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英超对中国广告主的营销价值分析翻译

发布时间:2021-05-09 11:13:47

Ⅰ 精准广告营销该怎么翻译比较好

精准营销(Precision marketing)就是在精准定位的基础上,用这个词比较专业。

Ⅱ 帮忙翻译一个产品跨国营销的案例为英文!谢谢

In accordance with the standards of the United States, Brazil, in the breakfast cereal breakfast foods and other foods tremendous business opportunities. Brazil, about 150 million population, age distribution, showing that breakfast cereal consumption has enormous potential because of the population 20 years of age accounted for 48 percent of the total population. In addition, Brazil's per capita income enough so that people can enjoy the convenience of eating breakfast cereal foods. In assessing the market, Kellogg Company (Kellogg) also noted a remarkable advantage: little or no direct competitors.
Unfortunately, the lack of competition is e to the Brazilians are not accustomed to American-style breakfast. Therefore, the Kellogg Company and its advertising agency J. Walter Thompson Company (J. Walter
Thompson) faced by marketing the most important task is to how to change the breakfast habits of Brazilians.
Kellogg decided in Brazil is very popular TV series "Novelas" in spots. Advertising picture is a little boy eating with relish to back out from the packaging bag of cereal. Shows excellent taste in procts at the same time, the advertisement will be located in a food proct rather than as part of breakfast. As a result of market response, the ad film was quickly removed them.
Analysis of the Brazilian culture, show that Brazilians strong family values and deep-rooted concept of male chauvinism. Therefore, in the subsequent design of the ad program will focus on the performance of his cereal bowl and add milk into the family breakfast scene. Compared with the first advertisement, the more successful advertising programs, an increase of cereal sales, Kellogg had 99.5 percent share of the market share. However, it is still not satisfactory in terms of sales volume, the per capita use of breakfast cereals less than an ounce.
Kellogg has been accustomed to these challenges. It has spent 20 years in Mexico to cultivate a substantial breakfast market size, (in Japan and France have spent 6 years). Kellogg is now also targeting the Indian market has great potential. Although sales in India but was a mere two million U.S. dollars, but very optimistic about its prospects. In addition to the traditional breakfast of corn flakes, it also likes to eat rice in accordance with Indian features, developed a new piece of rice.

Ⅲ 急求关于市场营销或则房地产相关的英文论文

Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which indivials and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. [1] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.

Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions[2], whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.

Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

Contents [hide]
1 Four Ps
2 Proct
2.1 Branding
3 Marketing communications
3.1 Advertising
3.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
3.1.2 Objectives
3.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
3.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
3.2 Personal sales
3.3 Sales promotion
3.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
4 Customer focus
5 Proct focus
6 Areas of marketing specialization
7 See also
8 Related lists
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

[edit] Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix,[3] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan.

The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer procts. Instrial procts, services, high value consumer procts require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services.

Instrial or B2B marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than indivial transactions.

As a counter to this, Morgan, in Riding the Waves of Change (Jossey-Bass, 1988), suggests that one of the greatest limitations of the 4 Ps approach "is that it unconsciously emphasizes the inside–out view (looking from the company outwards), whereas the essence of marketing should be the outside–in approach".

[edit] Proct
Main article: New Proct Development

[edit] Branding
Main article: Brand
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes procts and services from competitive offerings. A brand represents the consumers' experience with an organization, proct, or service. A brand is more than a name, design or symbol. Brand reflects personality of the company which is organizational culture.

A brand has also been defined as an identifiable entity that makes a specific value based on promises made and kept either actively or passively.

Branding means creating reference of certain procts in mind.

Co-branding involves marketing activity involving two or more procts.

[edit] Marketing communications
Marketing communications breaks down the strategies involved with marketing messages into categories based on the goals of each message. There are distinct stages in converting strangers to customers that govern the communication medium that should be used.

[edit] Advertising
Paid form of public presentation and expressive promotion of ideas
Aimed at masses
Manufacturer may determine what goes into advertisement
Pervasive and impersonal medium

[edit] Functions and advantages of successful advertising
Task of the salesman made easier
Maximize sales
Publicity
Brand building
Create awareness
Persuade buyers
Introction of new proct
Enable market leadership
To face competition
To inform changes
To counteract to competitors advertisement
To enhance goodwill

[edit] Objectives
Maintain demand for well-known goods
Introce new and unknown goods
Increase demand for well-known goods/procts/services

[edit] Requirements of a good advertisement
The AIDA principle. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action

Attract attention (awareness)
Stimulate interest
Create a desire
Bring about action (to buy the proct)

[edit] Eight steps in an advertising campaign
Market research
Setting out aims
Budgeting
Choice of media (television, newspaper/magazines, radio, web, outdoor)
Choice of actors and players (New Trend)
Design and wording
Co-ordination
Test results

[edit] Personal sales
Oral presentation given by a salesperson who approaches indivials or a group of potential customers:

Live, interactive relationship
Personal interest
Attention and response
Interesting presentation
Clear and thorough.

[edit] Sales promotion
Short-term incentives to encourage buying of procts:

Instant appeal
Anxiety to sell
An example is coupons or a sale. People are given an incentive to buy, but this does not build customer loyalty or encourage future repeat buys. A major drawback of sales promotion is that it is easily copied by competition. It cannot be used as a sustainable source of differentiation.

[edit] Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
Stimulation of demand through press release giving a favourable report to a proct
Higher degree of credibility
Effectively news
Boosts enterprise's image

[edit] Customer focus
Many companies today have a customer focus (or market orientation). This implies that the company focuses its activities and procts on consumer demands. Generally there are three ways of doing this: the customer-driven approach, the sense of identifying market changes and the proct innovation approach.

In the consumer-driven approach, consumer wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the proct itself, is driven by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this approach is that there is no point spending R&D funds developing procts that people will not buy. History attests to many procts that were commercial failures in spite of being technological breakthroughs.[4]

A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing is known as SIVA[5] (Solution, Information, Value, Access). This system is basically the four Ps renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus.

The SIVA Model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (proct, price, place, promotion) of marketing management.

Proct → Solution
Promotion → Information
Price → Value
Placement → Access

The four elements of the SIVA model are:

Solution: How appropriate is the solution to the customer's problem/need?
Information: Does the customer know about the solution? If so, how and from whom do they know enough to let them make a buying decision?
Value: Does the customer know the value of the transaction, what it will cost, what are the benefits, what might they have to sacrifice, what will be their reward?
Access: Where can the customer find the solution? How easily/locally/remotely can they buy it and take delivery?
This model was proposed by Chekitan Dev and Don Schultz in the Marketing Management Journal of the American Marketing Association, and presented by them in Market Leader, the journal of the Marketing Society in the UK.

[edit] Proct focus
In a proct innovation approach, the company pursues proct innovation, then tries to develop a market for the proct. Proct innovation drives the process and marketing research is concted primarily to ensure that profitable market segment(s) exist for the innovation. The rationale is that customers may not know what options will be available to them in the future so we should not expect them to tell us what they will buy in the future. However, marketers can aggressively over-pursue proct innovation and try to overcapitalize on a niche. When pursuing a proct innovation approach, marketers must ensure that they have a varied and multi-tiered approach to proct innovation. It is claimed that if Thomas Edison depended on marketing research he would have proced larger candles rather than inventing light bulbs. Many firms, such as research and development focused companies, successfully focus on proct innovation. Many purists doubt whether this is really a form of marketing orientation at all, because of the ex post status of consumer research. Some even question whether it is marketing.

An emerging area of study and practice concerns internal marketing, or how employees are trained and managed to deliver the brand in a way that positively impacts the acquisition and retention of customers (employer branding).
Diffusion of innovations research explores how and why people adopt new procts, services and ideas.
A relatively new form of marketing uses the Internet and is called Internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, affiliate marketing, desktop advertising or online marketing. It tries to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing.
With consumers' eroding attention span and willingness to give time to advertising messages, marketers are turning to forms of permission marketing such as branded content, custom media and reality marketing.
The use of herd behavior in marketing.
The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behavior.[6] It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of procts that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get proct popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart-cart technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introced by a Princeton researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts." Large retailers Wal-Mart in the United States and Tesco in Britain plan to test the technology in spring 2007 .
Marketing is also used to promote business' procts and is a great way to promote the business.

