㈠ 以市场营销中的4P来分析雀巢公司的市场营销战略
1、制造最方便饮用的咖啡；
2、满足大众消费需求的价格；
3、以商超为目标终端，渠道以区域代理为主；
4、促销以提供买赠促销、品牌促销、定价促销三种方式为主。
㈡ 急！求关于市场营销（最好是关于营销策略的）的英文文献2000字左右的，最好带翻译，在线等！
大家知道，企业管理包括生产管理、营销管理和财务管理等多个方面，而财务管理是企业整个管理体系的核心，企业的财务管理目标即是企业追求的目标。可见，只有以财务管理为中心，协调运作管理体系的各个方面，才能有效地强化企业管理，促进企业发展。从全国来说，民营企业数量众多、分布广泛、特点各异，再加上受宏观经济环境化和体制影响，民营企业在加强财务管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的“歧视”使民营企业和大型企业不能公平竞争，地方政府、行业管理部门的干预，使民营企业的财务管理目标短期化，再主要的就是民营企业财务管理受业主的影响过大等一些主观因素的存在，导致财务管理的重要性被忽视。所以，其财务管理中存在的问题也多种多样，我认为，目前普遍存在的问题和原因主要有：
（一）融资困难，周转资金不足，使财务管理成断源之湖。
目前，我国民营企业初步建立了较为独立、渠道多元的融资体系，但是，融资难、担保难，仍然是制约民营企业发展的最突出的问题，主要问题是：第一，负债过多，融资成本高，风险大，造成民营企业信用等级低，资信相对较差。第二，大多数民营企业是非大型企业，有些银行受传统观念和行政干预的影响，对其贷款不够热心。第三，中介机构不健全，缺乏专门为民营企业贷款服务的金融中介机构和贷款担保机构。
分析其主要原因表现在两个方面：一是金融业对民营企业的信贷支持不够。我国金融系统从设置到服务项目，大都是以大企业为服务对象，民营企业的信贷服务往往被忽视。由于贷款难，生产经营过程中所需资金不足，极大制约了民营企业的发展。有的民营企业，虽存在暂时困难，但银行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民营企业的融资渠道单一，难以适应市场需求的变化。由于有的民营企业，在既得不到银行的贷款支持，又不具有自我融资或向社会公开融资能力，无形中，加强企业财务管理也就成了一句空话，财务管理也就成了断源之湖。
（二）财务控制薄弱，缺乏科学性，使财务管理举步艰难。
大部分民营企业存在财务控制环节薄弱，而且对加强财务管理方面不够重视，没有从真正意义上理解财务管理在企业中的地位。主要问题有：一是资金管理不严，财务控制薄弱，造成资金闲置或不足。二是应收账款周转缓慢，造成资金回收困难。三是存货控制薄弱，造成资金呆滞。四是重钱轻物，资产流失严重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民营企业认为现金越多越好，致使大量现金未参加周转，有的是资金缺少计划安排，过量购置不动产，而使企业无法应付经营急需的资金，陷入财务困境。二是没有建立严格的赊销政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，应收款不能兑现或形成呆账。三是很多民营企业月末存货占用资金往往超过其营业额的两倍以上，造成资金呆滞周转失灵。四是不少民营企业管理者，对原材料、半成品、固定资产等管理不到位，出了问题无人追究，资产浪费严重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因为企业上层领导财务管理观念落后，缺乏科学性，在思想上没有真正理解财务管理对做大做强一个企业所起到的作用，没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，使财务管理失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用，举步艰难。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色。
由于长期以来在思想上受到旧的财务制度的约束，企业管理人员的观念比较滞后。主要问题有：一是企业的投资者同时就是经营者。二是企业管理者的管理能力和管理素质差，管理思想落后。
分析其原因主要是：民营企业典型的管理模式是所有权和经营权高度统一，企业的投资者同时就是经营者，这种模式势必给企业的财务管理带来负面影响，民营企业中相当一部分属于个体私营性质，在这些企业中，企业领导者集权现象严重，并且对财务管理的理论方法缺乏应有的认识和研究，致使其职责不分，越权行事，造成财务管理混乱，财务监核不严，会计人员独舟难行，想规范管理很难。大部分企业没有或无法建立内部审计部门，即使有，也很难保证内部审计的独立性。另外，有些企业没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，多数民营企业家尚未建立起诸如时间价值、风险价值、边际成本、机会成本等科学管理的概念，由于管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色，失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
㈢ 急求一篇网络营销策略类纯英语文献
在学校一般都可以上一些资源网的版吧！权
http://www.sciencedirect.com/
㈣ 急求一篇 》》》描述一个公司的营销策略英文300字。
Market strategies are the result of a meticulous market analysis. A market analysis forces the entrepreneur to become familiar with all aspects of the market so that the target market can be defined and the company can be positioned in order to garner its share of sales. The promotion strategy in its most basic form is the controlled distribution of communication designed to sell your proct or service. In order to accomplish this, the promotion strategy encompasses every marketing tool utilized in the communication effort.
