费趋向,抓住消费者的主要消费热点,创立和开发出能够让全球消费者都感到满意的新产品,丰富消费者的消费内容,提高消费者消费水平。(2)认知品牌策略观念。在当前的经济环境下,企业通过互相间的信息交流来实现传播企业产品,促进消费者了解和接受企业产品,催生消费者的消费需求。认知品牌策略是对品牌营销的深化与认识品牌产品相结合的结果。我国企业在推广企业品牌时,必须树立良好的品牌形象,确立认知品牌策略的观念。
4.2注重品牌效应,推广品牌营销
品牌就是企业的商品。随着人们生活水平的不断提高,品牌意识在企业当中得到了重视,越来越多的企业把品牌策略列为营销方法。品牌的重要意义就是帮助企业利用自己的品牌产品吸引更多的消费者,树立企业产品形象。企业在市场竞争中时刻都存在着各种潜在的经济危机,面临着各种的挑战,优胜劣汰是市场竞争不变的规律。要在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地,就必须注重企业的品牌效应。推广品牌策略,坚持以质量为本原则,以服务为坚实后盾。在激烈的市场竞争大潮中,只有用优质的产品创建出的品牌,才能树立其良好的品牌形象,只有用优质的售后服务,才能巩固企业在消费者心中的地位。
在市场经济的环境下,市场是企业生存的根本。没有了市场就没有了企业的生存根本,没有了市场的发展就没有了企业的发展。注重品牌效应,创新市场营销是决定企业命运的关键,也是促进企业发展的动力。

4.3品牌营销策略方面的创新
品牌营销策略方面的创新,是指我国企业要敢于在营销方法上大胆创新,实施新的品牌营销策略方法,把国内外企业先进的营销方法创造性地融合加以利用。品牌营销策略方面的创新主要现在:(1)企业关系营销,是指以企业关系为主要基本指导思想,建立和发展与企业产品存在良好合作关系的核心导向,特别是努力实现让消费者满意,保持并加强与消费者之间的良好交易关系,并长期从此获得丰富的市场利益。(2)利用网络进行营销,是指企业充分的利用网络资源来展开的品牌营销策略活动。网络进行的品牌营销策略将会是促进企业实现品牌推广的最重要、最显著的手段。(3)采取知识营销,是指通过利用产品的科技方面创新和进行科普推广’进而培育和扩大市场营销活动,知识营销是现代化企业中市场营销中的新趋势。(4)达到无缺陷营销,是指企业在整个品牌营销过程中不给消费者留下任何消费过程中可能产生的遗憾,其主要的方法,包括使产品在设计方面无缺陷,在生产过程中无缺陷,在销售过程中无缺陷,售前、售中无缺陷,以此建立起和消费者的良好关系,促进企业展。

B. 国内外对品牌营销的研究现状

品牌是来一个企业的代名词,在产自品日益同质化的经济社会,要缔造一个能够代表企业的产品特色和价值理念的强势品牌,往往要花费几年、几十年甚至更长的时间。本文对国内外比较成功的品牌管理思想及其区别进行深度解析。

营销的好坏关系到企业的生存和商品的销售,画画大家都可以做到只是有些人画的好看与不好看而已,其成本相差都不大,都是一张纸、一跟画笔、还有一些颜料,但是有的画送人都没人要有的却要花几亿去购买,营销咨询公司认为,将产品附加一些价值。



(2)服装营销策略国外研究现状扩展阅读:

营销策划是在对企业内部环境予以准确地分析,并有效运用经营资源的基础上,对一定时间内的企业营销活动的行为方针、目标、战略以及实施方案与具体措施进行设计和计划。

营销策划的实质,是通过各种形式和媒介平台,实现和消费者的心理沟通,以达到销售的目的。

品牌策划的主体是品牌,营销策划的主体是营销。品牌的策划目的在于让品牌的知名度、美誉度、忠诚度提高,而营销策划的目标是为了市场销售,也就是所谓的卖货。这两者的出发点就导致了本质上的区别。