Other recent studies on the "power of social influence" include an "artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs" (Columbia University, New York); a Japanese chain of convenience stores which orders its procts based on "sales data from department stores and research companies;" a Massachusetts company exploiting knowledge of social networking to improve sales; and online retailers who are increasingly informing consumers about "which procts are popular with like-minded consumers" (e.g., Amazon, eBay).

Ⅳ 国际营销与国内营销的主要区别是

国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸与扩展。国际市场营销与国内市场营销的不同版:
1.营销环境不同(一个是国内权环境一个是国外环境,国外环境并不被熟悉,更复杂)。
2.市场营销组合策略有所区别。(在产品策略上,定价策略上,分销策略上及促销策略上都不一样)。
3.国际营销战略及营销管理过程更为复杂。

Ⅳ 急!谁能帮忙给一篇关于广告的英文论文翻译(原文+译文),谢谢

广告的本质是传播,广告的灵魂是创意。
广告一词,据考证是一外来语。它首先源于拉丁文advertere,其意为注意,诱导,传播。中古英语时代(约公元1300—1475年),演变为Advertise,其含义衍化为“使某人注意到某件事”,或“通知别人某件事,以引起他人的注意”。直到17世纪末,英国开始进行大规模的商业活动。这时,广告一词便广泛地流行并被使用。此时的“广告”,已不单指一则广告,而指一系列的广告活动。静止的物的概念的名词Advertise,被赋予现代意义,转化成为“Advertising”。汉字的广告一词源于日本。
《韦伯斯特词典》对广告的定义是:广告是指在通过直接或间接的方式强化销售商品、传播某种主义或信息、召集参加各种聚会和集会等意图下开展的所有告之性活动的形式(韦伯斯特辞典1977年版)。
在现代,广告被认为是运用媒体而非口头形式传递的具有目的性信息的一种形式,它旨在唤起人们对商品的需求并对生产或销售这些商品的企业产生了解和好感,告之提供某种非营利目的的服务以及阐述某种意义和见解等(韦伯斯特辞典1988版)。
《简明大不列颠网络全书》(15版)对广告的定义是:广告是传播信息的一种方式,其目的在于推销商品、劳务服务、取得政治支持、推近一种事业或引起刊登广告者所希望的其他的反映。广告信息通过各种宣传工具,传递给它所想要吸引的观众或听众。广告不同于其他传递信息的形式,它必须由登广告者付给传播的媒介以一定的报酬。
社会学家、评论家艾君在1994年由现代出版社出版的《当代生意经》对于广告概念问题这样阐述,读完一些广告定义,不难发现有的还可以说是个较为完整的定义,有的则只是对广告的简单地判断。更值得商榷的是有的定义还没有解释清楚广告是怎么回事,解释中又重复出现了“广告”之词。或将广告当成修饰词语出现,如广告语,广告客户、广告者、广告信息……这好比张三问李四:“什么叫艺术?”李四答:“由艺术家创作或表演的作品……”。人们便会问:没有讲明艺术的定义,不知道什么叫艺术,怎么会出现艺术家?
艾君认为,在弄清广告定义之前,首先要看看生活中的广告活动是怎样运转的。他解读为,组织或个体(广告主)为了目的(树立形象、推销产品、求购、声明、招生、求职等)依靠(付出费用)确定媒体,按规定时间、要求,真实地传播信息的活动。
从广告运转的规律、程序,艾君为广告下这样一个定义:
广告,即确定的组织或个人为了一定的目的,依靠付出费用,在规定的时间内,按照要求,由指定的媒体,将真实信息传播出去的一种交流活动。他认为,这个定义从实践中来,必然能反映广告的本质属性,也能够解释通除商业广告之外的一些广告现象。如“征婚启事”、“政府通告”、“聚会通知”等一些与经济无关的公益广告。
在中国,商业广告还没有到达颠峰,已存在着极大的泡沫成分和非理性行为;随着消费者的成熟、行业的规范,企业也会走向理性,自然会回落,启用普通模特将成为主流;同时,广告将异军突起并逐渐走向成熟,避免不了挑战。企业启用形象代言人,可能有各种目的,尤其当“子弦效应”和炒作之风盛行的年代。笔者在对形象代言人按照“准确营销”的观点进行理论总结,发现了现代市场形象代言人基本特性,用广告方式传达品牌独特、鲜明的个性主张,使产品得以与目标消费群建立某种联系,顺利进入消费者的生活和视野,达到与之心灵的深层沟通,并在其心中树立某种印象和地位,使品牌变成一个有意义的带有附加价值的符码。他通过一定的媒介或载体传播诉诸目标受众,从而在品牌如云的市场中树立和打造个性化的品牌形象。他或者通过品牌创立人独具人格魅力的形象代言,给目标受众以鲜明的品牌个性和信心;或者通过影视明星、社会名人极具亲和力的广告代言,令品牌产品迅速对目标消费群的购买施加影响;或者通过虚构人物演绎品牌叙事,传达品牌理念与价值取向,赢得目标受众的认同;或者通过漫画式卡通动物的形象代言,塑造活泼可爱、耳目一新的品牌形象,让人在相视一笑中对品牌产生美好的联想和印象。他的形象代言并不完全等于企业的形象,所以,他的走红并不意味着产品就能够走红。企业的监督与他们的配合就显得相当重要。而他们也应有自我约束的责任意识,真正融入这个企业文化,真正用心去演绎产品宣传理念,才会凸现广而告之的意思。

