㈠ 毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思有什么要求
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论,欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看,可以分为两大派:一派是翻译可能论,一派是翻译不可能论。其实,完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的,完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物,比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、F.W.纽曼、J.B.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、Fr.R.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等,都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学网络全书》的意见,这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
㈡ 毕业论文外文翻译怎么写
外文翻译要求:(1)选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。(2)选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。(3)外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
㈢ 毕业论文 外文翻译
可以先把你的题目翻成外文的 然后去谷歌里搜 就会有文章了 题目翻几个关键词就可以了
㈣ 毕业论文外文翻译。
媒体如何应对突发性事件 白虎平 祝 勇 突发性事件具有突然性、异常性、紧迫性等特点,对突发性事件进行报道,是对媒体及其从业人员责任感、新闻敏感性和敬业精神的综合考验,也是提高媒体声誉的重要手段。 今年2月27日上午,榆林电视台新闻热线接到榆林血站求助电话称:外伤性患者急需手术,血站AB型血浆告急,请求群众献血。榆林电视台迅速启动突发性事件报道预案,通过游飞字幕的形式向社会发出求助献血信息,同时,调集记者赶赴医院和血站了解伤者救护情况,记录各界群众献血场面,探究血站血浆短缺原因。连续报道《热血谱写生命赞歌》,以真实感人的画面,展现全社会各界群众对社会的责任感和对弱者救助的爱心。节目播出后,引起极大反响,掀起一股义务献血热潮,榆林市政府随即建立健全了全民义务献血制度。 面对突发性事件,媒体如何应对,是一个课题。从榆林电视台对血浆短缺事件的成功报道来看,笔者认为应从三方面做好突发性事件报道的应对。 一、建立突发性事件应对机制 突发性事件新闻,由于其不可预测性,无法进行事先的安排准备。但如果被动等待,一旦事件降临,往往会措手不及而丧失报道时机,因此必须建立相应机制。榆林电视台在内部成立了主管新闻台长、新闻部、技术部、播出部主任和骨干记者组成的突发性报道小组。血站血浆告急事件发生后,台领导立即启动应急机制,协调技术,播出部门做好前期预告和后期播出;组织记者第一时间进入事发现场;安排编辑、主持人进行制作,从而掌握了报道主动权。可以说,快速有力的组织是这次报道成功的关键。 二、强调现场,突出细节 突发性事件是复杂的,往往包含着多种信息,同时又提供了冲击力很强的现场。电视新闻要想抓住观众,就不能单纯采用“现场画面+解说”的新闻报道形式,而必须提供多角度、多层次的新闻信息。现场是事件的形式,细节是事件的血肉,因此,当突发性事件发生时,以最快的时间提供来自现场的实证画面和多方信息反馈,就成为报道主题。 血站血浆告急事件发生后,榆林电视台两组记者分赴血站和医院,以“我在现场”的目击式报道,用亲身感受带着观众进入现场,用直接叙述的方式传递信息。同时,用细节画面展现事件,营造气氛,吸引观众,表现主题。在医院,寂静的手术室(全景),医生焦急期待的眼神(特写),躺在手术台上的患者(中景),跳动闪烁的心电监护仪表(特写)等一组镜头和患者家属恳切的话语,揪人心,突出悬念;在血站,记者快速传递献血、采血场面,采用随机采访的形式,记录献血者的内心世界。母女、父子,不同身份献血者和他们朴素真诚的献血救人精神,让受众肃然起敬的同时,也唤起自身的社会责任感。 当第一袋血浆经过消毒处理后,护士快速奔跑的身影、脚步、救护车鸣笛、记者行进画面,当血浆输入患者体内,手术顺利开始……每一组画面都紧紧抓住受众,让受众悬着的心终于放了下来。电视采访是实现受众视觉延伸的手段,记者是受众“亲历”现场的视线。记者不仅要让受众了解事件的环境,更要捕捉现场细节画面。环境是事件发生的所在地,包含事件发生的各种因果元素,它富含的信息量使事件和现场成为相互关联的整体;细节最富含新闻价值,最能寄托人物情感;突出环境和细节可以使报道更具立体感、更具说服力。 三、加强策划,跟踪报道,延伸事件报道主题 在血站血浆告急事件报道中,我们确定三个阶段:第一阶段采用预告性报道,只告诉受众发生了这样一件事,抢得新闻时效;第二阶段突出自觉献血精神,弘扬社会责任感,引起广泛共鸣,为下一步报道做好铺垫;第三阶段,控究血站血浆告急原因。通过血浆告急的危害性、献血的认识,如何解决血库存量等小主题进行推进式报道,使一个小事件延伸为一个关乎每个人生命的大主题。 新闻策划是对新闻传播过程的决策与设计活动。凡事预则立。突发性事件尽管不可预见,难作准备,但事件发生必然有其深层的原因。在突发性事件基本事实报道清楚后,媒体应快速探究现象背后的深层次原因。这不仅是媒体的责任,也是受众的需求,更是对事件报道主题的延伸。 <a href=" http://www.yingshixx.com/view.aspx?id=786 " target="_blank"> http://www.yingshixx.com/view.aspx?id=786</a > 看看这个行不?不好找啊
㈤ 毕业论文中的外文翻译可以在什么网站找到非常感谢!
