㈠ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
㈡ 急！求關於市場營銷（最好是關於營銷策略的）的英文文獻2000字左右的，最好帶翻譯，在線等！
大家知道，企業管理包括生產管理、營銷管理和財務管理等多個方面，而財務管理是企業整個管理體系的核心，企業的財務管理目標即是企業追求的目標。可見，只有以財務管理為中心，協調運作管理體系的各個方面，才能有效地強化企業管理，促進企業發展。從全國來說，民營企業數量眾多、分布廣泛、特點各異，再加上受宏觀經濟環境化和體制影響，民營企業在加強財務管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的「歧視」使民營企業和大型企業不能公平競爭，地方政府、行業管理部門的干預，使民營企業的財務管理目標短期化，再主要的就是民營企業財務管理受業主的影響過大等一些主觀因素的存在，導致財務管理的重要性被忽視。所以，其財務管理中存在的問題也多種多樣，我認為，目前普遍存在的問題和原因主要有：
（一）融資困難，周轉資金不足，使財務管理成斷源之湖。
目前，我國民營企業初步建立了較為獨立、渠道多元的融資體系，但是，融資難、擔保難，仍然是制約民營企業發展的最突出的問題，主要問題是：第一，負債過多，融資成本高，風險大，造成民營企業信用等級低，資信相對較差。第二，大多數民營企業是非大型企業，有些銀行受傳統觀念和行政干預的影響，對其貸款不夠熱心。第三，中介機構不健全，缺乏專門為民營企業貸款服務的金融中介機構和貸款擔保機構。
分析其主要原因表現在兩個方面：一是金融業對民營企業的信貸支持不夠。我國金融系統從設置到服務項目，大都是以大企業為服務對象，民營企業的信貸服務往往被忽視。由於貸款難，生產經營過程中所需資金不足，極大制約了民營企業的發展。有的民營企業，雖存在暫時困難，但銀行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民營企業的融資渠道單一，難以適應市場需求的變化。由於有的民營企業，在既得不到銀行的貸款支持，又不具有自我融資或向社會公開融資能力，無形中，加強企業財務管理也就成了一句空話，財務管理也就成了斷源之湖。
（二）財務控制薄弱，缺乏科學性，使財務管理舉步艱難。
大部分民營企業存在財務控制環節薄弱，而且對加強財務管理方面不夠重視，沒有從真正意義上理解財務管理在企業中的地位。主要問題有：一是資金管理不嚴，財務控制薄弱，造成資金閑置或不足。二是應收賬款周轉緩慢，造成資金回收困難。三是存貨控制薄弱，造成資金呆滯。四是重錢輕物，資產流失嚴重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民營企業認為現金越多越好，致使大量現金未參加周轉，有的是資金缺少計劃安排，過量購置不動產，而使企業無法應付經營急需的資金，陷入財務困境。二是沒有建立嚴格的賒銷政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，應收款不能兌現或形成呆賬。三是很多民營企業月末存貨佔用資金往往超過其營業額的兩倍以上，造成資金呆滯周轉失靈。四是不少民營企業管理者，對原材料、半成品、固定資產等管理不到位，出了問題無人追究，資產浪費嚴重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因為企業上層領導財務管理觀念落後，缺乏科學性，在思想上沒有真正理解財務管理對做大做強一個企業所起到的作用，沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，使財務管理失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用，舉步艱難。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色。
由於長期以來在思想上受到舊的財務制度的約束，企業管理人員的觀念比較滯後。主要問題有：一是企業的投資者同時就是經營者。二是企業管理者的管理能力和管理素質差，管理思想落後。
分析其原因主要是：民營企業典型的管理模式是所有權和經營權高度統一，企業的投資者同時就是經營者，這種模式勢必給企業的財務管理帶來負面影響，民營企業中相當一部分屬於個體私營性質，在這些企業中，企業領導者集權現象嚴重，並且對財務管理的理論方法缺乏應有的認識和研究，致使其職責不分，越權行事，造成財務管理混亂，財務監核不嚴，會計人員獨舟難行，想規范管理很難。大部分企業沒有或無法建立內部審計部門，即使有，也很難保證內部審計的獨立性。另外，有些企業沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，多數民營企業家尚未建立起諸如時間價值、風險價值、邊際成本、機會成本等科學管理的概念，由於管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色，失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
㈢ 房地產營銷策略研究參考文獻，需要是最近幾年的。。。
[1]王艷梅;宏觀調控背景下房地產企業營銷策略創新[J].商業時代,2010,No.497(22):121-122.