英文
The advertisement nature is propagation , the advertisement soul is an innovative idea. That word , evidence once research textually advertisement is one word of foreign origin. It originates from Latin advertere first , it's intention is guidance , propagation pay attention to. Middle English times (makes an appointment with A.D. 1300 develops into Advertise in 1475), that it's import spreads out Hua Wei "makes a certain person pay attention to arriving at some matter " , "informs others of or some matter, to arouse others's paying attention to ". Until 17 ends of the century , United Kingdom begin to carry out large-scale commerce use personal influence. At this time, advertisement one word convenience is popular for and is put into use broadly. But "advertisement" now , already not only finger one items of advertisement, point to the advertisement activity a train of. Conceptual motionless thing noun Advertise , quilt give modern significance to , conversion becomes "Advertising". The word once originates from the Chinese character advertisement Japan. "Webster is lexicographic ", checking the advertisement definition is: Advertisement is that the finger is growing doctrine or information by the fact that direct or indirect way strengthening the marketing commodity , spreading some , open-minded possessions tells that sex flexible form (Webster under the intention calling together for participating in various party and rally etc. Thesaurus 1977 printing plate). One kind of form being regarded as the information wielding a medium but being not that the verbal form is hereditary having teleonomy in modern times , advertisement, it aims at calling up people procing the acquaintance and favorable impression to the commodity need and to the enterprise procing or selling these commodities's , some grow (Webster dictionaries such as significance and view as well as expounding the service suing that provides some nonprofit species purpose 1988 printing plate). That "concise Great Britain encyclopaedias " (15 printing plate) check the advertisement definition is: Advertisement is to spread one kind of way of information , with a view to, whose promotes sales of commodity , labour service service , gets politics support , pushes close one kind of cause or arouses to advertise be what person hopes other report. Advertisement information passes the various instrument of propaganda , transfers to audience or audience wanted to attract by it. Advertisement is unlike the form transferring information other , it must be paid to the intermediary spreading with certain reward by advertiser. The sociologist , critic Ai your "the present age business expertise " being come out by modern press in 1994 expound like this to advertisement concept problem , finish reading some advertisement definition , no difficult to find that some so to speak be comparatively entire definition, some simple however pair of advertisement field judges. Being worth deliberating more is that some definition does not make an explanation understand advertisement what's all this about, word of making an explanation middle repetition has appeared "advertisement". Or advertisement should become polishing terms appearing, if advertisement speaks, advertising client , advertisement person , advertisement information, ... This is just like three ask about Li four: "What calls art "? Four reply Li: Work "creating or performing by artist, ,'' . People just is able to ask about: Without the definition explaining art, do not know what calls art, why artist appears on meeting? The Ai monarch thinks, before making advertisement definition clear , that the primo asks advertisement in taking a look at life to use personal influence is how to move round. (, the demand setting up an image , promoting the sale of procts for purpose buy the he is understood and explained in order, organizing or particular (advertisement host) , the declaration, enrolls new students , job wanted waits for support (pay cost) to ascertain a medium) , pushes down set time , the request, activity spreading information's truly. From advertisement travel law , procere,the Ai monarch defines in order advertisement goes down such one: Advertisement, be that organization or indivial ascertaining that pays cost for certain purpose , support, medium being appointed as within the fixed time, according to the request , the reason, that true information propagation goes out one kind exchange is exercised. He thinks that this comes in secondary practice of definition, can reflect the advertisement nature attribute inevitably , also is able to make an explanation exchange some advertisement phenomenon except commercial advertisement. If "the lonely-hearts ad " ", government public notice ", "get together inform equal few of " the public good advertisement having nothing to do with economy. Before China , commercial advertisement return back to a peak not getting to jolt, already existence is burning the immense foam constitutive and is not reason behavior; With consumer's maturity , the instry norm, enterprise also meeting trend reason , natural meeting make fall after rise , start using the average model will become main current; At the same time, advertisement will appear all of a sudden and the trend is graally mature, avoid challenge without end. Enterprise starts using the image spokesman , possibility has various purpose, age thinking that "subchord wind of effect " and speculation is in vogue especially. The author has been in the summary carrying out theory on the viewpoint that the image spokesman "sells according to accurate camp" , has discovered the modern marketplace image spokesman basic characteristic property, unique , distinct indiviality advocates through advertisement way janitor brand, make a proct manage to build some species connection with target consumption group , enter consumer's life and ken smoothly , reach with that intelligent deep communicate with, in and the person sets up some species impression and position at heart, using a brand becomes a meaningful with additional value magic figure code. He accepts the masses by the fact that the certain intermediary or carrier propagation appeals to a target , thereby, sets up and makes the brand image indiviation in the brand if the marketplace saying is middle. His image having personality charm alone possibly by the fact that the brand founds person replaces a word, distinct brand indiviality and confidence are used by the masses by target; The affinity advertisement replaces a word or by the fact that the movie and TV star , the society celebrity pole have , the purchase making brand proct prompt to target consumption group exerts one's influence on sb; Or narrate by the fact that the fiction personage deces a brand, idea and value take the janitor brand face, win a target accept numerous acception; Or by the fact that image of dyadic cartoon cartoon animal replaces a word, mold lively the brand image lovable , finding everything fresh and new, lets person proce fine association and impression in looking at one each other laughing at to the brand. His image is equal to enterprise image , reason why not completely on behalf of a word , his walking makes red being going to being able to be in favour not implying a proct. The enterprise supervision and their composition appear pretty important right away. They also should have but the self-control responsibility mental consciousness , melt really to enter this corporate culture, real intention goes to dece a proct propagating idea, only meaning that can bulge cash publicizing

