zarahm營銷策略

Ⅰ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻

這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara』s Marketing Strategy

Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」

The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.

Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

Ⅱ M型社會的營銷轉型

在M型社會，所造成了中間階層的塌陷，使得兩端的力量日益強大。少部分的富有者處於社會的一端，他們需要有情感的產品滿足他們的社會地位和代表其尊貴的象徵，而另一端的社會大眾則希望購買到優質低價的產品，既不失品位又能夠支付。同時我們可以看見，互聯網、無線和數字等技術的成熟讓消費者的選擇和變化也越來越快，他們對產品的速度也提出了更多的要求。在這樣一個轉型的社會中，營銷也就自然的貼上了新的標簽。 隨著M型社會的發展，眾多的企業仍然將會更多的關注社會大多數—M型中的大多數。因為對於富者而言，雖然他們的消費能力強，但是他們的市場畢竟有限。正如《金字塔下財富》中介紹的那樣，社會的分層使得企業更應該關注金字塔的底層，這才是未來企業獲取利潤的最大空間。家居界的宜家、時尚界的ZARA和H—M都是低價和多樣成功的典範。
在黃金地段開店、與奢侈品為鄰、店面光鮮，採用「少量、多款、低價」的理念，對流行時尚做出快速反應，是ZARA和HM的共同點。憑借這些策略，它們在過去幾年飛速成長：2003年，ZARA成為全球排名第三的服裝零售商，2004財年其全球營業收入達到46億歐元，獲利率高達9.7%，超過美國第一大服飾連鎖品牌GAP6.4%的獲利率。
H&M的經營理念為公司的成功打基礎，確實吸引了H&M顧客：時尚和質量的「性價比」最高。在這里，無論顧客是想得到一條牛仔褲還是一條卡其布褲子，他都可以毫不費力地找到。如果他們想要一個新潮的單肩上裝、帶有蕾絲裝飾或臀部裝飾的衣服，他同樣可以得到滿足。
宜家的成功也有賴於其多樣的產品組合選擇，以及低價的市場策略。向社會大眾提供「低價優質」的產品正是這家公司的營銷哲學，也正是這樣使得宜家成為了全球最大的家居連鎖集團，顧客在他的店中可以買到自己喜歡的各種家居用品，同時通過組合家居的理念，給顧客提供多樣化的個性優質產品，而價格卻只有其他家居的一半左右。
中國神舟電腦的低價策略使其快速的在電腦市場中分得一杯羹；諾基亞和三星等位代表的手機終端產品一個月就有好幾部多樣化的新款推出上市，波導當年更是通過低價和多樣化產品策略實現了快速擴張；沃爾瑪的「天天低價」策略使得其已經成為了無可爭議的零售巨頭。
也正是因為，處於M型社會中——大多數階層佔了重要部分，他們對價格和產品的多樣化需求，使得低價和多樣成為了這個時代營銷中的關鍵術語。 在互聯網、無線技術等技術的快速發展下，消費者的信息需求也越來越大，也越來越快，這就同時就會使得消費者的需求變化也會加快，同時也容易發生變化。這就營銷要加強對速度的要求，從產品設計、分銷速度、上市時間、供應鏈管理等都要快速反應。而企業要實現這種營銷的快速反應，就必須注重聯盟的力量。
宜家和HM時尚集團正是在營銷中快速反應和聯盟的好例子。宜家和HM都具有自己的設計師，對產品而言，無論是宜家的產品模塊化還是HM的少量化服裝產品原則，都是為了實現產品的快速銷售的目的。宜家的產品模塊化既有利於產品規模化生產，又有利於產品的分銷；而HM的少量化和多樣化都是為了促進銷售，降低庫存增加銷售速度。從這點看速度已經成為了營銷的一個關鍵要素。
通過信息網路，HM集團把原材料供應商、物流供應商、以及全球700多家分店聯繫到一起，組建了一個統一聯盟，支持其快速營銷系統。在設計師開始設計服裝時，打板師就開始打樣、別針、剪刀，同時采購人員開始通過供應商聯盟全球調集新布料，最後設計的服裝樣品通過其專業的物流商聯盟實現快速分銷。
而其採用明星營銷的方式，也是通過聯盟的營銷策略，而維持其高檔品牌價值的特徵。
在現實社會中，因為缺乏快速反應和聯盟策略，而失去競爭優勢的例子比比皆是。聚眾被分眾的收購，也正是因為其在擴張和上市速度慢於分眾而被收購家世界英雄遲暮，而依靠速度實現快速擴張的國美和蘇寧保證了其市場競爭地位。而格力的經銷商聯盟策略則僅僅的把各方利益捆綁在一起，實現了其營銷的成功。
因此，在此社會中，速度和聯盟也成為了營銷的關鍵術語。 M型社會的兩端，正如啞鈴的兩端一樣，正在改寫了市場的營銷法則。奢華的消費和簡約的品牌價值也成為了眾多營銷者的關注對象。這就使得企業的營銷向上或是向下的問題？
一方面，眾多的企業都希望能夠吸引高端人群，或是定位於高端人群。其中不乏成功的案例。美國的星巴克正是通過營造一種高雅的、小資情調的環境而吸引了眾多富有人群把其作為商務談判、休閑的場所；而范思哲等國際名牌也正是奢華品的象徵但確成為一種成功的範例。
而另一方面，我們看到眾多的企業開始注重大眾化。從宜家的家居設計的簡約風格，可以看出他們的產品也受到了M型社會的大眾的更多喜愛。
正如MH的CEO所說，「我們不是時尚的領導者，我們是領導的跟隨者」。他們通過對香奈兒這樣的服裝品牌的跟隨，為社會更多大眾提供了更簡約但時尚的品牌服裝。
此外，大眾化的另外一個解說是在M型社會中，還有一個營銷者忽略的大眾群體。根據麥肯錫的研究報告表明，中國還有一個巨大的尚未被滿足的大眾消費市場，他們是由潛在的准富裕家庭（仍然是M型中的大眾群體）約有3500萬個家庭組成，而他們具有強大的購買力，但是卻因為地處邊遠，物流不能到達以及沒有引起關注而受到漠視。但是我們看看跨國企業的大眾營銷術似乎可以看到新的曙光。在印度，為了瞄準人口在五千或以下的小村莊，紐約麥克思人壽保險公司（Max New York Life）的投保政策是每年交2美元保費即可望得到208美元的賠償費。在非洲，倫敦的Freeplay Energy Group設計了一種通過轉動一個旋鈕就可充電的轉動式收音機，從而使那些沒有電或買不起昂貴電池的顧客可以獲取重要的保健和農業信息。2006年的諾貝爾和平獎的獲得者尤納斯在孟加拉國的Grameen銀行開創了微額信用業：為那些沒有抵押物的人提供平均15美元的貸款，而取得了不俗的成績。
因此，我們可以判斷，奢華和大眾化也必將成為M型社會的關鍵營銷術語。