摘要：面對各地持續上升的房價和輿論的壓力,中央近期連打房地產市場調控"組合拳"開始了新一輪樓市調控。對於房地產開發企業來講,目前的宏觀調控形勢和市場競爭環境已經相當嚴峻,房地產企業要想抓住機遇,迎接挑戰,必須樹立現代的營銷觀念,創新房地產營銷策略,使企業在激烈的市場競爭中立足。
[2]趙瑾;淺析我國中小房地產企業品牌價格評價及品牌營銷策略[J].中國外資,2011,No.254(23):60+62.
摘要：近20年以來,我國房地產開發企業多是採用粗放型的發展方式,特別是一些中小房地產企業,更是只重視短期利益,品牌意識淡薄。而2010年以來,國家政策面不斷加大房地產市場的調控力度,房地產開發企業紛紛進入了"冬季",如何在政策面趨緊的背景下,中小房地產企業如何實現快速可持續的發展,這將是我國中小房地產商未來幾年需要面對的問題。本文對我國中小房地產企業的品牌價格評價及相關營銷策略進行深入研究,希望本文的研究可以為我國房地市場健康、快速的發展做出貢獻。
[3]戴春山;基於顧客滿意的房地產體驗營銷策略探討[J].商業時代,2011,No.545(34):35-36.
摘要：顧客滿意是顧客在消費後感受到滿足的一種心理體驗。房地產的體驗營銷是將消費者購房的全過程體驗作為整體,站在消費者的感官、情感、思考、行動和關聯等角度,重新設計房地產項目,為消費者創造值得回憶和持續愉悅的豐富體驗,從而促進項目的銷售。為此,房地產商要對房地產體驗營銷策略進行精心策劃,為客戶創造全方位的體驗。通過房地產體驗營銷來打動購房者,引起情感上的共鳴,提高消費者的滿意度,從而達到迅速銷售的目的。
[4]孟德勝;淺談房地產營銷策略及創新[J].內蒙古科技與經濟,2011,No.247(21):30-31.
摘要：對房地產營銷策略、銷售方式、存在的問題及營銷策略的創新等進行了闡述,並提出了具體營銷策略,即:在整個銷售過程中貫穿以人為本的原則,讓房地產的開發銷售真正建立在市場的需求、消費者的需求之上,只有這樣,才能創出品牌,在競爭中立於不敗之地。
[5]徐瑞琳;我國房地產營銷策略分析[J].企業導報,2011,No.202(18):108-109.
摘要：隨著我國房地產業不斷高速發展,我國房地產市場已出現由賣方市場向買方市場過度的趨勢。面對市場變化,如何迎合消費者的口味,吸引更多消費者成為各房地產企業在激烈的市場競爭中亟需解決的問題。因此,房地產商不得不研究市場規律,重視營銷問題,把營銷管理上升到企業發展的戰略高度,以滿足消費者需求為目的制定營銷策略。
[6]李德雲;房地產六大營銷策略探討[J].現代營銷(學苑版),2011,No.83(11):75.
摘要：市場營銷是房地產經營過程中不可缺少的組成部分。在新形勢下,隨著市場的成熟,制度的健全以及長期發展過程中積累的一些問題,我國的房地產營銷策略遭遇了有力的挑戰,房地產營銷策略的發展說明,為了贏得市場競爭,需要進行營銷策略的創新。
[7]田碩;楊舜宇;劉鵬;女性消費心理與房地產營銷策略研究[J].中國商貿,2010,No.487(26):23-24.
摘要：在我國,女性消費心理隨著社會的發展而發生了重大變化,呈現了新的特徵。同時,女性消費者已經成為市場中的主角,在購買活動中起著特殊作用。她們不僅掌管了城市家庭日常支出的話語權,甚至超越男性成為房屋、汽車等家庭大額消費支出的主導者。因此,研究女性消費心理特徵對於房地產企業有著重大意義。本文就女性消費心理與房地產營銷策略談談自己的看法。
[8]戴慶春;盧毅;基於顧客價值的房地產營銷策略研究[J].重慶科技學院學報(社會科學版),2010,No.138(23):101-103.