Ⅵ 英语广告的翻译策略

摘要:成功翻译的商业广告对企业开拓国际市场、创造财富发挥着不可忽视的作用。从语音、措词、句型与修辞等方面分析中英广告的语言风格差异,并从了解西方国家的禁忌,文化因素的变通和处理,注重创新翻译等3个角度探讨了相关的翻译策略。随着世界经济的迅速发展,全球经济一体化的趋势日益明显,国际间的贸易愈加频繁,跨国公司的数量与日俱增。为了开拓国际市场,各跨国企业竞相推销自己的产品。作为跨国企业与目标市场的直接对话桥梁———广告,则被大量广泛地使用。广告的质量优劣,直接关系到企业的国际化形象。成功的商业广告能帮助企业销售产品,而成功的广告翻译更有利于企业冲出国门、闻名世界。广告翻译的目的是将一国的产品推销给生长在另一种文化中的消费者,使后者接受前者[1]。既然广告的目的是推销,其本质就是商业性。广告所体现的语言风格深深扎根于本土文化之中,是一定社会文化的产物。广告翻译并非简单地把句子翻译出来,它涉及了丰富的语言文化知识。一个翻译得体的广告既要保留原文的精华,又要把句子中所承载的企业思想与产品概念传递给目标消费者。但是,由于世界各国在地理位置、宗教信仰、价值取向以及经济发展水平等方面不尽相同,人们的思维方式、价值观、审美情趣和消费观念也必然存在着一定差异,并直接体现在语言表达方式的差异上。1中英广告语言风格的差异广告语言是广告的核心内容,它作为一种功能性语言,其主要目的是刺激消费。因此“广告语言通常具有注目价值(attention value),记忆价值(memory value),表达功能(expressive function),引导功能(directive function)和美学功能(aesthetic function)。”[2]广告语言不只是单纯的商业性,而是汇集文学、美学、心理学、市场营销学和消费行为学等学科为一体的鼓动性艺术语言(loaded artistic language)[3]。为了取得最佳的诉求效果,广告语言必须具有较强的艺术美感。为适应当代文化语境,广告语言成为产品的包装手段,塑造了具有极大附加值的产品形象。它通过制造审美幻像,不仅给人带来精神上的愉悦,“消除”受众的困顿劳累,获得现实矛盾的象征性解决,而且刺激了受众的消费兴趣,引导着受众的消费时尚,连其自身也成为受众语言消费的对象。中英广告语言风格的差异主要体现在以下4个方面。
1.1语音差异。中英语言的发音极不相同,同样的一句话能引起不同的听觉效果,激起不同的心理反应。一句念起来朗朗上口的英文广告词在直译成中文后不一定能带给中国消费者同样的效果。而一句平平仄仄的中文广告语在翻译成英文后也常变了味道。“可口可乐”商标的翻译就是一个典范。1920年,“Cocacola”开始进入中国市场,被译为“蝌蚪啃蜡”。可想而知,起这样一个怪名字的饮料吸引不了多少消费者。直到1979年,“Cocacola”再次重返中国内地市场时,中文译名改为“可口可乐”,才从此打开了中国市场。“可口可乐”既保持了原词的音节和响亮,又使人一听便知是饮料商标。这就把原本没有什么含义的商标翻译得有声有色,令人回味无穷,译名的效果远远超过了原名。又如“海尔”公司的英文商标“Haier”与“海尔”的中文拼音写法一样,而且“Haier”的发音还与英文单词“higher”(更高)的发音相同,意在表达“海尔”的产品将会在欧洲等海外市场取得越来越好的成绩。这也为海尔在海外的发展迈出成功的第一步。许多公司在刚开展海外市场时倾向于尽量使用这种保留原文发音的音意相结合翻译法。
1.2措词差异。“中国广告语幅较长(high context),注重解说词等声音造型,表意性强,往往通过营造一种美好的气氛使观众对其产品产生某种直觉或好感,讲究的是以情动人,比较侧重感性认识。”[4]我国大多广告语的特点是注重以传统美德为基础并结合时代精神,树立正面的形象。在表现形式上,国内广告语遣词用句大都严谨、工整,且喜欢用诗句。词语是语言的基本单位,中式广告语言中词语的运用主要表现在词语的意义上。常见的一词多义现象为词语的巧妙运用提供了基础条件。常用义与非常用义,字面义与原义的混合使用,巧妙搭配,使广告出语惊人,妙趣横生,给人新颖奇特之感。心理学认为新奇感会吸引人的注意力,从而激发兴趣,增强记忆。汉语广告常用的措词方法有[5]:①一词多义。广告创作常常使一个词语表现出两个以上的意义,以人们对词语常用义的熟悉为前提,利用人们的心理定势,一开始只理解词语的常用义,同时又出人意料地表现出另一层意义,从而使广告语出语惊人,幽默风趣,增强了广告的感染力,便于人们记忆。例如:“阿里山瓜子,一嗑就开心。”(阿里山瓜子广告)———“开心”既表示瓜子很容易嗑开,又表示心情愉快;“40年风尘岁月,中华在我心中。”(中华牙膏广告)———把中华这个品牌与中华民族巧妙地联系起来,既宣传了产品,又使人们从内心深处产生一种强烈的爱国之情,蕴含了丰富深刻的文化内涵。②曲解词义。有些词语的字面形式与产品的特点有着密切的联系,因此某些中式广告利用其字面义,有意曲解词义产生新义。这种方法一方面把产品特点一目了然地表达出来,另一方面由字面义曲解出新义,推陈出新,给人在心理上造成新奇之感,进而加深印象[6]。例如:“人人爱戴”(首饰广告)———“爱戴”作为一个词指敬爱并且拥护,但在该广告中被故意分割成两部分,意为喜欢佩戴。英语广告通常比较客观,广告语精短,强调语言的精准、概括以及画面造型语言的推理和联想,因而理性的成分居多,整个广告多以一段有所寓意的画面作铺垫,最后给出画龙点睛般的广告语。英国广告语的特点则注重直接宣传企业与产品。在用词方面,英语广告可以说是兼收并蓄,不拘一格,绚丽多姿。在许多情况下,广告为产生一种幽默与诙谐的效果,故意使用一些不正式的语言。许多广告使用了大量的俚语和非正式词汇,使广告显得通俗活泼,给人留下深刻的印象。例如:“Keep the frog out of your throat.”这是一篇咽喉片广告中的最后一句话,广告策划者故意用这样一个非正式的短语取得一种幽默的效果。在某外衣的广告“Pitythe pickpocket.”(可怜那些三只手吧)中,突出了服装的特色,衣袋设计的不同凡响,甚至可以防盗。其中“pickpocket”就属于口语体,相当于汉语中的“三只手”或“扒手”。如将其换成“thief”(贼),效果就不如“pickpocket”生动有趣。1.3句型差异。汉语广告简短,采用精练句式,便于记忆。心理学研究成果表明,减少记忆性材料的数量可以增加记忆的深度,因此简明的广告内容会比复杂的记忆效果好[6]。汉语广告常用的句型有:①广泛采用短句,复句多为一重复句。例如:“味道好极了!”(雀巢咖啡广告);“东方,东方的风格,东方的情调。”(上海东方家具厂广告)②多用省略句。例如:“任劳任怨,只要还剩一口气。”(轮胎广告);“少一份噪声,多一份宁静。”(双鹿冰箱广告)③多用整句,整句即结构相同或相似的一组句子。例如:“来自深山,穿过密林,带着凉爽,飘来幽香,送来愉快。”(盛夏矿泉水广告);“是献给妻子的一份体贴,是回报母亲的一颗孝心,是赠送朋友的一种礼物,是带给家庭的一片温馨。”(洗衣粉广告)英语广告在表现形式上多趋向不拘一格的自由体。英语广告的句型也多种多样,最常用的句型有以下几类:①祈使句。祈使句在广告中的出现频率也较大。广告的最终目的就是鼓动、劝说人们去购买特定的商品。祈使句的恰当使用可以很好地达到广告的引导功能。例如:“Askany one who owns one.”———询问一下有这种车的人吧。(汽车广告) ;“Lay down your arms.”———放下您的胳膊吧。(桌子广告)②一般疑问句。英语广告中平均30句话便有一个疑问句,疑问句的使用缩短了广告与读者的距离,因为疑问句通常需要对方作出反应,似乎甲乙双方在交流。有的疑问句不是真正发出疑问,不需要回答。这种疑问句增加了渲染力度,加强语势,启发读者思考,突出主题,吸引读者的注意力。这些也正是广告的初衷所在。例如:“Canyou tell cheese from real cheese?”———您能把普通奶酪与真正的奶酪分开吗?“Why smoke if you don’t enjoy it?”———如果您不喜欢,又为什么要抽呢?“The Seiko Ladies QuartzPretty, isn’t she?”———精工牌女士石英表,潇洒漂亮,不是吗?③比较级。由于英语广告中有大量的形容词和副词做修饰语,比较级在广告中广为运用。例如:“These dayssucceeding in business means getting more competitive and makingtougher decisions”;“In short, the stronger your character, thebrighter your future.”④直接引语。英语广告中直接引语出现得很多,因为直接引语能使广告显得形式活泼、新颖,从心理学的角度看可以增强说服力。例如:“It’s like we’re allin the same office. The office just happens to spread across 7000miles of ocean.”———Tom Hughes MIS Director, Construction.这是IBM公司一则广告的开头语,通过该公司经理的原话,使广告显得生动具体。1.4修辞差异。汉语广告习惯使用大量的修饰语,偏好华丽的词汇,并有意识地重复使用某些语句加深受众印象,增强表达效果的修辞手段。常用的修辞手法有:①连续反复。广告语中的连续反复多是商品品牌名称的重复,这是由广告的目的和人们的记忆特点所决定。广告的目的就是刺激消费者去消费广告中的那种商品,而广告刻意突出反复商品的品牌名称,可以增强人们对这种商品的印象,达到宣传目的。[7]例如:“丰华丰华,笔中精华。”(丰华笔广告);“盾牌,盾牌,可靠的盾牌。”(盾牌头盔广告)②间隔反复。最常见的是同一个语言单位的重复。既有反复,又有变化,在重复中增添新的信息,消除人的厌烦情绪和抗拒心理,发挥记忆功能[7]。例如:“中国人的生活,中国人的美菱。”(美菱冰箱广告);“留下山留下水,留下青春留下美。”(照相机广告);“在特别的日子,把特别的爱,给特别的您。”(轻骑摩托车公司广告)③引用。中国五千多年的悠久文化造就了无数优秀的成语、俗语和诗文名句,而这些是中国人在日常生活学习中所熟知的。广告语中使用这些熟语使人们直接跨越记忆过程中的识记阶段,唤起头脑中已存在的对于成语、俗语的记忆,并把此记忆的印迹作为表象在脑海中重新呈现出来,这样对加深人们的记忆,增强广告语的感染力起着很大的作用[9]。例如:出自魏曹操《短歌行》的诗文名句———“慨当以慷,忧思难忘。何以解忧,唯有杜康。”(杜康酒广告);成语———“一毛不拔”(牙刷广告);俗语———“天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。”