⑴ 『求一篇「銀行國際化策略相關的外文文獻，要有作者，出版社，出版時間等等，2000--3000字，並附有中文翻譯
試試OA圖書館吧。
輸入相應關鍵詞的英文即可。
⑵ 找2篇以上人民幣國際化的英文參考文獻，要作者名，文獻名，期刊名。
http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=zh-CN&biw=1020&bih=569&q=rmb%20internationalization&gs_sm=c&gs_upl=-2.1.1&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=ws
裡面復有制好多 你自己選吧
⑶ 中英文文獻
企業國際化戰略對財務管理的挑戰與創新2006年12月01日 星期五 下午 03:51——專訪上海國家會計學院副院長謝榮
新理財(以下簡稱「新」)：從TCL2002年收購德國施耐德電器、聯想收購IBM全球PC業務、海爾美國公司和康佳美康公司在美國的設立，到不少企業在香港、紐約等地成功上市，中國部分企業已經在實施「走出去」戰略，您認為中國企業國際化戰略的目標是什麼?
謝榮(以下簡稱「謝」)國際化戰略主要指商品市場和各類生產要素資源配置的國際化。實施國際化戰略的一個主要原因是各國各類資源優勢的不同和企業管理能力的不同，通過各類資源要素和管理能力要素跨國界的配置，使企業的能力得到最充分的發揮，使國際社會獲得更多的財富。在過去20 多年改革實踐中，我國企業的國際化戰略主要體現在引進國外資本、技術和管理經驗促進生產能力的提高和促進市場體系的發展等方面。隨著我國企業生產能力、管理能力的快速發展和增強，企業實施「走出去」的國際化戰略已成為提高企業可持續發展能力的一個重要手段和途徑。
企業實施「走出去」戰略的基本目標是：
(1)通過擴大產品市場，提高企業的生存和發展空間。
利用地方資源優勢、低成本優勢和特定的技術優勢，通過有規模的產品出口來擴大企業的生存和發展空間，常常是企業「走出去」戰略最直接的目標。而實施這種戰略的企業要求必須保持產品的生產優勢。
(2)利用資源的國際配置，提高企業的資本投資回報或生產投資回報。
通過積極走向國際市場和國際范圍內的資源配置來提高資本投資回報或生產投資回報，實現企業的長期可持續發展，通常是企業「走出去」戰略的根本目標。而實施這一戰略的企業常常需要較高的管理能力、規范的企業運作和較熟悉國際市場。
新：想到部分行業近期在國內大打價格戰，以及與國外相比國內商業信用的相對缺失，您認為企業走國際化道路是否與此有關？
謝：企業真正的競爭優勢來源於兩個方面：戰略定位和運營的有效性。部分行業，比較有代表性的是家電行業，由於大部分企業都沒有獨特的戰略定位，僅僅想靠運作的效率來戰勝對手，最後會導致兩敗俱傷。在這種情況下，如果希望依賴國際化來降低價格競爭的程度，實質上很難達到所期望的效果。因此，我認為價格戰是促進國際化的一個因素，但國際化戰略必須與企業本身的戰略定位結合起來。國內商業信用與成熟市場相比相對缺失，這也是一個不爭的事實。實質上，商業信用的缺失與公司缺乏遠景、價值觀，以及由此產生的戰略定位也有直接的關系。一個具有遠景戰略的公司一定會重視價值觀和商業道德。在可能的情況下，也會利用國際市場的機會，促進戰略目標的實現。所以我國商業信用的相對缺失本身不會成為推動國際化發展的主要原因，相反，國際化戰略的發展則會促進我國商業信用的改進。
新：「走出去」成為國際化公司，對不少中國企業而言，是一個踏遍荊棘依然好夢難圓的痛苦歷程。作為財會專家，您認為在企業國際化戰略中財務應發揮什麼樣的作用？
謝：隨著信息技術的發展，財務人員已經從傳統的繁重的核算任務中解脫出來了。根據現代企業的發展，財務人員應該更多地在發展戰略的制定和執行上為企業做出貢獻。現代戰略理論與實務的發展也告訴我們，企業戰略的制定和實施需要整個公司員工的參與，特別是高層財務主管的積極參與。就國際化戰略而言，由於其獨特的復雜性和重要性，財務人員首先應積極參與對國際市場宏觀環境包括國際政治、經濟、社會和技術發展環境等的分析和行業環境分析，以確保戰略決策的制定建立在科學基礎之上，並有效地控制戰略風險對企業財務的影響。其次，財務人員應積極參與國際化戰略的實施，特別是相關業務的發展與國際化融資、投資和財務管理之間的聯系。如果收購作為達成戰略目標的一種手段，則需要財務人員參與收購目標的選擇，對被收購對象的盡職調查，在盡職調查基礎上的估值，與被收購對象的談判，以及籌措財務資源完成收購交易等。