摘要：根據菲利普·科特勒的顧客讓渡價值理論,結合我國房地產產品的特點,分析了房地產顧客價值的構成。認為在市場競爭日趨激烈的形勢下,房地產企業需要努力提升"顧客讓渡價值"。就企業如何實現"顧客讓渡價值"最大化提出了建議。
[9]崔銀香;關於我國當前房地產企業市場營銷策略的討論[J].經營管理者,2010,(23):132.
摘要：本文分析了當前我國房地產企業在市場營銷中存在的問題,總結了新形勢下房地產市場營銷所面對的市場環境特徵,並據此提出了房地產企業加強市場營銷的對策措施。
[10]於曉菲;劉章美;「後危機時代」房地產新政對消費者行為的影響分析——兼論房地產企業營銷策略調整[J].特區經濟,2011,No.265(02):292-293.
摘要：2009年第四季度,中國經濟企穩回升,步入"後危機時代"。房地產行業在我國經濟回暖過程中功不可沒。但投機需求抬頭引致過高房價引發了去年4月份房地產新政的出台。本文旨在立足新形勢,通過對消費者構成變化及其行為特點的透徹分析,提出新形勢下房地產企業的營銷策略調整方向,為房地產企業持續發展提供動力。
[11]王瑞玲;宋春葉;房地產項目營銷策略研究——以重慶某房地產項目為例[J].重慶科技學院學報(社會科學版),2011,No.140(01):95-97.
摘要：房地產營銷策劃對房地產項目的銷售起導向作用,要結合所在樓盤,進行市場分析,制定營銷策略來擴大房地產的有效市場,保證銷售目標的實現。房地產營銷策略涉及多個方面,以重慶某房地產項目為例,研究了具體的營銷推廣策略。
[12]蔣栩濤;二、三線城市房地產營銷策略研究[J].現代經濟信息,2011,No.312(02):87.
摘要：二、三線城市的經濟水平、消費觀念、生活習性等與一線城市有著本質的區別,其營銷策略、推廣方式等自然也大相徑庭。根據本人多年的市場運作經驗,以及在眾多城市的實戰體會,現就二、三線城市房地產營銷策略淺談一些個人體會。
[13]胡樹紅;淺談房地產營銷策略及創新[J].上海房地,2011,No.289(02):49-50.
摘要：<正>樓市新政的影響已經逐漸顯現出來。縱觀近期樓市,部分開發商適當調整了開盤價格,有的採用了打折促銷的方式來吸引購房者。房地產企業要想抓住機遇,必須樹立現代的營銷觀念,掌握現代的營銷技術,營銷策略創新勢在必行。
[14]元雲麗;李公正;淺談老年房地產項目的營銷策略[J].經營管理者,2011,(03):65-66.
摘要：面對我國進入老齡化社會,老年人生活問題已越來越被社會所關注,國家鼓勵開發商進行老年人住宅地產的開發。十七大《報告》在"加快推進以改善民生為重點的社會建設"中強調要"加強老齡工作"。政府、社會都在積極支持探索、創新多元化的城市養老模式,解決在創新養老模式中所遇到的各種問題,為更好滿足老齡人口的需求做出切實可行的行動。日前國家民政部及地方各級民政部門從社會各方面宣傳全面關心和幫助老人,尤其是老年人養老與生活方面,並鼓勵開發商從事老年人住宅的開發。本文有針對性地對老年地產開發中的營銷問題進行了研究。
[15]李玉良;對不同特徵房地產的營銷策略分析[J].中國市場,2011,No.621(10):87-88.
摘要：每個房地產都有其自身的特徵,不同區位、不同建築特色的房地產價位也不盡相同。房地產企業在投資選址、開發以及營銷階段需要考慮房地產特徵的影響。本文從影響房地產價格的因素著手,提出借勢營銷的策略;具有不同特徵的房地產可以結合自身特有的優勢,採用對比宣傳等手段,進行相關房地產營銷。
[16]孫唯淞;萬科房地產多品牌營銷策略研究[J].經營管理者,2011,(05):195.