C. 我要写毕业论文,求国内外营销策略的研究现状,格式为作者(年份)+作品+研究成果。

我也不会

D. 国内外营销策略研究现状是什么

面对越来越多大企业的“抢逼围”,中小企业深切地感受到了自己的劣势。技术力量不如人,资金不够一个零头,人才更是弱项,中小企业究竟凭什么跟大企业竞争?中小企业的独特竞争优势究竟何在?笔者认为,相对大企业来说,中小企业应以零距离营销方式快速获取竞争优势。 零距离营销,就是中小企业要利用对消费者的近距离接触,以变化和速度来求先求胜。可以说主动求变、速度制胜是“零距离营销”的精髓。发挥中小企业优势从产品销售各环节来说,应在产品、价格、渠道和促销策略中突出四个“最”字。 最能满足目标顾客需求的产品 与消费者“亲密接触”的中小企业,无疑拥有深入了解消费者需求的先天优势,但仅仅将注意力停留在顾客对现有产品的显性需求上则未免目光太短浅。对于中小企业来说,最佳的选择不是去追逐现有需求最畅销的产品,而是应该集中精力在目前没有得到充分满足的“隐性”需求,追踪消费者需求的变化,作为自己产品定位的基础。最有效的方法包括: 市场补缺。消费者的有些需求由于需求量不大被忽视,或者是潮流改变带来的新需求,大公司没有介入。中小企业在经过评估后如果认为可以赢利,则可以采取市场补缺的策略开发针对性产品进入市场。 需求挖掘。消费者的潜在需求处于随时变化中,消费者本人也无法清晰地意识到全部的潜在需求。而作为旁观者的中小企业,可以根据自己比较客观的了解去提出能满足消费者潜在需求的产品概念,然后采取调查、访谈等方式到消费者中去征求意见。消费者朦胧的需求会受具体产品的激发而明确化,厂商就可以将这些明确化的需求作为自己开发产品的出发点。这就是需求挖掘的方法。 个性化定制。当今社会,消费者对个性化产品和服务的要求日益上升,而这部分追求个性的消费群体往往正是2080原则中所讲的那些提供了高利润率的20%的顾客群体。中小企业资源有限,如果将资源集中于为这些高质量个性化生活的顾客提供个性化的定制服务,就可以获得最大的投入产出比。 追踪式开发。对于一些产品开发周期短、受潮流影响大的产品,中小企业可以采用追踪式开发。例如服装企业就可以根据当红影视作品的服装风格、国外时装潮流变化来设计和推出自己的新服装。 最令顾客心动的价格 具体到定价策略上,中小企业可以采用需求导向与竞争导向混合的定价策略。一方面,根据消费者对自己产品的认知价值来确定自己产品的定价,另一方面还要考虑大企业相似产品的价格水平,以始终比大品牌产品低一些的有竞争力的价格来投入市场竞争。 而在价格调整策略上,中小企业应该主动求变,速度为先,以灵活的价格变动来吸引和保持消费者。大企业的资金雄厚,价格变动后执行力度大,如果跟它保持同步变动,则实力薄弱的中小企业无疑会处于劣势。而主动求变、求快、求先,保持领先一步的价格优势,才是取胜之道。例如,可以采取新品上市优惠价、节庆折扣价、促销价、高档品降低等方式灵活地来招徕消费者。 最直面消费者的分销渠道 在市场运作中,中小企业不能墨守成规,采用传统的层次繁多的渠道模式,而应采取尽量直面消费者的方式。一是中小企业的产品多为满足消费者需求未得到满足的创新产品,则产品上市推广的速度尤为重要,渠道越短越能尽快赶在大企业前占领市场;二是中小企业面对分销商时,由于自己的实力有限,讨价还价能力弱,无法有效地控制渠道成员的行为,而尽量缩短渠道则能更好地落实自己的营销努力;三是中小企业经营范围、地域都相对狭小,终端零售商数目较少,中小企业能够实现直接跟终端联系。 最吸引消费者的促销方式 中小企业的促销策略要体现在自己资金有限、灵活度高两个特点。由于资金有限,就决定了不能够采用广告轰炸、人海推销等方式,而是应尽量采取投入产出比高的方式进行。例如,在投入广告时,注意选择在目标消费群接触率高、投入相对小的地方或者专业媒体来投放,而不是盲目地选择大众媒体。比如,电子辞典的推广就没有必要在中央电视台做广告。相反,在大学生接触的媒体上做广告效果会更好,费用也低。 由于中小企业与消费者接触多,灵活度高,就该随追踪消费者市场行为的变化,采取快速多变的促销策略。比如,生产化妆品的企业在天气干燥时主推保湿产品,在高温天气则可以主要对防晒产品进行促销;此外,还可以根据当前青少年喜欢韩国影视剧的特点,推出具有韩国特点的产品等。 正所谓大有大的好,小有小的妙,企业规模小并不可怕,只要善于用零距离营销,采取主动求变、速度制胜的经营方式,中小企业同样能够赢得一片明朗天空。

