⑴ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
⑵ 爱马仕产品与zara产品策略区别
爱马仕是奢侈品，走高端路线，定位高端人群，因此是高价策略，货品稀缺！
ZARA是快时尚品，走大众路线，价格相对亲民，新品速度快，但是货品资源也相对有限。
⑶ zara的物流策略是什么
Inditex公司是西班牙排名第一，全球排名第三的服装零售商，在全球52个国家拥有2000多家分店。旗下拥有ZARA、Pull and Bear、Massimo Dutti等九个服装品牌，ZARA是其中最成功的，被认为是欧洲最具研究价值的品牌之一。
每一季推出的独特款式对ZARA品牌的成功的确相当重要。但是可能许多人没有发现，在快速引领潮流推出新款的背后，供应链系统贯穿了整个流程：从每款服装的设计一直到分配到每个分店。Inditex每年提供12000种不同的产品项目供顾客选择，从设计理念到成品上架仅需十几天。这一切不得不归功于ZARA公司独特的供应链管理：强大供应链管理系统及其IT系统支撑，使其成为全球服装行业中，响应速度与弹性管理的标杆企业，“时装行业中的戴尔电脑”。
拉动战略引擎
ZARA创始于1985年，它既是服装品牌，也是专营ZARA品牌服装的连锁店零售品牌。ZARA公司坚持自己拥有和运营几乎所有的连锁店网络的原则，同时投入大量资金建设自己的工厂（目前有22家自有工厂）和物流体系，以便于“五个手指抓住客户的需求，另外五个手指掌控生产”，快速响应市场需求，为顾客提供“买得起的流行时装”（如图1）。也就是说，在企业创始之初，就很明确地将战略安排设计好，让ZARA这个品牌有了很坚实的基础，并且在十几年的发展过程中很完整地贯彻了包括品牌、运营模式、制造以及物流体系的战略安排。
进一步对Inditex运作模式的研究发现， ZARA为顾客提供“买得起的流行时装”战略的成功得益于公司出色的全程供应链管理，以及支撑供应链快速反应的IT系统应用。ZARA公司采取“快速、少量、多款”的品牌管理模式，这一模式保证了与时尚同步，持续开发新款式，快速的推出新产品。ZARA的每种款式在每个专卖店推出的数量都只有几件，造成人为“缺货”，影响消费者的购买意向。这种模式，需要Inditex实现了快速设计、快速生产、快速出售、快速更新，专卖店商品每周更新两次的目标。
极速全程
ZARA的战略要求公司在全年中必须不断而持续地推出大量各种各样的新产品。ZARA的高级经理Diaz认为公司经营的是“时装”，不是传统的卖衣服。顾客购买是因为他们喜欢“时装”，而不是喜欢公司本身。对于顾客来说，ZARA公司的连锁店意味着，他们可以在那里找到最新的、限量供应的“时装”。在某种程度上，由于公司经营的是“时装”（但价格却不高）的形象，连锁店的存货水平非常低。由于低库存的方针，每天营业后经常可以看到空空的货架，连锁店非常依赖有序而又迅速的新产品来补充货源。
⑷ ZARA、H&M大概每年什么时候换季打折啊 、具体时间段
一般来讲的话ZARA和h&m一年是2次，一次是1月份，另一次是7月份但网上说今年4月份就会开始 不知真的假的
我这转载的一个MM的打折攻略给大家参考下
第一阶段还是老样子,每件减个50-60-100元不等.标价799减到699,最多的399减到299.299元打折到259或199.T恤199价格短的只减60元变成139.到场后赫然发现ZARA全场基本都改了风格,头两天看上的新款已经藏起来,满场不知道放得是哪季的货.不要奇怪.ZARA攒了好几年的尾货都拿出来露馅吹风了.
但是第一阶段几乎快要做到全场打折,货品最全,尺码最全.买靴子鞋包第一阶段一定要到场踩点.如果是小码脚,看见好看靴子就买了吧,39码以上可以再等,打折末期很便宜的时候都剩大码.
ZARA打折重要提示:淘打折鞋子要有耐心.ZARA的鞋是一双两只全拿出来在卖场.所以当看到一只合适的时候,一定先拿着这只找另外一只.否则等你找到另一只脚,回来就找不到原来那只了.还有就是一定要比量一下两只鞋,即使号码是一样的,也要比量并且试过.我买过打折到139的靴子,试了2只右脚,居然有一只右脚顶脚.所有不要相信ZARA的号码,版型产地不同它家码数特乱.
第二阶段会补货,这就是ZARA神奇的地方,没有第一阶段货多,价格也没有到达最低.可以逛逛.
最后阶段价格达到谷底,此时ZARA已经开始上新货,而打折的衣服按SIZE分开靠边放.各种神奇的价格出现,仔细找找能淘到不错的东西,99元的皮衣,39元的小礼服,都在这阶段出现.尤其要注意那些没有标签的衣服,因为没有标签很多人就扔掉了,喜欢就拿衣服去查价格,这个阶段的衣服都不会很贵了.由于价格已经调整过好几次,标签上的价钱已经不准,常参加ZARA打折的人应该都有价签上写79,结帐结59的经历吧.标签贴错是常事,原价699的错贴成4999容易发现,169的错贴成139,结帐马虎回家再发现就懊恼了,即便可以退也无谓浪费时间.
特别的提醒:打折的衣服鞋子帽子裤子,不管是什么都要仔细检查过,有脱线实在喜欢拿回来可以补,有掉钻大多数情况也可以自己粘一颗,有洞的衣服总不能补了吧?!!!ZARA残次率非常高!