摘要：<正>一、萬科多品牌營銷策略作為中國房地產業的領導者,萬科早在2001年就開始和國際著名的4A級廣告公司Greyworldwide(精信廣告)合作,制定萬科的品牌戰
[17]隋平;房地產市場營銷策略研究[J].經營管理者,2011,(05):196.
摘要：<正>伴隨著全球性金融危機的爆發,對房地產業發展較快較早的城市來說,影響較大。很多中小型的建築企業都因為企業資金實力差,技術水平低等原因受金融危機的影響較大,紛紛倒閉。房地產業已經成為
[18]韓結;淺析國家宏觀調控下房地產市場營銷策略[J].現代經濟信息,2011,No.314(04):12+14.
摘要：我國的房地產市場經過了20多年的發展,已成為我國經濟的支柱產業。但是鑒於目前我國房地產市場中的諸多過熱現象,國家採取了相應的宏觀調控辦法,通過政策手段,控制了房地產項目運作中最基本的土地和資金,並通過房產稅收等形式,抑制了房地產市場中的投機需求。本文主要分析了國家宏觀調控下房地產營銷的新形勢和房地產營銷面臨的問題,並淺述了對如何完善營銷策略的幾點認識。
[19]楊曉梅;淺議如何制定房地產市場營銷策略[J].現代經濟信息,2011,No.316(06):100.
摘要：市場營銷是房地產企業經營和運作的生命線。因此為了保障企業健康發展,就要制定科學、合理的營銷策略。
[20]劉飛;朱澤宇;淺析海南旅遊房地產營銷策略[J].China's Foreign Trade,2011,No.499(06):94.
摘要：海南旅遊房地產近年來快速發展,在擴大內需、促進就業和拉動經濟發展等諸多方面都起了重要作用。這是由於海南特殊的資源環境、市場價格、和旅遊市場發達等諸多優勢使然。但是海南經濟相對落後、基礎設施不足和專業人才缺乏等劣勢問題,也在制約可持續發展。海南要健康穩定發展旅遊房地產業,就要揚長避短,注意籌劃規劃,加快人才隊伍建設,健全法律約束機制,加速基礎配套設施建設,積極創新,提高核心競爭力。
[21]丁紀平;房地產項目的市場定位和營銷策略研究[J].中小企業管理與科技(上旬刊),2011,No.286(05):62.
摘要：在市場競爭日趨激烈的今天,成功的關鍵在於企業的產品市場定位是否准確,營銷策略是否實用有效。作為房地產開發企業,項目的市場定位和營銷策略,簡單地說即開發商想生產什麼樣的產品?賣給誰?怎樣盡快賣出等。本文就房地產項目市場定位的內容、基本原則、存在問題及原因等方面探討了對房地產項目定位和市場營銷策略的問題。
[22]李耀煒;張利霞;房地產中介網路服務營銷策略[J].合作經濟與科技,2011,No.419(12):76-77.
摘要：改革開放以來,中國整體社會經濟的發展有了巨大變化,房地產也隨之在調整。作為一個新興產業,房地產中介在國民經濟中的作用越來越突出。本文就是從房地產中介、競爭狀況等幾個方面進行分析,對企業內部管理、房地產市場營銷提出自己的看法,可以有效地幫助房地產中介網路發展,從而帶動經濟的發展。
[23]朱益新;淺析無錫金科房地產品牌營銷策略[J].市場論壇,2011,No.85(04):66-67.
摘要：品牌作為企業的一種無形資產,不僅成為企業競爭的核心內容和手段,而且也成為贏得顧客忠誠以及企業求得長期生存與發展的關鍵。文章通過對無錫金科房地產公司的品牌營銷實施進行分析,提出了對其品牌營銷的一些改進建議。
[24]王惠;試論宏觀調控背景下房地產企業營銷策略[J].經濟師,2011,No.265(03):276+279.
摘要：面對各地持續上升的房價和輿論的壓力,中央近期連打房地產市場調控"組合拳",開始了新一輪樓市調控。對於房地產開發企業來講,目前的宏觀調控形勢和市場競爭環境已經相當嚴峻,房地產企業要想抓住機遇,迎接挑戰,必須樹立現代的營銷觀念,創新房地產營銷策略,使企業在激烈的市場競爭中立足。
[25]曾春水;提升房地產企業核心競爭力的4V營銷策略構建[J].企業經濟,2011,v.30;No.368(04):159-161.