(中国人民保险公司广告)英语广告则忌滥用修饰语,由于其语言本论文由无忧论文网www.51lunwen.com整理提供本身的特性,同一个词组或句式,过度重复会适得其反。如果将汉语广告中过多的修饰词直译成英语,会给人一种虚假的感觉,导致情感传递的障碍,不能达到原有广告的功效。所以翻译时不能机械地直接对应,而应从英语的文化习惯和可接受性出发,或改译,或省略,以保持译文地道自然、平实无华的风格。例如:“Selected materials, fine workmanship, mod-ern designs, reasonable price, various specifications. Orders wel-come.”———用料上乘,做工精细,款式新颖,价格合理,规格齐全,欢迎选购[1]。上述译文既保留了原义,又简洁流畅有节奏,符合中国人的审美习惯。为了使广告语言具有强烈的说服力给人们留下深刻的印象,使之能刺激受众的消费欲望,打动受众去购买和使用产品,许多英语广告并不单纯是靠大量使用修饰语,而是靠运用各种修辞手法,以为数不多但精练独到的语言给人们留下深刻的印象。常用的修辞手法有[10]:①排比(parallelism)。“The Milk Chocolate melts in yourmouth, not in your hand.”(牛奶巧克力:只溶在口,不溶在手。)②重复(repetition)。“Extra Taste. Not Extra Calories.”暗示该产品有额外的口味,却无额外的热量,不会使人发胖。通过重复“extra”,使该食品更具诱惑力,从而使消费者不再犹豫。③仿拟(parody)。“A Mars a day keeps you work, restand play.”(火星巧克力,生活原动力。)巧妙仿拟“An apple aday keeps the doctor away.”(一天一苹果,医生远离我。),在消费者心中产生强烈的共鸣和奇妙的联想,激起他们购买的欲望。④明喻(simile)。“Light as a breeze, soft as acloud.”用明喻的形式描述了衣服质地的轻柔以及穿上之后舒适飘逸的感觉,让人跃跃欲试!⑤暗喻(metaphor)。“Soft, enchanting, smiling color, that’s the gift of Focus to yourhair.”把使用发油后发质柔软、颜色可人的效果说成是发油赠送的礼物,使该产品更具魅力和人情味。⑥拟人(per-sonification)。“Unlike me, my Rolex never needs a rest.”用拟人的手法把Rolex表人格化,从其不需休息这一点暗指该表走时准确,劲力十足,其质量值得消费者信赖。⑦夸张(hyperbole)。“We have hidden a garden full of vegetables whereyou’d never expect in a pie.”(在您意想不到的一个地方,我们珍藏了满园的蔬菜,那是在一个小小的馅饼里。)⑧反衬(contrast)。“Othello is a game that takes only a minute to learnbut a lifetime to master.”(奥赛罗电子游戏:一分钟入门,一辈子玩味。)原文通过“a minute”和“a lifetime”的反衬,突出该电子游戏容易上手又经得起琢磨的特性。2中英广告互译策略通过对中英广告语言风格差异的分析,我们发现广告翻译不仅是简单的语言翻译,也是一种文化翻译。成功的广告翻译需要译者认真研究相关的翻译策略。2.1了解西方国家的禁忌。任何国家、民族都存在许多这样那样的忌讳,如英国人不喜欢大象,信奉伊斯兰教的国家忌用猪、狗作广告,西方人多喜爱白色,厌恶红色等等。各种禁忌无奇不有,这在民俗学中是一种专门的学问。对于千百年来形成的文化风俗和传统习惯,我们应给予必要的尊重。例如:“白翎”不能直译成“white feather”,因为英语习语“to show the white feather”表示临阵脱逃、软弱无能;“白象”不能直译成“white elephant”,该词在英语中意味着“clumsy”或“awkward”。在语义上,由于中西方在风俗习惯、文化传统、礼仪等方面的不同,导致许多词语在中西两种文化中有着不同的文化内涵。缺乏对这些词语所传递的文化含义的理解而进行误用或滥用,会造成交际和翻译中的失误。在广告翻译中,一定要注意避开容易产生歧义和不愉快的联想意义的词语,以免引起负面的情感反映。例如:“黑人”牙膏,曾被译为“Darkie”,而“Darkie”在英文中是对黑人的蔑称,正好涉及种族歧视这一敏感问题。“藕粉”不能直译成“lotus root starch”,“starch”(淀粉)会让外国人担心产品会导致肥胖,改译为“lotus root powder”更容易让人接受。因此,译者应对译入语国家的历史、政治有一定了解,避免使用有特殊含义、容易引起负面联想的词语。
2.2文化因素的变通和处理。由于原有的语言在新的环境中失效,翻译并不是一味追求与原文意义最高程度的吻合。在中英广告翻译中,译者面对着两种截然不同的表达方式,译文只要符合受众国消费者的语言文化和习俗,就是合适的翻译。原文的文字可以舍去不用,但应尽量产生对应的形象效果,达到同样的销售目的。实际上,广告翻译的灵活性很强,留给译者发挥的空间很大。译者只要熟知译入语国家的文化习俗,充分挖掘产品的特征并尽可能地去寻找最贴近当地文化的表达法即可。例如,中国人认为红色代表喜庆,常在商标或广告语中使用“红色”,而西方人大多不喜欢红色,因为“red”是危险、暴力和流血的标志。因此,“红星”牌电风扇就可被巧妙地译为“Bright StarElectric Fan”或“Shining Star Electric Fan”,效果自然比从原文直译的“Red Star Electric Fan”要好。又如,中国人熟悉的“蚊子杀!杀!杀!”广告语中的“杀”字,若直译成英文“kill”很不文雅,而译文“Mosquito bye bye bye!”显得更地道、更符合英语的表达习惯。再如,“芳芳”牌口红若直译成“Fangfang”让英语读者联想到毒蛇的牙齿并兴致全无,用“Aroma”或“Fragrance”进行变通则可以避免尴尬。
2.3注重创新翻译。广告本身就极具丰富的想象力和极大的创造力,翻译也绝非只是一一对应的文字转换,而是在保持原文含义的基础上进行的二次改造。“实达”电脑与“瑞星”杀毒软件分别被巧妙地通过音意相结合译为“Star”与“Rising”,既保留了原文的发音,译名又新颖生动,表示该产品将成为同行业中的一颗新星。如果采用原音直译,或谐音取义,都无法传神地体现出商品的特色和与众不同。在这种情况下,译者就应该果断地放弃原来的广告词,另辟蹊径,融合受众国的文化,大胆创新,赋予商品美好的联想意义,才能让商品迅速进驻另一个市场,吸引更多的消费者。又如,“昂立一号”在英译时就抛开原来的发音,经过再创造变为“Only one”这个商标,一进入国际市场,就取得良好的销售业绩,其品牌知名度大大提升。创新,是使新产品快速深入人心的必胜法宝。商品是国际化的,而广告是本土化的。由于英汉语言的差异,原文为达到新奇独特目的而采用的修辞手法可能在翻译过程中无法保留,译者只能进行合理的变通甚至运用其他修辞手法加以转译,尤其是双关语,大多只能通过其他手法来别具一格地翻译。例如,某家海滨旅馆为吸引前来度假的年轻情侣的“Twogether”广告,取“together”的谐音,译为“双宿双栖”可重点突出“two”,套用韩剧片名译为“浪漫满屋”则更具时代气息,别有风味。又如,某服装店的“We have coats for every wear, every-where.”运用“every wear”与“everywhere”的谐音进行重复强调加深读者印象,汉译成四字结构“天下衣仓”、“衣行天下”或“随心所欲,随时随地”显得朗朗上口,通俗易记。其他修辞手法则比较容易在译文中得以再现,例如,某啤酒广告语“too good to forget”看似平淡而又极为夸张地给人以“永难忘怀”的印象,可以再用夸张的手法译为“一口钟情”、“一醉千年”或“欲罢不能”,也可套用雪津啤酒的广告词“真情的味道”。某女装品牌“XS”的汉语拼音读法接近“西施”,其广告语“穿上XS,西施就是你!”也可运用隐喻译为“You are a beauty in XS!”。学生街某餐馆的押韵广告语“有酒有菜,红颜自己带”也可运用再现押韵的手法译成“come for dinner, with your lover”。3结束语
作为企业首选的营销策略,广告在中西文化巨大差异的背景下,经常面临着文化冲突的问题。中英广告的互译中有许多不理想的实例,有的甚至导致了销售挫折。追溯广告翻译误差的根源,主要是由于译者没有足够的语言文化驾驭能力,一味拘泥于原文表面意义。文化之间的差异反映到承载文化的语言上,若未经过适当的处理,就会造成跨文化交际中的障碍。本论文由无忧论文网www.51lunwen.com整理提供中国的经济不断腾飞,已有不少企业在国际中享有盛名。这些中国品牌能够拥有国际知名度,得到海外消费者的认可,和企业在当地进行的一系列本土化营销策略有关,其中广告翻译必定起着关键的因素。广告是民族文化与语言文字的统一体,广告翻译是语言翻译和文化翻译的结合体。准确的广告翻译除了遵循语言的翻译原则和规律外,还必须注重研究与两种语言相关的文化。只有跨越了语言文化障碍得体地处理跨文化交际中的语言文化因素,运用恰当的翻译策略与技巧,才能译出符合消费者审美情趣和心理需求的广告语,才能使企业品牌从多个方面拉近与外国消费者的距离,潜移默化地加深当地人对品牌的认可,从而取得成功。参考文献:
[1]徐莉林.从中英文广告的差异看广告翻译[J].内蒙古社会科学,2005(4):84.
[2]赵静.广告英语[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1992:159.
[3]谭卫国.中西文化与广告语言[J].上海师范大学学报:社会科学版,2003(2):108-109.
[4]王紫娟.广告语言与大众心理[J].上海外国语大学学报:社会科学版,1995(4):74.
[5]林乐滕.广告语言[M].济南:山东教育出版社,1992:42.
[6]朱清阳.广告金句[M].长春:吉林科技出版社,1993:49.
[8]刘雪春.反复在广告语中的创新[J].汉语学习,1998(4):26.
[9]倪宝元.修辞手法与广告语言[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001:105.
[10]吴希平.英语广告修辞种种[J].中国翻译,1997(5):27.
本论文由无忧论文网www.51lunwen.com整理提供