Ⅲ 優衣庫,zara,hm的商業模式有何不同.

所謂商業模式是一個系統性的概念，分為廣義的以及狹義的概念。
從廣義上來講，這三家連鎖衣裝零售企業的商業模式都是快時尚的典型代表，所謂的快時尚是通過時尚買手以及精細化管理的產業鏈，以小批多次的高頻次產品生產極大的縮短零售門店商品更新的間隔，最大化的實現應季商品的價值，提高零售門店的坪效。另一方面積極的搜取客戶的需求信息，通過全面的數據信息系統為下一期的設計目標提供數據支持，從而形成從顧客中來，到顧客中去的典型的良性循環。
但是三者的系統稍微有一些不同：
1.優勢產品
ZARA和HM比較像，款多量少，款式更新速度極快，著重把握時尚潮流。可能某段時間有那麼幾款賣得特別好，不過很難挑出什麼標志性產品。

優衣庫主打基本款，夏天款式繁多的UT、秋冬的搖粒絨、輕型羽絨、HEATTECH保暖內衣是它的拳頭產品

2.風格
ZARA：時尚（成熟、白領）
HM：時尚（年輕、活力）
優衣庫：日式休閑
後兩個你去他們官網看下就知道。而優衣庫剛好相反，他的非基本款讓歐美模特穿也挺奇怪。

3.價格
這個和他們各自的風格、市場定位有關系。給我總的印象：ZARA>GAP>HM=優衣庫
其中優衣庫的價格這兩年有個波動，2011、2012年基本全線漲價，這兩年年又降回來了

4.質量
總體印象：優衣庫>ZARA>HM，不時有後三個品牌質量不過關、面料有毒的新聞出現。而優衣庫最近出現過一次嬰兒睡衣易燃在美國被召回，貌似不是因為面料，而是因為剪裁 = =#
當然這個是同價位商品的比較，如果不同價位的話，GAP 249的牛津紡襯衫確實比優衣庫149的要好。HM就不說了，渣一樣的質量...

5.發展趨勢
這幾個快銷品牌，第一是ZARA，第二是HM，優衣庫在第五。不過優衣庫的發展非常迅猛，它在中國的開店數目也是這幾個品牌裡面最多的。優衣庫今年開始向時尚度和設計感發力，春夏新款色彩異常豐富，女裝的DIP系列賣得還挺好。另外在新材料的研發和使用上，優衣庫也是做得最為用心。ZARA和HM沒看出什麼變化，最讓人看不懂的是GAP，在美國走的基本是平價的路子，來到中國後價格一點都沒有親民的意思，說時尚吧，也不是，質量最好吧，也輪不上它。經營狀況每況愈下，近來還有要被優衣庫收購的傳言。

6.總結
扯得有點多，回到題主說的各自優勢。我個人比較主觀的總結，ZARA：快、時尚度（非常努力地抄大牌）；HM：快、便宜；優衣庫：性價比、基本款的豐富性。

Ⅳ 大家如何看待hm和zara的銷售方式

應該是這樣的:很多人買衣服,都不敢試太多,不買又不合適,在hm和zara你基本上沒有這樣的感覺.可以隨便試.

Ⅳ zara公司的具體營銷渠道是什麼

自營專賣店。也不算西班牙直接開的，應該是zara在中國成立的直屬公司，再由那些公司直接開店，沒有放開加盟，也沒有代理商。

Ⅵ ZARA為什麼會取得巨大成功，它的營銷模式是什麼

ZARA的成功有抄幾個因素：成本控制非常好襲，基本上全球采購。它沒有巨額的廣告費，而是通過鬧市區開店鋪加店外櫥窗展示來達到廣告效應。還有一點書上都沒提，就是他的款全是抄歐美大牌的款式。
你去書店，有賣zara的成功模式這本書的。

Ⅶ 誰有關於H&M,ZARA,GAP等快時尚服裝的產品策略或營銷策略 等相關的英文文獻急急

自己去網路文庫看