摘要：在樓市調控愈來愈嚴厲、行業競爭愈來愈激烈的市場背景下,房地產企業能否在競爭中佔有一席之地,關鍵看其是否具有核心競爭能力。本文基於房地產企業核心競爭力的提升,從四個方面簡述了4V營銷策略的構建:一是實施差異化的營銷;二是強化產品功能的彈性;三是增加產品的附加價值;四是促使顧客與企業產生共鳴。
[26]袁珂;房地產廣告的營銷策略[J].新聞愛好者,2011,No.381(09):74-75.
摘要：隨著開發商到處跑馬圈地,無論是消費者的自住還是投資,巨大的市場需求讓房地產在近幾年飛速發展。房地產廣告在此扮演了舉足輕重的角色,在房地產開發的各個階段,廣告的身影無處不在,市中心、廣場、公交車、報紙、電視、廣播、網路等,凡是有人群的地方,皆活躍著房地產廣告。房地產行業也尤其重視廣告營銷策略,在整個房地產開發預算中,廣告營銷預算必須佔有一定的份額。同樣在預售期、開盤期、持續銷售期、尾盤期,開發商不斷調整自身的廣告策略,在保證良性運作的前提下,最大化地促進銷售。
[27]袁珂;房地產營銷策略研究[J].新聞愛好者,2011,No.383(11):115-116.
摘要：<正>近十年來,房地產經濟經歷了長足的發展。從20世紀80年代的筒子樓到現代的薄板建築、花園洋房、SOHO建築、LOFT建築等形式,再到綠色、科技、環保、低密度的別墅院落,無論是戶型設計還是營銷手段,都在不斷創新。目前的房地產市場,為了取得更大的經濟效益,營銷策略不斷變化翻
[28]何佩;房地產市場營銷策略及其應用[J].經營管理者,2011,(10):161.
摘要：從當前我國房地產市場營銷的現狀出發,可以發掘出存在的主要問題,通過分析房地產市場營銷策略的主要內容和作用,並且研究了房地產市場營銷策略的創新發展,可以更好地指導房地產市場營銷。
[29]嚴琳;基於消費者購房心理的房地產體驗營銷策略研究[J].商業時代,2011,No.524(13):30-32.
摘要：我國房地產行業已經進入到以消費者為主的理性消費時代,傳統的戰略優勢已不能適應變化的競爭環境和顧客需求。地產商必須引入能夠提升產品附加價值、滿足顧客精神需求的新型營銷模式——體驗營銷。本文以消費者購房時呈現的心理特點為基礎,對房地產行業實施體驗營銷策略進行了探討,按照體驗營銷的"5Es"組合策略,地產商在實施體驗營銷策略時要做好五個環節,希望能為房地產營銷提供借鑒。
[30]徐麗蓉;新形勢下房地產營銷策略研究[J].湖南社會科學,2011,No.145(03):129-131.
摘要：我國房地產營銷中存在著市場定位不合理、營銷方式過度依賴傳統廣告、缺少品牌意識和亂打概念牌等問題。因此,新形勢下,必須准確定位市場、實施多種營銷手段提升廣告品質、實施品牌營銷、充實文化營銷內涵,從而推動房地產業健康、穩定發展。
[31]楊光宇;淺析房地產營銷策略——以中山市房地產市場為例[J].成功(教育),2011,No.169(09):288-289.
摘要：<正>一、引言房地產市場營銷的產生是生產力發展和商品經濟發達的必然產物,市場營銷是房地產經營過程中不可缺少的組成部分。強有力的房地產市場營銷活動不僅可以促進地區的經濟繁榮,還有助於將計劃中的房地產開發建設方案變成現實,使
[32]倪維棟;我國房地產市場營銷策略走向的初探[J].現代商業,2011,No.250(21):60.