E. 国内外服装业的现状

中国:大而不强。
近日,今年三季度部分纺织服装公司季报公布,数据显示多数公司利好。伴随着这一喜讯,有关服装行业将迎来行业“拐点”,即将走出行业低谷的说法开始传播。事实是否如此?种种因素决定了“拐点说”显得言之过早。
截至10月31日,有82家纺织服装公司公布三季报,其中,有68家公司实现盈利,另有14家公司报亏。也就是说82家纺织服装公司有逾8成公司报喜。进而有人得出了行业“拐点”来临。对此,其给出的理由是棉价“过山车”对纺织企业的影响正逐渐消除,具有一定规模与实力的纺织服装类上市公司最先恢复过来。
对此有业内人士表示了异议,原材料价格只是影响服装业的部分原因,而目前困扰服装业发展的问题是多方面的。
河北省纺织与服装协会会长王超在接受记者采访时表示,部分企业数字指标好转,只能表示某个服装品牌或者说是行业局部,得到了好转,而影响服装业整体发展的根本问题,比如产能过剩问题、发展方式问题、同质化问题、劳动力成本增高等问题仍然存在,服装业发展仍然困难。
王超以河北省容城县服装业为例,指出了当前国内服装业面临的现状。
据介绍,河北省作为服装大省,“大而不强”的特点突出,而这恰恰是中国服装业的特征。经过多年发展,目前在河北省部分县市形成了服装产业集群,容城县就是其中一个。
截至去年年底,容城县拥有服装企业830家,年生产服装4亿多件(套),经过贴牌的产品主要外销往欧洲市场。包括皮尔卡丹、哥伦比亚户外等知名服装品牌都在容城拥有代工厂。
而目前劳动力工资增长,成为容城县服装业发展的枷锁,且越来越紧。2010年工人工资是1000多元,2011年上半年涨到1500元,2012年年初突破了2000元,否则招不到工人只能停产。
在面对招工难的同时,容城县部分服装企业去年来还不得不面对订单减少而导致的开工不足问题。
王超说,容城县的服装业可以说是目前国内服装业的缩影。服装行业保持可持续性发展,只有转变发展方式,推进产业结构优化升级。而转变发展方式、结构升级并不是短时间就能做到并看到效果的。
国外:
二战后至今美国的纺织服装业,无论是其就业人数占总制造业人数的比重,还是其产值占美国
GDP的比重都呈逐渐下降的趋势,反映了美国纺织服装业的逐渐衰落;但与此同时,由于其人力资本、基础设施、技术水平、金融市场方面占据较大优势,因此其综合竞争力仍高于中国、印度等国。

F. 服装网络营销国内外研究现状怎么写

国外中国络营销行业比较成熟。起步早,技术成熟,领先国内10年以上。下面以美国为例进行分析: 相关统计显示,2014年,中国电子商务市场规模超过美国。行业普遍认为,美国线下零售企业的整合度和集中度较高,供应链效率更强,电商企业在供应链上的价格和效率的优势不明显,所以造成规模相对落后于中国。 美国的中国络营销发展具体情况如何? 一. 增速保持平稳 美国电子商务占到整体零售市场的份额逐年提高,2013年电子商务市场销售规模约为2630亿美元,占比达到5.8%,仍处在较低位置,低于中国目前近8%的水平。 2013年美国电子商务市场增速16.6%,近几年增速已趋于平稳,同期整体零售市场规模增速为4.3%。对比美国电子商务市场增速和整体零售规模增速,电子商务增速近4年年均16%左右,同期整体零售市场增速年均5%左右。 二. 品类有所差异 从电子商务的品类份额来看,电子数码、服装配饰、汽车和配件是电商市场中份额最高的三大品类,2013年在电商中的占比分别为21.8%、17.0%、10.4%。在中国,2013年中国络零售市场中,品类占比前三名的则是:服装鞋帽、3C家电、化妆品类。 以分品类增速来看,图书音像、服装配饰、汽车和配件是增速最快的三个品类,2014年预计同比增长率分别为17.2%、16.3%、15.8%;增速较慢 的三个品类是文具、家具家居、食品饮料, 2014年预计同比增长率分别为13.7%、14.1%、14.8%。 三.移动电商高歌猛进 据eMarketer报告,测算美国2013年移动电商零售规模达到384亿元,同比增长56%,远高于电商整体增速。 从设备占比来看,智能手机逐渐减小,平板占比逐渐提升,并成为主流;预计2016年,平板占比将达到70%,智能手机占比降为28%。 估算美国2013年约有1.18亿人通过移动设备浏览商品,占到电商购物者数量的62.2%, 其中7260万人通过移动设备至少完成一次购买行为,人数同比增长38.3%,这一数字有望在2016年增长至约1.2亿人,2016年移动设备购物者渗 透率预计将达到84.6%。 四.全渠道时代来临 2013年超过60%的美国零售商将“全渠道”作为其重要性排名第一的公司战略。渠道变革的四个中,最终的全渠道阶段是以消费者为核心,消费者自然地在各种现实和虚拟的购物环境之间转换,且这种转换越来越是无意识地,渠道之间的界限越来越模糊。 在全渠道时代,消费者购买行为不再是电商时代简单的“线下体验,线上下单”, 渠道之间的界限越来越模糊,门店和移动终端的地位将越来越重要。 (见图10) 从影响消费者购买行为的因素来看,朋友在社交中国络上的推荐越来越成为影响消费者购买决策的决定性的因素,而由于社交中国络的移动化,这也在一定程度上反应了移动端的重要性。( 在消费者最关心的五项全渠道能力中,按第1条与第4条展示了“一致性”的要求,第1条要求价格一致,第4条要求商品分类一致(意味着线上难以扩品类),这要求零售商在全渠道的过程中,将原先专注的品类继续深耕,而不是在跨渠道的过程中简单地跨品类。 第2条、第3条、第5条展示了消费者对购物体验的需求,但背后所要求的是零售商对其所经营的不同品牌的每一件单品和背后的供应链有极强的掌控能力。 随着移动端消费的扩大,线下零售企业更能发挥其线下门店的优势,迎来全渠道时代,以消费者为中心,线上线下的界限将逐渐模糊,门店和移动终端的地位将越来越重要,但同时对零售商能否对其所经营的不同品牌的每一件单品和背后的供应链有较强的掌控能力提出了更高的要求。 附:美国主要电子商务中国站(TOP 10) 根据美国“FAVORITE 50”最受欢迎的50家电子商务中国站排名:排名前10位的中国站中,除Amazon(B2C)和eBay(C2C)外,其余均为传统线下零售企业; 这些线下零售企业本身就是各自品类的巨头,他们在拓展线上并没有盲目地往平台化的方向发展,而是发挥自身品类的商品、供应链、客户(会员)等方面的优势, 更为专注;如:超市: Walmart 、 Target ;电子数码: BestBuy;百货及服装: Kohls、 JCPenney、 Macys、 OldNavy。 参考资料:刊登于《连锁》2014年6月刊