营销策略广泛，不能以一言以蔽之。此文中提到前期的市场分析，以及营销时应该利用各种工具。
㈤ 急求企业营销战略分析怎么写
随着我国经济的快速发展人民生活水平的不断提高，人们消费乳制品的意识日益增强，乳制品已走进了千家万户，市场的竞争越来越激烈。相比于全国性品牌无论是财力还是人力都明显处于劣势地位的中小乳制品企业，想要继续生存发展壮大必须认真研究乳制品市场需求的变化，把握住乳制品市场需求的发展趋势，制定正确的营销策略，更好地满足消费者对乳制品的需求。
0引言
2008年的“三聚氮胺事件”让我国整个乳制品陷入了行业危机，让原本竞争激烈，利润不断下降的乳制品行业雪上加霜，国内一线品牌几乎全被牵涉其中。但是另一面，众多中小乳制品企业却未“榜上有名”，这无疑为中小乳制品企业创造了一次巨大的机会。中小乳制品企业如何把握这次机会，打破以往备受一线品牌企业的打压局面，最为关键的还是其营销渠道的选择。本文分别从乳制品行业营销渠道的深度扩展和广度扩展两方面为中小乳制品企业提供建议希望为其发展提供帮助。
1深度扩展
中小乳制品企业根植于区域市场，服务于区域市场，相较于全国的大品牌占据了地理优势。为了更好利用当地消费者的区域情结，中小乳制品企业可以大打亲情牌，树立“区域品牌”形象，在销售渠道上向其深度扩展。可建立客户档案，划分顾客群，重点服务于一、二线顾客。换句话说，绝大多数的企业80%的利润都是由20%的重点、主要客户所贡献的。当然，牛奶属于快速消费品，不象汽车、珠宝等奢侈品，其购买对象有限，服务的对象也有限，从而企业可以在利用相同资源的情况下，因为较少的单位个体而让其服务更完善周到。对于奶业来说，一、二线顾客一般为一级批发代理零售商。所以，与其建立稳定互利的合作关系相当重要，除了在价钱上尽量做到让双方满意外，还应提供一些特有的服务，才能让对方尽心尽力的为你的品牌作宣传、提高销售。而在消费的终端，即消费者，对于一些长期消费该品牌的客户，应该充分了解其对本产品的消费习惯，若能在其特殊的日子送上一份小礼，最好与自身产品有关，这样，不仅能深深的打动消费者，让他们体会到人性化的服务，更重要的是能加强消费者的品牌忠诚度。
2广度扩展
以奶业中送奶入户为例，渠道的广度扩展便是将其业务服务范围扩大，而不是仅仅局限于传统的顾客直接上门或打电话下单的方式。首先是“户”的概念的扩展。现今，区域品牌可以把“户”这一概念从单一的家庭扩展到学校、政府事业单位、健身中心、俱乐部、网吧等。另外，电子商务应该被乳品企业考虑到纳入奶业的销售渠道。随着人们越来越习惯于在网上购物，乳品的购买方式也发生了变化。据统计，在2008年第三季度，国内人均网上购物金额已经达到572元，比上年同期的273元增长了109%。也许，电子商务属于变相的送奶入户，但比较而言，电子商务网上购物在时间上、空间上更具有灵活性、方便性。只要有Internet的地方，顾客就可以随时随地地向企业轻轻松松地订购产品，达到自己的消费目的，满足自己的消费欲望。针对牛奶的不同特性，区域品牌可以把高温灭菌奶即常温奶并入这一新兴的销售渠道。
当然，为了能更有效的利用此渠道，区域品牌更应该把重点放在大宗订单上，也就是把目标客户定为一级、二级批发代理商。其次，不得不提小型终端这一销售渠道。虽然超市正逐渐成为城市中的主流终端，成为众多乳品巨头竞争的主要场所，但当中小乳制品企业在财力人力有限的情况下，不妨避开在大型商超与全国性品牌的正面交锋，而将重点放在小型零售终端上。实际上，在与消费者日常生活紧密相关的乳制品行业，小型零售终端占据着相当巨大的市场份额与大型零售终端相比，小型零售终端有着独特的优势:首先，小型零售终端可以满足消费者就近购买的便利需求，这是大型零售终端所无法比拟的。由于小型零售店的大面积覆盖，和消费者高密度的近距离接触，方便了消费者就近购买其次，小型零售终端数量众多，与消费者接触密度高，直接针对消费者传播信息广告信息到达率高，时间持久，而且无需广告发布费用，是企业做终端宣传的免费场所。