摘要：目前,伴隨著房地產的理性化發展、房地產市場的激烈化競爭,以及土地資源稀缺、住房需求下降、房產價格持續上漲、住宅空置率升高等新形勢。如何創新房地產營銷策略,才能保證出奇制勝,脫穎而出,提升顧客滿意度,在准確定位的基礎上進行差異化戰略,實施全面質量營銷模式勢在必行。
[33]呂順來;新疆房地產企業營銷策略研究[J].現代商業,2011,No.253(24):54+53.
摘要：與其他商品銷售不同,房地產企業營銷是一項復雜且系統的工程,關繫到房地產企業的健康發展。本文首先介紹了房地產幾大典型營銷策略;其次歸納了當前新疆房地產企業營銷中存在的問題;最後提出相應的解決對策。
[34]張程;淺議房地產體驗營銷策略[J].科技風,2010,No.162(24):98+102.
摘要：隨著我國房地產市場進入以消費者為主體的理性消費時代,房地產營銷的重心逐漸由"以產品為中心"向"以消費者為中心"轉移。於是,領悟顧客感性行為,增強顧客感官體驗,提升產品附加價值,滿足顧客精神需求的營銷模式體驗式營銷開始在房地產營銷中得到應用。本文從體驗營銷的涵義入手,分析了體驗營銷對房地產消費行為的主要作用,並探討幾種實用有效的房地產體驗營銷策略。
[35]范陳琦;新時期房地產企業營銷策略研究[J].China's Foreign Trade,2011,No.511(18):128.
摘要：隨著我國房地產政策法規的逐步完善,和一系列房價限價政策的出台,房地產企業面臨銀根收緊,投資性購房者減少,住宅空置率不斷升高和一線城市房價下行的多重壓力。因此房地產企業把握住營銷策略發展趨勢,適時調整其營銷策略勢在必行。
[36]鄧靜;社會系統論與房地產營銷策略初探[J].社科與經濟信息,2002,No.355(10):97-99.
摘要：<正> 社會系統論在營銷學中已經得到了比較廣泛的運用,然而,近年來,真正從系統論角度來考察並研究房地產營銷策略的文章並不多見。筆者認為,房地產營銷涉及許多方面的問題,通過社會系統論對營銷策略加以仔細思考和分析,有助於我們從宏觀和微觀兩個方面把握消費者的心理,推動整個房地產營銷事業的發展。
[37]張聞;基於可持續發展背景的長沙市房地產綠色營銷策略探析[J].商業文化(上半月),2011,No.192(11):228-229.
摘要：進入21世紀以來,隨著我國住房制度改革的不斷深化以及房地產業的迅猛發展,長沙房地產業經歷了一個從無到有、不斷壯大的發展歷程。與此同時,可持續發展理念和綠色消費觀念正作為一種新型發展觀念和新型消費觀念席捲全球,在這種背景下,長沙房地產企業要想在現有的基礎上求的更好的健康持續發展,就必須學會與時俱進實行綠色營銷戰略,走可持續發展之路,這不僅對全社會的可持續發展具有重要意義,更對長沙市房地產企業自身的健康長遠發展具有現實意義。本文中筆者針對當前長沙市房地產企業的發展現狀,就長沙市房地產企業綠色營銷中存在問題進行研究,並就此提出一些長沙市房地產基於可持續發展的綠色營銷策略,旨在為長沙市房地產企業的發展出謀獻策。
[38]李庚;宏觀調控下中小城市房地產的營銷策略[J].經濟導刊,2011,No.156(07):56-57.
摘要：<正>近年來,由於中央出台限購令等樓市調控政策,而且調控力度不斷加大,使房地產市場的投機性需求得到有效抑制。房價上漲的勢頭受到進一步抑制。盡管如此,有關專業人士仍然認為中央還會加強房地產調控力度,同時房地產政策變化也難以估計。針對目前形勢,房地產商應當採取怎麼樣的營銷策略,方能出奇制勝、佔領市場呢?市場競爭的加劇,如果房產商單純依靠廣告、促銷等手段推銷樓盤,已不再適應當前市場的發展,而品牌、文化、誠信、環保營銷等逐漸成為決定項目成敗關鍵因素。
[39]唐吉雄;小城市房地產營銷策略探討[J].消費導刊,2010,(02):4.
摘要：通過對小城市房地產市場進行分析,探討小城市房地產營銷策略可採取的措施。
[40]陳姿翰;綠色元素在房地產企業營銷策略中應用[J].現代營銷(學苑版),2010,No.63(03):88-89.