G. 国内外对服装出口贸易的研究现状

一、我国纺织品服装出口遭遇技术性贸易壁垒现状
据统计,世界贸易壁垒的80%属于技术性贸易壁垒,目前,技术性贸易壁垒已经取代反倾销,成为我国出口面临的第一大非关税贸易壁垒,名目繁多的技术性贸易壁垒已对我国纺织品服装出口贸易产生越来越大的影响。近年来,我国纺织品服装出口遭遇技术性贸易壁垒的状况体现在以下方面。
1、受损增速快。有关统计资料表明,我国纺织品服装出口因技术性贸易壁垒造成的损失,已从20世纪中后期的每年4-5亿美元上升到本世纪初的每年10亿美元左右。如2002年受限制而损失的金额比2000年增加3.6亿美元,增幅高达54.55%。
2、受限集中在主要的目标市场国。受限制的主要是进口我国纺织品服装数量比较多、比重比较大的一些发达国家:欧盟、日本和美国。如2002年,我国纺织品服装出口因技术性贸易壁垒而遭受的损失中,欧盟、日本和美国造成的损失分别占到了25.26%,24.22%和23.16%,其他国家为27.37%。
3、受限的内容涉及面广。受限内容涉及到了技术法规、技术标准和合格评定各个方面。如:纺织品服装甲醛含量超标,纺织品的标志或标签不符合进口国的法律规定,生产商没有取得ISO14000环境系列认证等。
二、我国纺织品服装出口遭遇技术性贸易壁垒的原因
我国纺织品服装出口遭遇技术性贸易壁垒主要有外部和内部两方面的原因。
1、外部原因。(1)我国贸易方向过于集中。目前,美国、日本、欧盟是我国最大的三个贸易伙伴,据统计,包括经香港的转口贸易在内,我国出口商品近75%销往美国、日本、欧盟等国家或地区,而这三大经济实体也是实施技术性贸易壁垒的积极倡导者,绝大多数技术性贸易壁垒发源于这三大经济实体。产品出口的地理方向决定了我国纺织品服装出口企业将不得不直面技术性贸易壁垒的威胁。(2)纺织品服装市场传统贸易壁垒受到约束。根据WTO的《纺织品服装协议》,2005年全球已取消纺织品服装配额,实现该领域的贸易自由化。特别对于我国,加入WTO后,一些专门针对我国的双边贸易限制,如每年讨论最惠国待遇问题等不得不取消。传统贸易壁垒受到约束,为技术性贸易壁垒的发展提供了巨大的发展空间。(3)发达国家出于保护国内市场,减少贸易顺差的需要。发达国家由于劳动力成本较高,中低档纺织品服装的竞争能力低于发展中国家,所占本国国内市场分额受到国外同类低成本产品的冲击,设置技术性贸易壁垒成为一种保护国内市场的手段。且入世后从总体看我国纺织品服装进出口贸易显现出增长的态势(见表1)。美国、日本和欧盟是我国纺织品服装出口的主要市场,在纺织品服装进出口中均存在着巨额贸易顺差,且顺差从2000年至2003年不断增加,产生贸易顺差的趋势也在不断上升(见表2),使其国内纺织业面临严重的生存危机。对此,美、日、欧必然采取相应措施。因此,设置各种技术性贸易壁垒,成为纺织品服装主要进口国减轻国内就业压力,减少进口冲击,减少贸易顺差的重要手段。(4)WTO有关协议中对贸易与环境的规定存在缺陷,为技术性贸易壁垒的设置提供了可乘之机。 2、内部原因。(1)技术及生产设备落后,产品竞争力不强。我国纺织品服装业由于长期以来技术开发、技术创新及投入不足,企业的技术及生产设备落后,产品技术含量低、附加值较低,中低档产品多,高档产品少,在国际市场上竞争力不强。特别是众多的中小纺织品服装企业,对发达国家提出的苛刻技术法规、技术标准和合格评定等一时难以适应,由此形成了技术性贸易壁垒。(2)企业环保意识淡薄,质量体系认证步伐缓慢。国外对我国出口纺织品的检测不仅局限于纺织品本身,还进一步细化到产品的生产过程,要求企业获得ISO14000国际环保标准体系的认证,加贴环保标志。(3)技术与检测设备落后,标准总体水平低。我国纺织品服装的检验长期以来习惯于对一些传统项目的检验,检测设备相对简单,精度要求不高,缺乏与国外同行的技术交流与合作,纺织检验技术滞后于发达国家。到目前为止,我国与纺织品安全性有关的国家标准近90项,这些标准尽管大多等同采用了ISO标准,但与国外标准相比也有很大的差距,导致同一产品检验结果存在巨大差距,形成技术性贸易壁垒。
三、技术性贸易壁垒对我国纺织品服装出口的影响
