A. zara的成功是如何阐述战略管理的
第一方面是准确的品类管理，快时尚的主要目标是采用一种非常具有成本效益的方式快速地开发并生产满足客户需求的产品。作为品牌商，需要分析并发现自己最擅长、最易于满足客户需求、利润最好的品类。为了实现这一目标，需要协调市场营销部门、开发部门和外部的合作伙伴及时地掌握和分析销售数据。因此，必须有一个灵活高效的信息化系统来支撑，让全体参与方基于一个统一的高效沟通和协作平台，准确快速地开发和管理利润率贡献高的品类。
第二方面是快速反应的供应链，快时尚的重点在于“快”，同时也必须做到“快”而不乱。存在两类供应链：敏捷供应链(Agile)和精益供应链(Lean)；敏捷供应链的原则是和供应链上的全部合作伙伴实时共享信息和技术，通过紧密协作减少库存；精益供应链的核心特征是在正确的时间交付正确的产品。快时尚的供应链需要把两者有机结合在一起，形成“精敏”供应链(Leagile)。于是，必须改善和简化从产品概念、设计、开发、打样到生产、物流配送的整个流程。经过流程的改善和简化以后，快速反应的供应链就实现了价值的增加和成本的减少，同时对客户的需求变化得到及时地反馈。要实现“精敏”供应链，必须采用当前先进的软件技术以支撑整个业务流程的顺利运行，从而保证流程和数据的准确、实时地执行，不遗漏、不延迟任何一个流程和数据的细节。
第三方面是供应商关系管理，快时尚品牌需要和供应商建立良好并且广泛的合作伙伴关系。供应商需要和品牌商一起紧跟市场需求和时尚潮流，并且需要在产品设计和开发阶段参与进来。为了保证沟通顺畅和紧密协作，最好有一个统一的沟通和协作平台，然后合作各方基于平台高效运行每一个业务流程和准确记录每一个数据细节。
第四个方面是内部关系，和保持良好的外部供应商关系一样重要的是必须要有协调一致的内部关系。很多组织架构是根据不同的职能部门进行划分，如市场营销、设计、采购、生产、质检等，并且各职能部门之间的沟通协作和信息共享总是不尽如人意。要高效执行快时尚商业战略，必须要有紧密的关系和快速的市场反应能力。这就要求必须有一个统一的信息化系统来确保沟通的及时和协作的紧密无间。
B. zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
C. 求一篇某企业营销策略研究的论文
目前，国内外对培训企业市场营销方面的研究基本集中在理论层面，对培训企业而言，这些研究成果的实际市场营销运作的指导还需具体化。因此，本文的研究以相关营销理论为基础，结合浙江省社会经济发展实际，对浙江民营培训企业实战型的营销策略进行了研究和探讨，以此提升浙江省培训行业运作治理水平。 民营培训企业营销策略 一、引言 近几年，中国培训业发展非常迅速。统计数据显示，2000年中国的培训市场规模是100亿元，2001年是300亿元，2005年中国培训业收入达到2000亿元，而且这一数字正在以每年30％的速度递增。培训业作为中国市场经济发展的一个组成部分，正日益扮演着重要的角色。因为经济的发展离不开各类人才的支持和参与，而人才的输送和培养除了通过现有的国民教育体系之外，其余大部分则是通过个人终身学习和培训来完成。因此，当前国内外经济发展的竞争在很大程度上已由过去比资源、比发展模式转变为对各类人才培养和使用的竞争。 浙江省“十一五”规划明确提出：围绕浙江社会经济发展目标，以高层次、高技能人才为重点，大力开发人才资源。如实施“万名公务员公共治理培训工程”、轮训全省规模以上企业的高层经营治理人才、深入推进“新世纪151人才工程”和“钱江学者计划”、实施高技能人才培训工程、启动百万农村实用人才培养计划等。浙江省这一系列人才目标和人才战略的实施，假如没有浙江省培训企业非凡是数量众多的浙江民营培训企业的参与是根本无法达成目标的。因此，研究浙江省民营培训企业营销策略，不仅能改变当前国内外对培训企业市场营销方面的研究大多集中在理论层面或战略层面而实际市场运用意义有限的弊病，而且也可为提高浙江民营培训企业的核心竞争力、促进浙江省培训业整体健康发展提供帮助。 二、国内及浙江培训市场现状分析 目前，国内的培训企业从其运行机制来看可以分成三类。