摘要：企業開展綠色營銷是社會和企業的雙贏之舉,有利於可持續發展戰略的實現。筆者從開發綠色住宅、選擇綠色渠道、開展綠色促銷三方面探討了綠色元素在房地產企業營銷策略中應用。
[41]胡娟;我國房地產品牌營銷策略[J].企業導報,2010,No.165(03):141-142.
摘要：面對日益激烈的市場競爭,房地產業已進入了品牌競爭時代。對房地產業發展狀況作基本回顧後,研究並提出了新的市場環境下房地產的品牌營銷策略,以期對房地產業在長遠的發展中有所裨益。
[42]李燕;房地產產品差異化的營銷策略分析[J].現代經濟信息,2010,No.292(06):71+73.
摘要：競爭是市場經濟的基本特徵之一,有競爭就有競爭的策略。對房地產而言,行業競爭的主要表現之一,就是房地產銷售的競爭,就是營銷策略的競爭。在技術水平相當的情況下,銷售策略的優劣就決定了房地產商競爭地位的優劣,因此科學合理的營銷策略,是房地產開發商所必須取得競爭優勢的基本要素之一。本文將對房地產的營銷策略進行分析。
[43]代韻竹;試論新時期房地產市場營銷策略[J].現代經濟信息,2010,No.290(04):32.
摘要：目前,房地產企業面臨土地資源稀缺、住房需求下降、房產價格持續上漲、住宅空置率升高的新形勢。因此,創新房地產營銷策略,提升顧客滿意度,在准確定位的基礎上進行差異化戰略,實施全面質量營銷模式勢在必行。本文就如何在新時期進行房地產營銷進行分析,提出了一些自己的觀點。
[44]楊宇;張二毛;李丙濤;金融危機背景下我國房地產企業的營銷策略研究[J].廣西大學學報(哲學社會科學版),2010,v.32(S1):247-248.
摘要：金融危機爆發後,我國房地產市場一路走低,陷入低迷。2009年上半年,我國樓市又出現逆勢上揚,房地產市場前景依舊未明。本文在分析金融危機背景下我國房地產企業現狀和其營銷面臨的新形勢的基礎上,提出金融危機背景下我國房地產企業的營銷策略。包括精確定位、採取合理的價格策略、尋求共贏的營銷同盟,建立創新的商業模式、誠信第一,質量是保證,樹立品牌、及綠色營銷是歸途。
[45]黃卉;房地產營銷策略探討[J].新聞天地(下半月刊),2010,No.72(05):62-63.
摘要：房地產開發項目營銷策劃的實施,是企業發展的關鍵,關繫到房地產企業在激烈競爭的房地產市場上能否立足和市場營銷的成敗。本文主要探討了房地產營銷策略,並提出了房地產營銷的對策及建議。
[46]滕進;中國房地產企業的市場營銷戰略研究[J].China's Foreign Trade,2010,No.481(12):31.
摘要：本文簡單分析了中國房地產市場的發展過程,指出了當前房地產市場存在的問題以及市場營銷對房地產企業的重要性,並對不同的營銷手段進行了簡單闡述。只有不斷加強企業的市場營銷,才能在未來市場得到充分發展。
[47]韓劍;淺析如何完善房地產營銷策略[J].經營管理者,2010,(11):153.
摘要：隨著中國經濟市場化不斷深入發展,房地產市場也經歷了從小到大的發展歷程。我國房地產市場營銷起步較晚,再加上市場化進程不完善,房地產營銷方面還存在著很多問題,本文就此做一分析。
[48]熊紅勝;淺議房地產市場營銷策略[J].湖北廣播電視大學學報,2010,v.30;No.216(07):88-89.
摘要：隨著經濟的發展和改革開放的深化,房地產業已經成為我國國民經濟的重要行業,房地產市場已成為社會主義市場體系的重要組成部分,關於房地產的研究已成為應用經濟研究的一個重要分支,在研究需求與供給的前提下,銷售的情況直接關系著房地產市場的好與壞,因此房地產的銷售策略有著舉足輕重的位置。
[49]張超;經濟危機下的房地產營銷策略探討[J].現代經濟信息,2010,No.298(12):66+68.