从实质上看,技术性贸易壁垒是一把“双刃剑”,既会对国际经济和各国社会经济发展产生积极的影响,同时也有负面影响。 1、积极影响。从目前看,国外越来越苛刻的技术性贸易壁垒,越来越严重地影响着我国纺织品服装的出口,但从长远的眼光看,它对我国纺织品服装业的发展也具有积极的影响。(1)促使观念改变。我国纺织品服装出口遭遇国外技术性贸易壁垒,从某种意义上讲,可以促使我国纺织品服装企业的经营者和生产者在一定程度上扭转错误观念,由只重外在质量转向外在和内在质量并重;由只重产品本身质量转向产品质量和生产过程并重;由以经济利益为第一位转向经济利益和消费者利益并重。(2)促进产品结构调整。正当的技术指标以保护环境、保护人类健康为目标,这必然会导致国际贸易中破坏环境和对消费者健康有害的纺织品服装贸易的逐渐下降,促使我国纺织品服装业实施产品结构调整,大力开发环保型深加工产品,把“绿色纺织品服装”等作为出口的新增长点,以此打破国外技术壁垒,稳定并进一步扩大我国纺织品服装在国际市场上的占有率。(3)推动技术进步。国外技术性贸易壁垒在对我国纺织品服装出口构成挑战的同时,也为我国纺织服装业实现技术进步提供了强大的动力。
2、负面影响。(1)出口纺织品服装的成本增加,产品竞争能力下降。为了应对技术性贸易壁垒,纺织品服装企业被迫使用进口原材料,增加检验项目,取得各种认证,改进技术工艺,加大技术改造投入,这些都使出口产品成本上升,增加企业负担,使企业在国际市场上失去了价格优势。(2)出口企业减少了贸易机会,减少了国外市场分额甚至退出国外市场。国外的技术性贸易壁垒限制名目繁多,限制内容多变,而我国企业情报系统落后,对进口国有关法规、标准、认证规定收集不及时或不全面,致使有些企业贻误了成交时机,或被迫取消定单。其最主要影响之一是一些出口企业减少了国外市场份额,甚至有部分企业决定放弃进口国市场。 四、纺织品服装出口应对技术性贸易壁垒的对策 1、设立专门机构,对技术性贸易壁垒协定进行认真研究。我国政府相关部门应设立专门机构,积极组织专家参与国际标准的制定工作,把我国纺织品服装出口企业的一些意见和要求充分反映到国际标准中去,为我国纺织品顺利进入国际市场创造条件。2、加快技术改造步伐,实现产业升级。打破技术壁垒最根本的办法是提高纺织品服装的质量,我国纺织品服装企业必须改变目前技术及生产设备落后状况,走可持续发展之路,积极开发环保型深加工产品,把绿色纺织品、生态服装等作为出口的新增长点。因此,出口企业要加速技术改造,淘汰陈旧落后设备,走优化存量的发展道路,进一步加快新技术和设备的研制开发工作,用高新技术改造传统产业,在国际竞争中取得主动权。 3、提高纺织品服装出口企业的管理水平。出口企业应建立现代企业管理制度,使其组织结构、战略管理以及经营管理等适合技术性贸易壁垒变化的需要,将ISO9000与ISO14000等国际管理标准与企业的实际情况结合起来,创造出适合自身的管理方法,从制度上保证产品的质量品质和环保品质。 贸易[飞诺网]
4、制定与国际接轨的各类技术法规和标准。面对国外技术性贸易壁垒越来越苛刻的技术要求,我国也应尽快建立、健全有关纺织品、健康和环保方面的技术法规。我国应对现有纺织品检验方法进行补充完善,提高检测技术方法的正确性和可靠性,增强具有关键限量指标的强制性标准及相应技术法规,推行“环保标志”制度。5、出口企业要积极申请各类体系认证。出口企业要积极申请ISO9000质量认证体系和ISO14000环境管理体系认证,进一步扩大环境标志产品的范围,缩小与发达国家的差距,取得进入国际市场的通行证。ISO14000环境管理体系标准包括环境管理体系、环境审核、环境标志、生命周期分析等国际环境领域内的许多焦点问题,通过ISO14000认证是我国出口企业突破技术性贸易壁垒的有利武器。6、充分利用WTO规则提供的空间应对技术性贸易壁垒。首先,纺织品出口企业对于产品在出口时所遭遇的不合理的技术性贸易壁垒,要利用WTO的争端解决机制与出口国协商解决。其次,企业要加强信息化建设,积极研究国外技术标准,随时关注贸易对象国的技术性贸易壁垒动态,通过各种途径了解和研究国外技术标准,研究相关对策。另外,政府要积极参与各公约、协定中技术性贸易条款的谈判,利用多边贸易体制,加强与发展中国家的协调与合作,制定一些发展中国家能承受的有关纺织品服装方面的国际技术标准,或在某些国际技术标准中附加发展中国家在国际贸易中免受发达国家歧视的保障条款等以减少和削弱技术性贸易壁垒对我国纺织品服装出口贸易的不利影响。