Ⅶ 最后本文通过对可口可乐的营销组合策略进行,并结合中国的国情,提出了对中国企业的一些建议。用英语翻译

Finally, on the basis of analysing Coca-cola's marketing mix strategy and combined with China's national conditions, this article proposes some suggestions aiming at Chinese entprises

Ⅷ 广告翻译的国内外研究现状

上世纪80年代中期以来,有关广告语言的
研究就散见于个别外语类主要期刊中,但国内
广告翻译研究正式起步则始于上世纪90年代
初。就研究内容而言,早期论文主要为具体广
告用语译法的探讨以及汉语广告英译中所存在
的问题,为起步阶段。此后研究内容有所深入,
开始涉及广告翻译的原则和标准。在此探讨
中,考虑到广告翻译中所要注意的诸多方面,如
文字信息、语言美感、消费者心理等问题,研究
者从不同角度出发,阐释了各自的观点,各持己
见,莫衷一是,可谓争鸣阶段。从90年代后期
开始,虽然关于翻译原则和标准的讨论仍在继
续,但研究者的注意力越来越多地集中到广告
翻译中的疑难之处,如广告中修辞的处理、情感
因素的传递、品牌形象的再现、商标特征的保存
等,可谓深入阶段。就研究方法而言,国内广告
翻译研究的方法主要用的是归纳法和例证分析
法。但近几年来,研究者又开始利用语用学等
相关学科的理论成果,来剖析广告翻译中的
种问题,进而提出了一些翻译策略。这可以说
是方法学上的一个可喜的进步。今后研究的方向
广告翻译这块园地今后仍有许多值得开垦
之处。第一,实地调研。目前对广告翻译的评
论仍局限于字面的推敲,一种广告译文的促销
效果如何,须在市场上进行调查才可得到确认。
第二,结合各相关学科的最新成果进行广告翻
译研究。近年来已有一些人做了这类探索,如
将广告与美学理论结合[15]、广告与语用学理论
结合[19—20]等,但探索领域仍然很广,如借助广
告学研究成果,在决定翻译策略和评价译文时
把消费者心理、品牌管理策略等营销管理问题
以及广告整体创意等其它因素也考虑进去。第
三,发掘更新更好的广告翻译实例,以期广告翻
译这一课题的研究能为国家经济建设作出更大
贡献。
6参考文献
李.谈广告的可译性限度.西北大学学报,1999,29(3):
126—129
郭可.英语新闻与广告写作.外国语,1992,(2):57—64
丁树德.产品广告的英译应简洁.中国翻译,1995,16(5):
42—43
曹顺发.广告用语的翻译.中国科技翻译,2002,15(1):
43—45
蒋磊.谈商业广告的翻译.中国翻译,1994,15(5):38—41

Ⅸ 求英语论文资料!我的论文题目是 从功能论角度看广告翻译

对不起,只能找到这个,我不是这行的,才六年级而已
各国的文化差异引起的广告翻译的不同

广告不论是作为一种文化形式,还是作为一种营销活动,或是一种大众传播活动,与文化均有着密切的关系。“它独特而复杂的身份决定了其对社会生活的巨大影响。”[1]中国加入WTO以后,在大量外国商品涌入中国市场的同时,越来越多的中国产品也有机会进入国际市场,与外国名牌产品竞争。各国为了争夺世界市场,竞相推销本国的产品,其中一个重要的促销手段就是利用广告将本国的商品和厂商的声誉向国际推介,因此广告起着举足轻重的作用。而广告文化是从属于商业文化的亚文化,同时包含着商品文化及营销文化。商品本身就是一种文化载体,文化通过商品传播。广告文化具有明显的大众性、商业性、民族性和时代性的特点。一定的文化传统、信仰和价值观在很大程度上左右着商业经营者的心理、行为,从而影响各国的广告活动。如果只简单地把国内成功的广告直译出去,结果往往是不好的,因为国际广告与国内广告相比,将面临着语言、传统习惯、法规、教育、自然环境、宗教、经济状况等差异问题。广告翻译也以其鲜明、独特的语言风格,不可替代的社会语用功能成为社会语用学研究的一个重要课题。本文以中西文化差异为切入点,对广告文化及广告翻译的相关问题做些粗浅的探讨。

一、不同文化背景下广告语的差异

(一)、不同的文化价值观

“中国文化的价值观有深厚的人文主义精神,人的价值通过“内省”、“克己”来表现。儒家倡导的“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”强调道德规范自觉能力,形成中国人内倾的性格。”[2]美籍华裔杨朝阳教授认为:“中国人注重广告的产品内容,讲实证。其文化背景是道—佛—儒家伦理、宗教行为,有宿命论色彩,有整体取向,关系建立在实证上。”““和”,乃和平、和解、和睦、和谐、和乐、和美、和合、和祥之谓也。这种“和”的哲理,充分体现在道家的“无为”思想、儒家的“仁义”思想和佛家的“慈悲”精神之中;这种“和”的精魂,是伟大炎黄始祖肇造的基因,是我们东方文明固有的特质。”[3]它看似柔弱而实则强劲,它具有无所不包的融合性与无所不至的渗透性。因而在广告语言上就表现为含蓄深情、以情为主,平稳诉求,如:“中华志字号,买了放心,吃了称心”(上海立丰广东土杂食品),“妈妈,我又梦见了村边的小溪,梦见了奶奶,梦见了你,我给你捎去一样好东西--威力洗衣机,献给母亲的爱”(威力洗衣机),香港老字号“荣华月饼”的电视广告正是深谙“团圆”之道,大打文化战,在广告中,父亲打电话给女儿,希望她回家过中秋,但忙碌的女儿要赶回台湾做节目……当女儿准备上飞机的时候,看到了手上的“荣华月饼”,毫不犹豫地从机场的工作人员上抢回机票,说:“我还是回家和爹的(父亲)过中秋。”这对父女的真情演绎,诉说着中国千百年来“血浓于水”的亲情……

而西方人是外倾的性格,更注重产品广告的外在形式,讲感观效果。西方文明的特质刚好与中华文化相反,在于一个“争”字。因为西方文化是多元的。欧美人士注重变化、多样性或多元论。由此,在多样性和多元论的指导下,西方广告崇尚自由,张扬个性,强调与众不同的特征尤为显著。曾经在苏美冷战时期,百事可乐为了与可口可乐竞争,大唱自己的“世纪颂”,提出了“百事可乐,新一代的选择”广告口号。虽然,百事可乐的本意是针对可口可乐,意在与可口可乐争夺市场,但从其广告语中我们不难看出,“新一代的选择”划清了与可口可乐的界线,暗示了年轻一代应该摒弃旧的选择,走自己的路,因为他们是新生的有个性的一代。仅仅是因为对饮料的选择不同,在无形之中,百事可乐的广告把年轻一代与上辈分别开来,这一点也刚好与西方文化的特质吻合。

(二)、不同的心理结构

“中国国民稳固的心理结构,以“仁”、“务实”、“忍耐”为基本内容,形成中国人特有的文化心理。具体表现为大统一观念:重权威、轻事实;从众心理:重群体、轻个体;小农意识:重实惠、轻意念;人情至上:重道德、轻效果;平均主义:重搭配、轻竞争。”[4]中国人长期生活在以家庭为基本单位的农业社会,以家族为社会活动中心,以致社会人际关系都家庭化了。所以中国很多政治制度和思维意识都与家庭意识有关。人和人的关系有家族宗法维系,长幼有别、尊卑有序。因此,家国同构是中国文化的基本点之一。中国人重家重园,以家国为本位,对家国有强烈的眷恋情结。所以,对家国的眷恋、对亲人的思念是中国人极其敏锐的心理感受,国内一些成功的广告往往懂得满足消费者对文化心理上的需求。