第一类是专业学术性的培训企业，主要以大学为依托，这类培训企业权威性强，有自己的核心课程和专业培训师，知名度较高，其缺陷在于培训收费高，理论强于实践；第二类是在业内有一定知名度的培训师单独或者多人合伙开办的培训公司，这类培训公司有一批稳定的市场客户群，课程研发能力较强；第三类就是“培训中介”公司，它们占国内培训企业70%以上，这类培训企业只是纯粹的业务拓展机构——搜寻需要培训的企业客户并为其安排培训师。从国内培训企业的主体构成来看，民营培训企业几乎涉足了培训市场的所有培训项目。民营培训企业主要以个人办学为主。虽然民营培训企业拥有的既有资源不多，不具备高校或者政府背景等培训机构所拥有的一些先天资源，但在培训市场上却是最具活力和市场化运作最为成功的培训企业。民营培训企业在办学理念、培训产品创新、营销策略、治理机制、激励机制等方面都是以市场为导向，因而表现得生气勃勃，培训市场的占有额也是最高的。 据浙江省企业培训业协会估计，目前浙江省约有各类培训企业一千多家，民营培训企业占了绝大多数，但其中品牌、规模上档次的寥寥无几，整个行业非凡是中小民营培训企业，普遍存在着：发展定位不清楚，缺乏品牌，没有核心竞争力；经营治理水平低，没有明确和有效的营销策略；缺乏健全的企业内部治理机制；无序竞争等问题。尤其是营销能力薄弱的问题，直接导致一方面是许多恶性竞争的产生，使得相当数量的民营培训企业无法开展和维持正常的经营活动，如大部分培训企业以电话营销等单一营销模式进行业务拓展，己成为培训企业客户开发和机构发展的软肋。另一方面是大量的消费者得不到其真正需要的培训产品和服务。 总体来看，目前相当数量的浙江民营培训企业仍在靠创业者的一些社会或人情关系维系着生存和发展，企业的发展战略与营销思路不清楚，经营行为具有很强的随意性。因此，系统地考虑企业发展的长远性、方向性问题，着力构建属于培训企业核心竞争力的营销架构，从营销策略的研究入手，切实提高浙江民营培训企业的营销能力，是当前迫切需要解决的问题。 三、浙江民营培训企业营销策略研究 传统营销理论告诉我们，工业品或消费品行业的营销治理一般强调4Ps的架构——产品、价格、渠道和促销：企业创造产品，然后界定出产品的特色和利益、制定价格、选择销售产品和服务的通道，并且通过广告、公关和人员推销等方式，无孔不入地大肆推广其产品和服务。而培训作为一种服务，其营销组合在4Ps的基础上又增加了“人员”、“有形展示”、“服务过程”三个变量，从而形成了服务营销的7P组合。因此，对于培训企业而言，其营销治理应在4Ps的基础上更多地考虑顾客的因素，即必须由产品或服务的设计阶段开始，在整个营销过程中都充分考虑消费者的需求和意愿，并且在整个服务过程中都尽可能的使消费者感觉最大程度的满足。本文以下部分将结合一般营销理论，依据浙江民营培训企业的实际和未来发展的需要出发，重点分析研究提出适合浙江民营培训企业发展的营销策略。 1.聚焦策略 聚焦策略：是指集中优势兵力于某个培训项目或者某个细分市场，构建、强化自身的核心业务。该策略适用于一些处于弱势竞争地位的浙江民营培训企业，这些企业往往规模小，课程研发能力薄弱，没有品牌和营销能力上的优势。该类企业主要需解决的问题是：如何解决经营范围与实力弱规模小之间的矛盾。对于这类培训企业而言，它们应收缩战线，实施聚焦策略。该策略的最终目标不是在较大市场上占有较少的份额，而是在较小的市场上占有较大的份额。具体来看，聚焦策略可从两个方面进行： 精简培训项目 “大而全”、过多的培训项目反而让培训企业耗费了过多的资源和精力，使得培训企业未能形成有特色的核心课程。而且，并不是每个培训项目都能有很好的市场和发展潜力。因此，应遵循“保留优势项目，淘汰弱势项目”的原则，根据市场需求对课程进行精简，保留有特色、有优势、企业自身资源和能力能够答应进行加大投入力度的培训项目，力求在人员配置、服务过程和选定的核心课程、特色课程上进一步强化优势和特色，逐步建立培训企业的竞争优势。 收窄目标市场 精简培训项目的同时，应根据保留项目的特点相应地收窄目标市场。将这些项目有针对性的提供给市场中最适合、最有需要的目标客户群。这样做的好处是：一方面因为营销对象的集中，企业能充分发挥优势，深入了解市场需求变化，降低经营成本，提高盈利水平；另一方面也能给目标客户以相当专业的印象，并形成良好的口碑。 