H. 国内外对于服装消费行为的研究现状

去精英服务论文网看吧,他家资源满多哦

I. 高分求[国际服装发展现状和品牌服装营销]方面的外文文献

这是一片写的不错的

Effect of fiber architecture on flexural characteristics and fracture of fiber-reinforc

Vistasp M. Karbharia, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author and Howard Strasslerb
aMaterials Science & Engineering Program, and Department of Structural Engineering, MC-0085, University of California San Diego, Room 105, Building 409, University Center, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
bDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Received 10 December 2005; revised 25 June 2006; accepted 31 August 2006. Available online 7 November 2006.

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare and elucidate the differences in damage mechanisms and response of fiber-reinforced dental resin composites based on three different brandsnext term under flexural loading. The types of reinforcement consisted of a unidirectional E-glass prepreg (Splint-It from Jeneric/Petron Inc.), an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber based biaxial braid (Connect, Kerr) and an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber based leno-weave (Ribbond).

Methods

Three different commercially available fiber reinforcing systems were used to fabricate rectangular bars, with the fiber reinforcement close to the tensile face, which were tested in flexure with an emphasis on studying damage mechanisms and response. Eight specimens (n = 8) of each type were tested. Overall energy capacity as well as flexural strength and molus were determined and results compared in light of the different abilities of the architectures used.

Results

Under flexural loading unreinforced and unidirectional prepreg reinforced dental composites failed in a brittle previous termfashion,next term whereas the braid and leno-weave reinforced materials underwent significant deformation without rupture. The braid reinforced specimens showed the highest peak load. The addition of the unidirectional to the matrix resulted in an average strain of 0.06 mm/mm which is 50% greater than the capacity of the unreinforced matrix, whereas the addition of the braid and leno-weave resulted in increases of 119 and 126%, respectively, emphasizing the higher capacity of both the UHM polyethylene fibers and the architectures to hold together without rupture under flexural loading. The addition of the fiber reinforcement substantially increases the level of strain energy in the specimens with the maximum being attained in the braid reinforced specimens with a 433% increase in energy absorption capability above the unreinforced case. The minimum scatter and highest consistency in response is seen in the leno-weave reinforced specimens e to the details of the architecture which restrict fabric shearing and movement ring placement.

Significance

It is crucial that the appropriate selection of fiber architectures be made not just from a perspective of highest strength, but overall damage tolerance and energy absorption. Differences in weaves and architectures can result in substantially different performance and appropriate selection can mitigate premature and catastrophic failure. The study provides details of materials level response characteristics which are useful in selection of the fiber reinforcement based on specifics of application.

Keywords: Fiber reinforcement; Dental composite; Flexure; Damage tolerance; Architecture; Unidirectional; Braid; Leno-weave

Article Outline

1. Introction
2. Materials and methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Summary
References

1. Introction

A range of fillers in particulate form have conventionally been used to improve performance characteristics, such as strength, toughness and wear resistance, Although the addition of fillers and recent changes in composition of resin composites have been noted to provide enhanced wear resistance [1] and [2], conventional filler based systems are still brittle as compared to metals. Sakaguchi et al. [3] reported that these were prone to early fracture with crack propagation rates in excess of those seen in porcelain. This is of concern since clinical observations have demonstrated that under forces generated ring mastication the inner faces of restorations can be subject to high tensile stresses which cause premature fracture initiation and failure [4]. In recent years, fiber reinforcements in the form of ribbons have been introced to address these deficiencies [5]. By etching and bonding to tooth structure with composite resins embedded with woven fibers adapted to the contours of teeth periodontal splints, endodontic posts, anterior and posterior fixed partial dentures, orthodontic retainers and reinforcement of single tooth restorations can be accomplished. While the science of fiber-reinforced polymer composites is well established, the application of these materials in dental applications is still new and aspects related to material characterization, cure kinetics and even placement of reinforcement are still not widely understood.