“而西方人的心理结构较复杂松散,“人本”、“认知”、“行为”为其基本内容,形成西方特有的文化心理。因此西方文化与中国文化另一个重大区别就是西方社会是以个人为本位,强调个人的突出和冒尖。”[5]从中世纪到近代到现代,西方世界始终在团体与个人之间进行冲突和斗争。在西方,个人主义是近代文化的主流,它是集团生活下激起的反抗,整个社会弥漫着尊重个人自由及个人英雄主义的气氛。作为西方社会生活现象之一的广告当然无法摆脱与文化本身的粘着关系,并受制于其所属的民族文化。 我们比较一组在环境保护,交通安全,健康教育,公共道德方面的公益性广告,就可以看到一些有意味的现象;“热爱大自然,就是对地球的一种忠诚。如果我们还有良知,就请记住——地球才是我们唯一的乐园”(中国环境保护广告),“除了脚印之外,请不要留下其它任何痕迹”(国外一植物园广告);“吸烟有害健康”“你抽烟的烟,烟抽你的命”(中国戒烟广告),“你说的那个令人讨厌的人、大概就是我”(法国戒烟广告),“为了使地毯没有洞,也为了您的肺部没有洞——请不要吸烟”(美国);“宁等三分,不抢一秒”“凭侥幸,耍大胆;出了事故后悔晚。”;“高高兴兴上班来,平平安安回家去”(中国交通广告);“如果您的汽车会游泳的话,请照直开,不必刹车。”[(美)西海岸公路口],“开慢点吧,我们已经忙不过来了!——棺材匠。”(伊利诺斯的某十字路口);“救死扶伤实行革命人道主义”(中国医院广告),“最好的邻居就是你”(美国红十字会广告);“无票乘车,罚款五元”(中国公交汽车广告),“如果您无票乘车,请在伦敦治安法院前下车。”(伦敦地铁)。从上面广告对比中,我们可以看到中国公益广告语多以劝戒,警禁方式出现。或以内心自省良善去规劝,如环保广告;或以严词警禁、违者处罚去诉求,如公交车广告;而西方广告则以诙谐,幽默,甚至调侃,戏谑,玩笑的诉求方式来展现西方文化独特的面貌。

(三)、不同的思维方式

“思维方式是人类文化的重要组成部分,是人类文化的最高凝聚,是人类文化的主体设计者与承担者。也就是说,思维方式是人类文化现象的深层本质,属于文化现象背后的、对人类文化行为起支配作用的稳固因素,而中西广告创意对此则有明显的差异,中国广告重直觉思维,而西方文化则尚逻辑思维。”[6]爱因斯坦在总结西方文化成就时曾说:西方科学成就应归功于两大因素,即亚里士多德创立的形式逻辑合近代兴起的科学实验活动。逻辑学在西方文化中是一支耀眼的奇葩,逻辑思维则是西方文化中占统治地位的思维方式,他是其本位观念之一。

中西这两种不同的思维方式在诸多广告种均有见证,尤为突出的是中西两则不同的电信形象广告。“为了传达“电信沟通,心意互通”这个理念,中国电信广告不惜用五个不同的生活片断:沟通就是关怀(父与子篇),沟通就是爱(矿工相亲篇),沟通就是分担(夫妻吵架篇),沟通就是理解(父与子篇),沟通就是尊敬(老师与学生篇),很直接、明白地告诉消费者,电信拉近人与人之间的距离,方便了人与人之间的沟通,电信可以使人达到心意互通,你我之间没有距离、没有芥蒂,只有真情真意流动。中国电信的这则广告片可谓浓墨泼彩,运用多个生活场景,耗时之长,如此不惜笔墨,不惜成本,其目的只有一个:直接、清晰地把广告理念传达给受众。从这则广告中,我们不难看出其创意的思维方式就是直觉思维,既符合中国传统文化的思维方式,也符合中国受众的文化习惯,在“传情达意”的同时也收到了良好的广告效果。 而同样是电信广告,美国的一则广告则只巧妙地采用了一个生活细节:打哈欠。一名男子走在街上不经意地打了一个哈欠,不远处一名女子跟着打了一个哈欠,接着一个老人也受感染似的打了一个哈欠,更为有趣的是连老人手中牵着的宠物狗也不例外的打了一个哈欠,刚看到这组画面时我一时还没反应出广告到底要诉求什么,而文案一语道破天机:“communicating is very simple”(沟通其实很简单),在为此广告拍案叫绝的同时我不得不佩服西方人的逻辑思维能力,打哈欠本是人的一种平常的生理现象,通过西方广告人的逻辑思维加工,由个别引出一般,一个人打哈欠会感染周围的许多人,甚至连动物也不会幸免。沟通就像打哈欠这么简单,只要你愿意,你可以随时随地与他人沟通。”[7]

二、文化差异对广告翻译的影响

(一)、文化差异影响广告信息的获得

广告中的商品介绍最重要是传递信息,原文读者和译文读者面对同一商品介绍,应当得到完全相同的信息,这就要求译者透过产品的表象,抓住其本质,保证产品形象与信息准确传递。

例如:中国的“金丝小枣”译成英文的”Golden Silk Small Date”就会给外贸商留下该枣长着蚕丝,形体小的印象,这就彻底掩盖了金丝小枣的优异品质,并造成消费误导。如果运用省略或补译的方法,将其译作“Honey-Sweet Dates”便可取得良好的翻译效果。“文化差异影响广告信息的准确获得主要表现在:汉语式的英译无法使英语本族语使用者在心中产生相同的意念。”[8]比如:某机场的候机大厅有一条英汉对照的公益广告标语“为了您和大家的健康,吸烟请到吸烟区。”For your and others health, the passengers who smoke, please go to the smoking area.这条标语是想告诉大家候机室不准吸烟,如要吸烟,请到吸烟区。标语的用意中国人一看就明白。但它的英译文是“为了健康欢迎候机乘客吸烟。”因为机场特意安排有吸烟的场所。

(二)、文化差异误导广告信息的获得

“广告翻译需要一个共有的语用前提。由于英汉两种语言的人在民族心理、思维和推理模式方面存在显著的差异,持相异文化的人在使用对方语言交际时,文化差异因素必然会制约语言的使用。”[9]在广告翻译方面则表现为获得不确切的,有时甚至是错误的广告信息。请看下面一则小来锅巴的广告词:“本品即购即食,食用方便。”原译文“Opening and eating immediately.”

汉语的“即购即食,食用方便”等说法是描写某食品食用上的方便。用immediately译上述广告中的“即”不妥。国外消费者读到immediately产生的联想是“不吃掉,食品马上就会坏?”势必有损产品的形象。而用英语的惯用表达,把“即购即食,食用方便”译为ready to serve才能达到广告双语转换中产品的形象的等值效果。因此广告翻译不是表象文字上的吻合,而是信息和语言内涵上的紧密结合。只有当广告原文语言在读者心目中引起的反映与译文语言在译文读者心目中产生的反映在效果上极相似时,翻译才算达到等效。

(三)、文化差异造成广告信息交流障碍

英汉民族对同一事物的思维推理方式不尽一致,忽视这一文化差异,交际双方就会发生信息交流障碍,造成相互间的信息传递不畅。正是语言文化差异的存在才使广告翻译成为一个再创造过程。要维护商品的良好形象,广告翻译必须考虑不同文化背景下购买者的心理因素,把握好词的习惯联想意义。例如:在以减肥为时尚的美国,减肥保健药品十分走俏。我国有一种出口试销美国的“轻身减肥片”却无人问津,市场调查发现问题出在该商品的英译名Obesity-recing Tablets,在美国人看来此药是专为obese people(特大胖子)服用的,有违购买者的消费心理,改译为Slimming Pills后打开了销路。再如:广州“五羊牌”自行车,是借广州的城徽命名的。民间传说广州的城址是经一位牵着五只羊的老神仙的指点而建。除此纪念意义外,“羊”在汉民族文化中还有性格温顺、善良、可爱有益于人的含义。但英语译为“Five Rams”则甚是不妥。“Ram”在英语里除有“公羊”之意还有“碰掉”之解,以它命名的自行车不免产生横冲直撞的联想,丝毫不能给人安全感,这样的广告翻译只会造成信息交流障碍。

三、跨国界因素给广告翻译所带来的困难及翻译策略

(一)、语音差异

语言的发音能引起心理上的不同听觉效果,在心理上激发不同的反应,或柔和、或清脆、或苍劲、或凝重。在广告语言中,经常运用拟声构成(onomatopoeic motivation)、声音象征(sound symbolism)和回音词(echoism)引起受众的听觉美感,但是中西语音、拟声或用韵有所不同特点,给译者带来不少困扰。[7]例如,在英语广告词中,经常采用头韵(alliteration)、元韵(assonance)、押韵(rhyme)、假韵(consonance)等韵类增加广告词的音韵美。例如,广告词“Never late on Father’s Day.”,两个元韵〔ei〕能起一种和谐的音乐美。而要在汉语译文中保留这种音乐美是很难做到的。另外在翻译时还应该注意某些广告词语的读音可能会在另国语言中引起不良的引申。例如日本东芝公司曾使用过一句广告语:“东芝(Toshiba),东芝(Toshiba),大家的东芝。”这是一句广告歌词,在翻译的处理上,前两个“东芝”按日语“Toshiba”发音。于是整句就被一些青年人开玩笑地用谐音办法念成了“偷去吧,偷去吧,大家的东西”。一经引申,这则广告的严肃性就大大降低,而且因为“东芝”变成了“东西”,“东芝”给公众的印象也就被淡化了。