毕业论文中的外文翻译可以到学校图书馆电子资源库,利用图书馆资源查找。也可以提取论文关键词在网页搜索框中搜索,从你的论文题目提取,注意参考文献不需要完全和你的标题一致,有时候搜索不到外文的时候,记得放大你的关键词范围。㈥ 毕业论文外文翻译
物流一词源于英文的”logistics”,原意是军事后勤保障,在第二方世界大战以后被广泛地应用于经济领域。美国物流管理协会对物流的定义为”物流是为满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间产品、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动与存储的、实施和控制的过程”。
物流由四个关键部分组成:实质流动、实质存储、信息流动及管理协调。物流的主要功能是创造时间效用和空间效用,主要方式是通过仓储克服空间距离。
第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中间商提供的服务,中间商以合同的形式在一定期限内提供需的全部或部分物流服务。第三方物流公司是一个为外部客户管理、控制和提供物流服务作业的公司。
据统计,欧洲目前使用第三方物流服务的比例为76%,美国约为58%,且其需求仍在增长;欧洲24%和美国33%的非第三方物流服务用户正在积极考虑使用第三方物流服务。第三方物流作为一个提高物资流通速度、节省仓储费用和资金在途费用的有效手段,已经越来越引起人们的高度重视。
一、使用第三方物流的优越性
使用第三方物流产可以给企业带来众多益处,主要表现在:
1、集中主业
生产企业使用第三方物流可以使企业实现资源的优化配置,将有限的人力、财力集中于核心精力,进行重点研究,发展基本技术,开发新产品参与世界竞争,增强企业的核心竞争力。
2、节省费用
专业的第三方物流提供者利用规模生产的专业优势和成本优势,通过提供各环节能力的利用率实现费用节省,使企业能从分离费用结构中获益。生产企业随着规模的不断扩大,对营销服务的任何程度的深入参与,都会引起费用的大幅度增长,只有使用专业服务公司提供的公共服务,才能够减少额外损失。根据美国田纳西大学、英国EXEL公司和美国EMST&YOUNG咨询公司共同组织的一项调查显示:很多货主表示,使用第三方物流使他们的物流成本平均下降了1.18%,货物周转期平均从7.1天缩短到3.9天,库存降低了8.2%。
3、减少库存
第三方物流服务提供者借助精心策划的物流和适时的运送手段,最大限度地减少库存,改善了企业的现金流量,实现成本优势。
4、提升企业形象
第三方物流服务提供与顾客是一种战略伙伴关系,第三方物流提供者利用完备的设施和训练有素的员工对整个供应链实现完全的控制,减少物流的复杂性,通过自己的网络体系帮助顾客改进服务,不仅树立自己的品牌形象,而且使顾客在竞争中脱颖而出。
二、我国企业在使用第三方物流方面存在的问题
尽管与第三方物流公司合作有很多优势,但是很多企业并不是将更多的物流业务外包出去,原因归结为:
1、抵制变化
很多公司不愿意通过物流外包的方式来改变现在的精力模式。尤其是一些国有企业,物
流业务外包还将意味着解雇大批员工,这对于国有企业的管理者来说意味着一个非常大的风险。
2、缺乏认识
企业对于第三方物流公司的认识程度普遍还很低,企业没有认识到供应链管理在企业竞争中的巨大作用。
3、害怕失去控制
由于供应链的实施在提高公司竞争力方面的重要作用,很多公司宁愿有一个小而全的物流部门,也不情愿将这些功能交给别人,主要原因是担心如果失去内部物流能力,会在客户交往和其他方面过度依赖第三方物流公司。
4、物流业务外包本身有其复杂性
供应链物流业务通常和公司其他业务,如财务、营销或生产集成在一起,物流业务外包本身就具有复杂性。对一些实际业务,包括运输和仓储的集成可能会带来组织上、行政上和实施上的一系列问题。此外,公司内部信息系统的集成性特点,使得把物流业务交给第三方物流公司来运作变得很困难。
5、衡量物流外包的效果受诸多因素的影响
准确地衡量物流成本对信息技术和人力资源的影响比较困难。很难确定物流业务外包到底能够给企业带来多少潜在的成本好外。另外,各个公司业务的独特性和公司供应链作业能力,通常被认为是不宜向外部公开的内部信息,很难准确地比较公司间的供应链作业能力。
尽管有些生产企业已经意识到利用第三方物流可以给企业带来很多好外,但是在实际应用时往往分成几个步骤,同时选择数个物流服务提供商作为合作伙伴,以避免将业务交由一个物流服务提供商而带来的依赖性。
三、我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题
一个成功的物流企业,必须具备较大的运营规模,建立有效地地区覆盖区域,具有强大的指挥和控制中心,具备高水准的综合技术、财务资源和经营策略。
我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题可以归纳如下:
1、运营模式问题
目前世界大型物流公司大都采取总公司与分公司体制,总部采取集权式物流运作,以业务实行垂直管理。建立现代物流企业必须有一个能力很强、指挥灵活的调控中心对整个物流业务进行控制与协调。真正的现代物流必须是一个指挥中心、一个利润中心,企业的组织、框架、体制等形式都要与一个中心相匹配。我国的物流企业在运营模式上存在问题,国外物流企业的管理模式值得国内物流企业借鉴。
2、仓储或运输能力欠缺
物流的主要功能是创造时间盗用和空间效用。就目前中国的第三方物流企业而言,有些公司偏重于仓储,运输能力不足;另外一些公司则是运输车辆很多而在全国没有多少仓库,靠租用社会仓库来完成对客户的承诺。
3、网络问题
我国有几家大的物流企业拥有全车性的仓储网络或货运网络,但是这个网络的覆盖区域并不是十全十美的。客户在选择物流合作伙伴时,很关注网络的覆盖区域及网络网点的密度问题。有关网点的建设问题应引起物流企业的重视。
4、信息技术
世界大的物流企业都拥有”一流三网”,即订单信息流、全球供应链资源网络、全球用户资源网络和计算机信息网络。凭借先进的计算机管理技术,这些物流客户也是高附加值产品的生产企业,国内物流企业必须在信息系统上增加投入才可以改变自己的市场定位。
集中与整合是第三方物流企业的发展趋势。原因是:第一,大的公司有意将供应链的主要环节外包给尽可能少的几家物流公司;第二,建立一个高效的全球第三方物流企业所需资本的投入日益增加;第三,许多第三方物流供应商都通过兼并和联合的方式来扩大其服务能力。
Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate procts, final procts and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "
Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.
Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.
According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.
First, the advantages of using a third-party logistics
The use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:
1, focus on core business
Manufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new procts in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.
2, cost-saving
Professional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass proction and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.
3, rection of inventory
Third-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.
4, enhance the corporate image
Third-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, recing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.
Second, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in
While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:
1, resistance to change
Many companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, were
Flow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.
2, lack of awareness
For third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.
3, fear of losing control
As a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.
4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexity
Supply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or proction of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.
5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors
Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.
Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.
Third, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered
A successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.
China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:
1, operating model
At present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.
2, the lack of storage or transport capacity
The primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers.
3, network problems
There are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.
4, information technology
The world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the proction of high value-added procts business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.
Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.
可以给我分了吧? 嘿嘿
㈦ 毕业论文外文翻译求助攻
多元学习评价在C语言程序设计课程中的应用研究
㈧ 毕业论文外文翻译是什么
Graation Thesis