Due to the nature of filled polymer and ceramic systems that have been used conventionally, most material level tests designed and used extensively, for the characterization of dental materials, emphasize the brittle nature of materials response. In many cases the tests and the interpretation of results, are not suited to the class of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites, wherein aspects, such as fiber orientation, placement of fabric and even scale effects are extremely important. The difference in characteristics and the need to develop a fundamental understanding of response of continuous fiber and fabric, reinforced dental composites has recently been emphasized both through laboratory and clinical studies. Recent studies have addressed critical aspects, such as effects of fabric layer thickness ratios and configurations [6], fiber position and orientation [7] and even test specimen size [8]. However, the selection and use of continuous reinforcement is largely on an ad hoc basis, with diverse claims being made by manufacturers, without a thorough understanding of the materials based performance demands for the material by the specifics of an application (for example, the fabric architecture required for optimized performance of a post are very different from those for a bridge) or details of response characteristics at levels beyond those of mere “strength” and “molus”. Further, each fabric is known to respond in different manner to manipulation and drape (i.e. conformance) to changes in substrate configuration [9]. The architecture of the fabrics permits movement of fibers or constraint thereof and even shearing of the structure, to different extents. Weave patterns have also been noted to be important in the selection of composite materials for dental applications based on the specifics of application [10]. Thus, clinically, when each of the different fabric configurations is used to reinforce dental composites, there are manipulation changes that occur to some of the fabric materials. For the biaxially braided material, the fiber orientation can change after cutting and embedment in the composite when adapting to tooth contours. The fibers in the ribbon spread out and separate from each other and become more oriented in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the ribbon. When the leno-weave is cut and embedded in dental composites, the fiber yarns maintain their orientation and do not separate from each other when closely adapted to the contours of teeth. However, e to the orthogonal structure gaps can appear within the architecture providing local areas unreinforced with fiber reinforcement. The unidirectional glass fiber material does not closely adapt to the contours of teeth e to the rigidity of the fibers. It is difficult to manipulate the fibrous material which leaves the final composite material thicker; further manipulation causes glass fiber separation with some visible fractures of the fibers themselves.

The aim of this study is to experimentally assess the flexural response of three commercial fiber/fabric reinforcement systems available for dental use and to compare performance based on different characteristics and to elucidate differences based on details of fabric architecture and fiber type.

2. Materials and methods

Three different fabric-reinforcing procts, all in ribbon form, were used in this investigation. The first is a 3 mm wide unidirectional E-glass prepreg structure with no transverse reinforcement (Splint-It, Jeneric/Petron Inc.1) designated as set A, whereas the other two are formed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers in the form of a 4 mm wide biaxial braid (Connect, Kerr), designated as set B and a 3 mm wide Leno-weave (Ribbond, WA), designated as set C. The first is a pure unidirectional which intrinsically gives the highest efficiency of reinforcement in the longitudinal direction with resin dominated response in the transverse direction. The second is a biaxial braid without axial fibers, which provides very good conformability and structure through the two sets of yarns forming a symmetrical array with the yarns oriented at a fixed angle from the braid axis. The third architecture has warp yarns crossed pair wise in a figure of eight pattern as filling yarns providing an open weave effect for controlled yarn slippage and good stability.

Multiple specimens of the fabrics were carefully measured and weighed and the average basis weight of the biaxial braid was determined to be 1.03 × 10−4 g/mm2 whereas that for the leno-weave was 1.42 × 10−4 g/mm2. It was noted that the unidirectional had an aerial weight of 2.2 times that of the other two. Rectangular test bars of size 2 mm × 2 mm × 48 mm were constructed from layered placement of a flowable composite resin (Virtuoso FloRestore, Demat) in polysiloxane molds, with glass slides held on top with rubber bands and light cured for 60 s using a Kulzer UniXS laboratory polymerization lamp. In the case of sets B and C the fabric was first wetted and then placed on the first layer of the flowable composite resin such that the fiber reinforcement was placed between 0.25 and 0.5 mm from the bottom surface (which would be used as the tensile surface in flexural testing). The addition of higher molus material at or near the tensile surface is known from elementary mechanics of materials to increase flexural performance and has been verified for dental composite materials by Ellakwa et al. [11] and [12]. Care was taken to maintain alignment of the fibers and fabric structure and not cause wrinkling or lateral movement which would affect overall performance characteristics. The fabric reinforced specimens had only a single layer of reinforcement near the bottom surface with the rest of the specimen having no fiber reinforcement. This general configuration for flexural specimens has been used previously by Kanie et al. [13]. In the current investigation, fiber weight fraction in the single layer was between 37 and 42% but is significantly lower if determined on the basis of the full thickness of the overall specimen. Unreinforced bars of the resin were also fabricated the same way for comparison and were designated as set D.

Eight specimens (n = 8) from each set were tested in three-point flexure using a span of 16 mm which provides a span to depth (l/d) ratio of 16, which is recommended by ASTM D 790-03 [14]. It is noted that flexural characteristics can be substantially affected by choice of the l/d ratio which intrinsically sets the balance between shear and bending moment, with shear dominating on shorter spans. Load was introced through a rounded crosshead indenter placed in two positions—parallel to the test specimen span (P1) and perpendicular to the test specimen span (P2). The load head indenter was of 4 mm total length. This was done to assess effects of load introction since ribbon architecture had fibers at different orientations. Tests were concted at a displacement rate of 1 mm/min and a minimum of eight tests were concted for each set. Loading was continued till either the specimen showed catastrophic rupture or the specimen attained a negative slope of load versus displacement with the load drop continuing slowly past peak to below 85% of the peak load. This level was chosen to exceed the 0.05 mm/mm strain limitation of apparent failure recommended by ASTM D790-03 [14] so as to enable an assessment of ctility of the specimens. Specimens were carefully examined for cracking, crazing and other damage.

The flexure strength was determined as

Click to view the MathML source (1)

where P is the applied load (or peak load if rupture did not occur), L the span length between supports and b and d are the width and thickness of the specimens, respectively.