正因为小型零售终端有着如此重要的作用，所以受到众多乳品企业的青睐，作为提升销售业绩和提高品牌认知度的重要销售渠道。中小乳制品企业应充分利用小型零售终端贴近社区、贴近居民、费用较低的特点。大量展示企业的宣传品，让消费者得以接受，进而诱导消费者购买，进而使他们成为本企业的忠实消费者。宣传品可用吊旗、海报、货架卡、门贴、霓虹灯等，在有条件的门店可直接设置横幅或装户外灯箱。当然，除了送奶入户和小型零售终端外，区域品牌还可以在大卖场、中小超市、批发市场、食杂店、报摊、烟摊、乳品专卖店、加盟店以及酒店等传统或新兴渠道上开发建设，同样可以获得不俗成绩。就那拿妙士来说，正当各大品牌在传统渠道上拼个你死我活的时候，妙士却几年来始终集中精力专心耕耘，成就了自己在酒店和餐饮店这一新兴渠道上的霸主地位。该渠道可获取的利润空间大，但其门槛也相对比较高，因为冷柜等设施一次性投入大，使得许多无论是全国性品牌还是区域品牌，都只能眼巴巴妙士的成功。渠道战略的选择向来就对一个企业的生存发展起着决定性的作用。同样，对于中小乳制品企业来说，渠道战略选择更是尤为重要。中小乳制品企业必须在传统渠道上不断精耕细作的基础上，积极开发建设新兴渠道，再根据企业自身的特性选择一条最适合自己的销售渠道建设发展，同时留心注意全国性品牌的软肋，继而攻其不备，方可获胜。
㈥ 急求企业营销战略分析怎么写
动销，是当前的一个热门的营销话题。俗话说：被淹死的人往往都是很会游泳的人。这句话如果用在当今的营销界，还真有几分道理。正如许多企业的营销高手会经常面临着这样一些头痛的问题：在一个行业做了好几十年的营销，新品不能成功上市、产品突然出现滞销、甚至突然要从市场上消失等等，出了这些问题，还往往理不清头绪，不知如何下手。
这些看似简单的问题，其实并不是单凭经验直觉就可以迎刃而解那么简单。中国的市场经济经过二十多年的磨砺，跨国资本的不断加入，使市场运作的国际化程度越来越高。整合营销时代的来临，使营销的致胜因素变得越来越复杂。供大于求，使消费者面临更多的选择，消费更趋于理性化、个性化。营销咨询业的兴起，对企业的营销课题提出了新的挑战——精准营销，找准营销致胜的支点。这些复杂的变数，导致不少企业陷入动销的迷途。从实践中看，不能有效动销的原因主要有以下几大类型：
一、产品定位不准：
细分市场，几乎是每一个新产品诞生前的必修课。一个产品，在激烈的竞争环境下，不可能卖给所有的人，只能在消费者的心智中占据最有利的位置——因为消费者往往只记得住第一、却记不住第二，即是在竞争中锁定最具差异化优势的核心目标消费群，以重度消费群为主要目标对象，辐射和带动周边消费群，实现“二八法则”的销售目标。
市场细分的标准很多，如：按年龄、按收入、按职业、按性别、按个性偏好、按身份地位、按产品用途进行分类等，但必须选择一个最适合消费需求和竞争需要的细分市场进行定位，同时要求其它各项营销组合必须与之相匹配。如：把“OPEN”这样一个年轻、时尚的啤酒产品定价很高，这就是定位不准。因为年轻的消费群大多收入并不高，不是高消费的主流群体;反之，高消费群大多年龄偏高，但却与年轻人的个性偏好有较大差距。
定位不准就会像男女之间找对象一样，错位的消费者是不可能选择与之不符的产品，因为市场上有大把的与之相符的产品能够满足他们的需求，同时供他们任意挑选。
二、产品缺少价值感：
一个完整的产品概念包括五个部分：核心产品、基础产品、期望产品、附加产品、潜在产品。其中，对消费者购买决策最具影响力的是核心产品。它包括产品提供给消费者的功能利益和精神利益，也就是人们常说的卖点或USP、UVP，是该产品区别于其它同类竞争产品的独特利益点。在竞争中，这个利益点不但要求鲜明、独特，而且要求领先市场，并与竞争产品相比更能符合目标消费者的需求。如：大浪啤酒的“第一道麦汁酿造”、黄河王啤酒的“开启精英时刻”，都具有独特性、领先性，从而有效地占据了消费者心智的第一位，成为目标消费群的首选产品。如果产品本身不具备这些卖点，消费者并非专家，他们会更相信具有价值提炼的产品广告宣传，而且还要从这些宣传中挑选第一，而不是第二。