摘要：伴隨著房地產的理性化發展以及房地產市場的激烈化競爭,房地產營銷策略要出奇制勝,才能脫穎而出。而在以房產泡沫為罪魁禍首的經濟危機下,房地產營銷策略更是個值得探討的話題。本文就經濟危機下的房地產營銷策略進行了客觀的分析與探索性的研究。
[50]鄧雨男;淺析房地產市場營銷策略[J].經濟師,2010,No.257(07):221-222.
摘要：文章總結了房地產市場細分的作用及依據,准確的房地產市場細分對於一次成功的開發至關重要。
㈣ 求一篇，關於房地產營銷策略的外文文獻，要有翻譯的！謝謝。。。
這個可以找學姐學哥要
㈤ 急求房地產營銷 STP戰略英文文獻！！！
沒有理解stp,是science and technology parks還是software and technology parks
不過剛好找到一篇適合樓主要求的文獻，已經發送，查收。
[1] Durao, D., Sarmento, M., Varela, V., et al. Virtual and real-estate science and technology parks: a case study of Taguspark[J]. Technovation, 2005, 25(3): 237-244.
查看過外文資料庫，也看過幾篇中文綜述都沒有房地產stp的文獻，以前的文獻也沒有提。
如一篇叫《房地產營銷策劃的STP 模式》作者竟然直接引用了兩本中文教材。
[1] 王瑜,張曉青.市場營銷學[M].北京:團結出版社,1999.
[2] 李清立.房地產開發與經營[M].北京:清華大學出版社,2004.
果然天下文章一大抄。
一篇《顧客導向的房地產營銷策略》，連參考文獻也不寫。
如果樓主自信能找到，建議樓主自己去找吧。
如果單純stp倒是有以下文獻。
[2] Natter, M., Mild, A., Wagner, U., et al. Planning New Tariffs at Tele. Ring–The Application and Impact of an Integrated Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Tool[J]. Marketing Science, 2008.
[3] Hung, C. Tsai, C. Market segmentation based on hierarchical self-organizing map for markets of multimedia on demand[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2008, 34(1): 780-787.
㈥ 求一篇和營銷策略有關的英文文獻，最好有原創翻譯的。
童鞋你好！
這個估計需要自己搜索了！
網上基本很難找到免費給你服務的！
我在這里給你點搜索國際上常用的外文資料庫：
----------------------------------------------------------
❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
❷Elsevier SDOL資料庫 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
❸EBSCOhost RSC英國皇家化學學會
❹ACM美國計算機學會 ASCE美國土木工程師學會
❺Springer電子期刊 WorldSciNet電子期刊全文庫
❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary電子圖書
❼ProQuest學位論文全文資料庫
❽國道外文專題資料庫 CALIS西文期刊目次資料庫
❾推薦使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
-----------------------------------------------------------
中文翻譯得自己做了，實在不成就谷歌翻譯。
弄完之後，自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦！
學校以及老師都不會看這個東西的！
外文翻譯不是論文的主要內容！
所以，很容易過去的！
祝你好運！
㈦ 誰能給我一篇關於營銷策略研究方面的英文文獻
外文文獻可以用你們圖書館的外文資料庫檢索, 如www.sciencedirect.com, www.springerlink.com
自己去找吧 學校裡面可以下載到回的！英文關鍵詞答可以利用www.iciba.com網站翻譯～
㈧ 跪求2篇關於市場營銷或者營銷策略或者有關服務的外文文獻，要求有期刊出處的和作者姓名 有翻譯的最好了！
親，有很多這方面的啊，要我發給你嗎
好好加油吧，請採納，下面是一些具體資版料
┏☆━www·xslm·net下載各行權業銷售話術━☆━┓
┃☆━www·xslm·net學習客戶開發和管理━☆━┃
┃☆━www·xslm·net閱讀營銷和管理資料━☆━┃
┃☆━www·xslm·net分享推銷和營銷技巧━☆━┃
┃☆━www·xslm·net溝通跟蹤和成交技巧━☆━┃
┗☆━www·xslm·net交流銷售技巧和話術━☆━┛
親，要就留下信箱 或 進 網站 www·xslm·net 注冊後下載