While the tangent molus of elasticity is often used to determine the molus of specimens, by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve to measure the slope, m, which is then used as

Click to view the MathML source (2)

in the current case a majority of the specimens show significant changes in slopes very early in the response curve indicating microcracking and non-linearity. Since these occur fairly early the molus determined from the initial tangent has significant statistical variation. In order to determine a more consistent measure of molus the secant molus of elasticity as defined in ASTM D790-03 [14] is used herein, with the secant being drawn between the origin and the point of maximum load to determine the slope m, which is then used in Eq. (2). This also has the advantage of providing a characteristic that incorporates the deformation capability, thereby differentiating between specimens that reach a maximum load at low deformation (such as, the unreinforced composite and the unidirectional reinforced composite) and those that show significant deformation prior to attainment of peak load (such as, the specimens reinforced with the braid and leno-weave).

The matrix material is generically more brittle than the fiber and usually has a lower ultimate strain. Thus, as the specimen bends the matrix is likely to develop a series of cracks with the initiation and propagation of cracks depending not just on the type and positioning of the reinforcement, but also on the strain capacity of the neat resin areas. It is thus of use to compute the strain in the composite under flexural load and this can be determined as

Click to view the MathML source (3)

where D is the midspan displacement.

The toughness of a material can be related to both its ctility and its ultimate strength. This is an important performance characteristic and is often represented in terms of strain energy, U, which represents the work done to cause a deformation. This is essentially the area under the load-deformation curve and can be calculated as

Click to view the MathML source (4)

where P is the applied load and x is the deformation. In the case of the present investigation, two levels of strain energy are calculated to enable an assessment of the two response types. In the first, strain energy is computed to the deformation level corresponding to peak load (which is also the fracture load for sets A and D). In the case of specimens that show significant inelastic deformation (sets B and C) strain energy is also computed till a point corresponding to a deformation of 11.5 mm at which point the load shows a 15% drop from the peak. Post-peak response in flexural has earlier been reported by Alander et al. [8].

3. Results

The application of flexural loading was seen to result in two different macroscopic forms of response. In the case of specimens from sets A and D (reinforced with a unidirectional fabric and unreinforced) failure was catastrophic, in brittle fashion, at peak load, whereas in the case of specimens from sets B and C the attainment of peak load was followed by a very slow decrease in load with increasing displacement, representative of inelastic or plastic, deformation. Typical response curves are shown in Fig. 1 as an example.

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Fig. 1. Typical flexural response.

The variation in flexural strength (plotted here in terms of stress at peak load) with type of specimen and load introction method is shown in Fig. 2. The highest strength was achieved by specimens with the braided fabric wherein on average a 125% increase over the unreinforced specimens was attained. Statistical analysis with ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test revealed that method of load introction did not affect the results and that further there were no significant differences in overall peak strength results between sets A and B (specimens containing the unidirectional and braided fabrics). Significant differences (p < 0.003) were noted between sets B and C. It is, however, noted that in sets B and C, failure did not occur at the peak load, with load slowly decreasing with increase in midpoint deflection. A comparison of flexural stresses for these systems at peak load and load corresponding to a deflection of 11.5 mm is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen the two systems show significant inelastic deformation with drops of only 12.8, 12.1, 11.7 and 9.5% from the peak, emphasizing the stable, ctile and non-catastrophic, post-peak response in these systems.

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Fig. 2. Flexural strength at peak load.

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Fig. 3. Comparison of flexural stresses in specimens having non-catastrophic failure modes.

A comparison of secant molus (measured to the peak load) for the different sets is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, with the exception of the unidirectional system, the apparent moli were lower than that of the unreinforced specimens. It is also noted that although the Tukey post hoc tests do not show a significant difference e to orientation of load indenter, the level for the unidirectionals is only 0.1022 compared to 1 for the others. Removal of a single outlier from P1 results in p < 0.007 indicating a strong effect of orientation of the indenter with the secant molus being 17.7% lower with the indenter placed parallel to the fibers, which results in splitting between fibers and uneven fracture with less pullout.

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Fig. 4. Comparison of secant moli under flexural loading.

As was noted previously, both the unreinforced samples (set D) and the unidirectional prepreg reinforced specimens (set A) failed in catastrophic fashion at deformation levels significantly less than those at which the other two sets reached the inelastic peak. Since sets B and C did not fracture but showed large deformation with some partial depth cracking through the matrix it is important to be able to compare the levels of strain attained on the tension face using Eq. (3). This comparison is shown in Fig. 5 at the level of peak load (which is the fracture/failure load for sets A and D). While the addition of the unidirectional to the matrix resulted in an average strain of 0.06 mm/mm which is 50% greater than the capacity of the unreinforced matrix, the addition of the braid and leno-weave resulted in increases of 119 and 126%, respectively, emphasizing the higher capacity of both the UHMW polyethylene fibers and the architectures to hold together without rupture under flexural loading. It should be noted, as a reference, that the strain at the point at which the tests on sets B and C were stopped, at a midpoint deflection of 11.5 mm, was 0.135 mm/mm, which represents a 233% increase over the level attained by the unreinforced matrix. The us

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