(二)、语义差异

“各国的广告词中多引申成语、谚语或名人名诗,构成在翻译时的语义空缺或抵触,给翻译工作带来了困难。”[10]特别是我国有些广告词的翻译,如果只直接按字面翻译成英语,没有考虑到其它因素(如:语言、文化、政治、风俗等),译出来会有悖于西方文化。这大概存在四种情况:一是译名不符英美文化。例如,上海产“白翎”钢笔,其英译为“White Feather”,在英语国家无人问津,其原因在于英语中有句成语“to show the white feather”意思是临阵逃脱,白色羽毛象征的是胆小鬼。二是译名有政治隐喻。如,“大鹏”帆布鞋,被译成“ROC”。大鹏为中国神话中的神鸟,roc也为英语神化中的巨鸟,此翻译本无可厚非,但碰巧的是这与“中华民国”的英语缩写一样,当然有所不妥。三是译文不雅。如cock一词在英美国家经常喻指某人体器官,如果任何广告词中带“鸡”字的词语,如“金鸡”、“雄鸡”等直接译成“cock”会有损商品形象,给人一种粗俗、缺乏教养的印象。四是译者既是汉语拼音又是英语词汇。汉语拼音是用拉丁字母组成,英语单词也是用的拉丁字母,所以有些广告词语的汉语拼音有可能碰巧为英语中的某个单词。例如Puke(扑克的汉语拼音)正好是英语中“呕吐”的意思。以上是汉语广告词语英译时常出现的问题,译者应多注意广告词语的广泛的文化内涵。

(三)、文字形式差异
不同国家、民族和地区所用的文字是不同的,对某些文字的偏好和厌恶也大相径庭。“据人调查日本人最喜欢的汉字为“诚”、“梦”、“爱”、“愁”、“美”等。中国人喜欢的汉字为“福”、“寿”、“喜”、“乐”等。”[11]根据美国作家Irving Wallace选出的最美丽的英文字是:chime一串铃、golden金色的、lullaby摇篮曲、melody旋律、murmuring低语等。可是这些文字不仅寓意优美,而且外形美丽。引起人们美好心理反应和视觉效果。尤其是汉字是当今世界上进有的体系最完整、结构最严谨的象形文字,只要“望文”便能“生义”。它给人们的不仅仅是视觉冲击力,而且还能启动灵感,造成巨大的心灵震撼。在广告中常用的“拆字术”,也给翻译带来一定难度。

(四)、修辞差异

“广告语常用修辞手法,为了使表述内容形象化、具体化或使主要词语鲜明、突出,加强语言效果,引起公众注意并帮助公众记忆。但由于中西某些修辞传统的差异会给翻译带来一些困难,主要表现在比喻、象征、对偶、双关等修辞上。”[12]其中最难处理的是双关的翻译。双关分谐音双关和多义双关两种,如“黄河冰箱,领‘鲜’一步”和“Ask for More.---More(cigarette)”,翻译这些含双关的广告语要做到两全其美确实很难。”英语广告双关的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点,选用适当的汉语表达方式,既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格,又要尽量传达出原文的信息。“采用辨证的翻译方法,尽可能减少双关语在翻译中信息的流失,增强广告语体特征,英语双关语的翻译还是可能的。”[13]

(五)、广告英语翻译的策略

1、技巧

广告英语翻译的基本技巧常见的有以下几种:直译、意译、套译、转译。“所谓的直译就是在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的前提下,在译文中既保留原文内容又保留原文形式,特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等。如:What a good time for a good taste of Kent! 健牌香烟其味无穷、其乐无穷。广告的意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥广告原文的形式。对不可能的或没有必要直译的就可采用意译法。如:If you are doing business in Philippines, it pays to get the pick of the crop.此条广告就字面来看If 条件句泛指商务贸易,主句是“可获大丰收”实意则为一家银行劝说经商人与其建立业务往来关系。英语广告中有不少名词加形容词的词,已形成了一些广告套语,带有浓厚的感情色彩,恰和中文的四字格(或者八字联)对应。在内容和形式上都相符合,不仅有相同的意义和修辞色彩,而且有相同或大体相同的形象比喻,这种情况就可用直接套译的方法。如:质地优良、形象美观、做工精细分别可翻译成superior quality、attractive fashion、fine workmanship。转译是由文化和语言上的差异产生的英汉不同的表达习惯,在翻译广告时需从原文的不同角度来传达同样的信息,根据不同上下文的搭配,进行不同角度的转换。Silk of this kind makes excellent dresses.这里的“dresses”转译为“衣料”。” [14]

2、文化转换在广告翻译中的作用

“为向译文读者忠实地转达原文的信息,有时需要作适当的文化转换。”[15]如:“玉兔”这一商标为什么英译成“moon rabbit”而不译成“jade rabbit”?原因在于:“玉兔”乃是我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫桂花树下的兔子,因此,它又成为“月”的代称。将它译成moon rabbit体现了我国古老文化的风采,读英文不易产生异议,不会误认为是玉做成的兔子。

前几年在我国很多地区流行着一条宣传的广告标语:“高高兴兴上班去,平平安安回家来。”这条标语是对天天出车的司机说的,其意图是提醒司机小心驾驶,平安上路,安全返家,其中隐含着反映汉文化中相互关心的人际关系。英译文却套用了汉语的结构形式,按字面意思译为:Go to work happily, and come back safely! 不符合英语的表达方式,使一些不了解汉文化的西方人大感不解,难以获得这句话的真实信息。从语用学的观点看,用“Good luck!” 就可以表达标语隐含的关心和祝愿。若要具体表达希望司机小心驾驶,Drive carefully就一清二楚,要作为出车前的一句警语:safety first in driving!则更清楚。

3、审美心理在广告翻译中的作用

要熟悉外族文化,了解异域人民审美心理,否则就会在出口商品的商标翻译中出现败笔。如:我国出现一种口红,商标叫“芳芳”,在汉语中这个名字确实很好,我国人一看到“芳芳”二字就不禁在心中升起美的联想,仿佛看到了一位花容月貌的少女,又好像闻到了她周身袭来的香气。可此商标音译成汉语拼音“Fangfang”,英文读者一看心中不由得生起一种恐怖之感,因为fang恰好是一个英文单词,其意义是:along ,sharp tooth of dog ; a snake, poison-tooth。于是,他们想象的并不是一位涂了口红的少女,而是条张牙舞爪的恶狗或毒蛇,像中国人看到了青面獠牙的“鬼怪”。假如翻译中出现了这一败笔,那么,口红的销路是不难想象的。再如:可以追溯到20世纪60年代的台湾,当时有人将“百事带来活力”翻译成“百事将使您的祖先复活”。去年,一则耐克广告描述了NBA明星勒布朗·詹姆斯击败功夫高手和中国龙的场景,中国政府禁止这则广告播出,因为它“未能尊重中国文化”。耐克公司为此道歉,现在其最新广告表现了年轻人将体育融入每天的生活之中。

结语

总的来说,“西方的广告文化是一种外向型的文化,具有很强的扩张性和渗透性。”[16]中国的广告文化是一种内敛型文化,重国、重家、重情,每一种文化都有它存在的合理性,也有一定的局限性,所谓“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”同时,语言文化的差异也使语用意义的翻译极富挑战性。广告用语意义翻译的成功与否是确保广告译文质量的关键因素之一。它直接关系到商品信息的无障碍传播,并对社会产生间接的精神上文化上的影响,理应引起翻译工作者的高度重视。因此广告的翻译是一个较为复杂的问题,需要我们下大功夫去认真探讨和研究,掌握其规律,使广告在国际经贸活动中真正起到介绍商品、沟通信息的作用。

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