2.差异化策略 差异化策略是指培训企业根据各个细分市场中消费者需求的差异性，设计提供有别于竞争对手的产品和服务，以获取相应的市场份额。适用该策略的培训企业为：竞争能力不强、规模小、生存空间窄、定位不准确。虽然可能已经聚焦于某一经营范围，但在该经营领域未能形成其特色和差异化，专业化运作水平低，品牌影响力弱。这类培训企业需解决的主要问题是：如何利用有限的优势和资源来构建有差异化特色的核心课程和服务，并通过专业化的运作来形成核心竞争力。 在浙江民营培训企业中，义乌采智企业治理咨询公司就是一家差异化策略运用比较成功的企业。这家成立于2001年的培训企业在短短几年时间里已成为义乌乃至浙江民营培训企业中的佼佼者，年销售收入千万元以上，靠的就是其准确定位于高端市场，并通过组建其专业化的讲师、咨询师队伍来打造其在市场中的差异化品牌。对大部分浙江民营培训企业而言，具体实施差异化策略可考虑从以下两个方面入手： 服务质量 培训消费者的满足程度取决于对培训服务购买前的期望和培训企业提供的服务实际质量的接近程度。假如服务的质量与消费者所期望的相一致，消费者就会感到满足，因此，差异化策略最重要的一个实施方向就是服务质量。而决定服务质量的关键因素依重要程度可排列如下：可信性、责任心、保证、深入度、有形体现。根据以上这些决定服务质量的关键因素，浙江省民营培训企业应从课程设置、人员素质、经营理念、公司制度等各方面给予配合和保证，从而使顾客相信，培训企业所提供的课程都是消费者真正需要的，培训企业传授课程的方式都是消费者能够有效获取知识的，培训企业的宣传和品牌形象与其实际经营活动的效率和效果是相一致的。 独特的业务拓展模式 实施差异化营销策略，对浙江民营培训企业来讲，另一个需解决的难点问题是业务拓展。谁在这个市场拥有自己独特的业务拓展模式，谁最大程度的把握了一些关键渠道，谁就能在竞争中获得成功。以下几类业务开拓渠道是浙江民营培训企业可以去尝试的： ①政府主管部门或行业协会：与政府主管部门或行业协会的合作除了可以随时把握政府对于一些特定行业、企业的人才开发政策之外，另外由政府部门出面牵头组织的培训活动相对轻易组织和开办。 ②行业龙头企业：对大多数培训企业而言，应集中优势兵力，与一两个行业龙头企业合作开展培训。因为龙头企业大多是所在行业的标杆企业，其一举一动往往是其它企业模拟和跟随的标准，所以将行业龙头企业作为渠道开拓的突破口，不仅可以拥有稳定的业务来源，还可以提升机构本身的品牌知名度，从而达到从点到线再到面的业务拓展。 ③高等院校和科研机构：与高等院校和科研机构合作，民营培训企业不仅可以把握有关行业最前沿的发展动态，同时可以他们为桥梁与相关政府部门、行业协会及企业建立联系。 ④互联网：网络营销不仅可以更好地将产品本身、促销手段、顾客意见调查、广告、公共关系、顾客服务等诸多内容结合在一起，同时可以通过文字、声音、图像及视讯等手段与顾客进行一对一的沟通交流，实现与顾客的互动，更为重要的是有效的网络营销可以大量节省渠道拓展的费用。 3.缔结联盟策略 当前的市场竞争早已不是过去那种“不是你死便是我亡”的时代了，竞争除了博弈也能有合作，只要能达到双赢的结果。浙江省民营培训企业可在培训企业间业务互补的前提下进行合作、增加客户来源，是一条非常可行的道路。比如人力资源治理培训企业与拓展练习培训企业，它们之间就存在着非常大的合作空间。这种类型机构之间的合作，不仅不会给培训企业带来额外的成本负担，却可以使客户资源的价值实现最大化，同时提高消费者的满足度。除此之外，利用合作方的平台宣传自己的培训企业，如在对方的场所设置宣传点；联合举办活动，扩大双方的影响力；双方交换企业资源，将资源提供给对方的顾客，对顾客进行“体验式营销”，从而达到宣传的目的。 四、结论 综上所述，要想解决当前浙江民营培训企业发展中存在的主要问题，就应以目标客户群的需求为中心，结合市场竞争的状况，根据培训企业自身的资源和能力，制定适合培训企业自身特点的营销策略，以此建立健全相应的培训企业运营机制，通过有效的营销实施方案，最终实现为消费者提供高质量、有针对性的课程和服务以及培训企业自身的发展目标。