三、消费者对产品认知不足：
消费者在选择一个产品时，往往需要经过认知、认同、认购的过程，即使是快消费品也不例外。这是一个产品同质化程度非常高的时代，消费者处于被信息包围的时代，产品自身不但需要高度“商品化”——经过精心的、全面的策划包装，更需要把这些包装好的优势点抢先一步告之消费者。
只有让消费者认识到产品的价值，才有可能认同你的产品。
四、品牌处于被屏蔽状态：
随着中国经济的腾飞，消费观念很快从产品质量消费、价格导向转向品牌选择，品牌选择型消费群主要集中在中高档市场，被一些国际品牌和国内大品牌所操纵。中国的很多市场虽然还不成熟，但每一个区域市场都有不同程度的“三法则”效应，甚至出现“赢家通吃”的竞争格局。所以，许多后来者或中小品牌，特别是一些中小品牌的新品，在很多时候都处于被大品牌或赢家屏蔽的状态——大品牌的消费者忠诚基本建立，他们不会轻易相信和尝试别的品牌。
处于屏蔽状态的品牌应该根据各地市场的特性采取相应措施，首先需要引起消费者的关注和参与，在关注和参与的基础上建立认知，并尝试着试用产品，进行使用体验，在试用中权衡与竞争产品的不同和优势。突破品牌屏蔽不能全面开花，需要找准一个突破口——消费者中的“意见领袖或新新人类”，这部分人往往是早期消费者，敢于尝新，对新鲜事物的接受程度好，他们的尝试和早期消费起着以点带面的关键性动销作用。
五、消费惯性和心理障碍不能被打破：
在竞争的较量中，总会有品牌处于劣势。处于优势的品牌常常具有较高的占有率和较好的忠诚度，往往都是进入市场较早的品牌。当消费者处于一定的消费定势状态时，我们必须打破这种定势和心理顾忌。
虽然很多弱势品牌在产品功能、卖点提炼、产品形象等方面都与大品牌“旗鼓相当”，但总是得不到消费者的认可，产品溢价能力也相当差。其实，把自己当成一个消费者，你会很快明白许多弱势品牌不能被尝试的真正障碍——担心!消费者往往认为你的产品是具有某些明显的优势，特别是价格的优势，但始终就是不敢采取行动。这是为什么?担心，担心质量不好!稍微有一点洞察力的营销人都知道，与其使出各种高代价的高级教化手段，还不如发一个小小的赠品给消费者试用。在试用中体验产品效果、比较与竞争产品的差异、比较产品的性价比，通过比较，消费者很快就会明白，你的产品是不是符合他的消费定位。由此可见，突破消费心理障碍的第一关至关重要!
当然，不能突破消费定势的原因还有很多，如：产品档次不够、售后服务跟不上、销售人员态度不好等等，都有可能成为消费者无动于衷甚至产生抵触情绪的因素。在此，我们建议在营销中采取如“消费者座谈”、“消费者意见反馈”等深度市场调查手段，找到动销的关键壁垒。
六、营销资源不能有效整合：
随着营销模式的升级，消费者对产品及服务的要求越来越高，甚至十分挑剔，在不同的经济地区和竞争环境，购买行动的决定因素不尽相同。在营销决策中，我们必须调查清楚消费者购买产品的决定因素，并根据其重要性进行排序。这些关键决定因素构成消费者选择产品的主要优势支点，并促使产品在竞争中形成动销的主要省力杠杆;如果这些关键决定因素呈现为营销短板，它所起的竞争作用将成为动销的费力杠杆。其它次要性营销组合因素也是竞争优势促成的附加砝码，许多国际大品牌对品牌营销的管理几乎达到完美的地步——全方位、零缺陷的品牌营销管理，包括细节管理。
影响动销的堠素还有很多，如：渠道垄断、终端拦截、促销活动、价格战、负面公关事件、广告高空信息屏蔽等，所有的这些因素，都离不开“消费者”和“竞争对手”两大因素。
一切的营销组合，都是为了争取消费者的信任和购买行动服务的，都是为了竞争需要服务的，读懂了消费者和竞争对手，动销就有了突破口。动销必须抓住关键性、决定性营销因素，做到精准营销，避免少走弯路，尽量不浪费资源，才能收到立竿见影的实效性良好效果。
㈦ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is