在整個國際化戰略進程中，財務人員需要發揮作用的另一個重要方面就是監督。現代企業管理的發展已經表明監督並不僅僅是對財務資源的監督，它需要財務人員結合企業戰略目標，識別出實現企業目標的關鍵成功要素(Critical Success Factors，CSFs)，從而設計關鍵業績指標(Key Performance Indicators，KPIs)，並對關鍵業績指標實施監控，以確保企業戰略目標的實現。
新：進入國際市場有多種方式可供選擇：可利用中間商，也可以直接向國外出口；可以打出自己的品牌，也可先做OEM；可通過出口方式佔領目標市場，也可採取跨國投資的方式在當地生產。間接出口、直接出口、跨國直接投資，這幾種國外市場進入方式各有利弊。您認為企業應當如何選取適合自己的進入方式？對財務管理有何影響？
謝：企業選擇進入國際市場的方式受許多因素的影響。正如我剛才強調的，企業國際化必須與其本身的遠景戰略相聯系，同時還要與其競爭戰略相聯系。就業務層面的競爭戰略來說，企業需要就具體業務考慮是成本領先、差異化，還是採用集中戰略；就公司層面的戰略來說，企業需要考慮是採用國際本土化、全球化，還是全球化與本土化的結合。
在以上考慮的基礎上，企業需要選擇具體的進入國際市場的方式。最初，產品出口是較好的選擇，因為不需要在國外進行製造專業能力的投入，只需要在分銷上投資。出口、許可協議和戰略聯盟是較好的早期市場的發展方法。
如果要在國際市場上取得更為有利的地位，就需要收購和建立全新的子公司，這一般出現在國際化戰略的後期階段。在有些情況下，各種不同的方式可能被依次使用，從出口到全新子公司；在另一些情況下，在不同的市場使用不同的幾種(但不是全部)進入方式。最終選擇的方式將是行業競爭條件、國家環境、政府法規和本公司獨特的資源、能力和核心競爭力等因素結合的結果。
至於進入方式對財務管理的影響，適合早期階段的進入方式，本質上並沒有對企業運營產生實質上的影響，增加的主要是銷售信用和外匯風險管理。適合後期階段的進入方式對財務的影響是全面的，要求企業以集團財務管理的方法和技術來應對各種風險。
新：不少中國企業已經成功在海外上市，有的實現了國際兼並和收購，這些企業將被「逼」著按照國際通行規則運營和發展，您能否結合公司治理談談這方面的情況？
謝：公司治理的基本特點主要有：(1)強調公司股東，特別是機構投資者和中小投資者，應積極參與公司重大決策，對公司施加影響；(2)強調董事會作為股東的代表應負責公司發展戰略的制定，並監督管理層對戰略的落實；(3)強調董事會的獨立性，董事會應包含較多的獨立董事；(4)強調董事會(特別是董事會下屬的審計委員會)對虛假財務報告的監督。
隨著中國部分企業成功地在海外上市，有的實現了國際兼並和收購，這些企業將按照國際通行規則運營和發展。這就要求這些企業必須重視投資者關系的管理；建立負責、高效的董事會；使董事會在企業發展戰略方面發揮更強的作用；向董事會提供全面、必要的信息，以利於董事會的有效監督；成立全部由獨立董事組成的審計委員會監督虛假財務報告。
中國國際化的企業在形式上達到以上這些要求並不難，但關鍵是在實質上滿足這些要求。最近就發生過我國有些企業聘任的海外獨立董事辭職的事件。這一事件表明：國際投資者要求我國國際化的企業在實質上達到公司治理的「國際化」。在這方面，我們的企業還有很長的路要走。
新：國際化會帶來一系列會計和財務管理方面的問題，各國的文化、記賬幣種、會計准則、財務制度等也都不同，這些都對企業財務提出了新的和更高的要求，您認為財務應如何應對這些變化？
謝：國際化確實帶來了一系列會計和財務管理方面的問題。最主要的是不同貨幣匯率差異和波動帶來的財務風險。同時，由於會計准則和財務制度的不同，也會帶來財務報告編制的難度和風險。
對於匯率風險，要求財務人員加強匯率風險防範知識包括衍生金融工具知識的學習，准確把握匯率風險管理的目標，提高風險的識別、分析和控制能力，並對整個匯率風險管理的有效性提供及時的信息溝通和監督。
對於會計准則和財務制度的不同，要求財務人員必須理解所在地的會計准則和財務制度。目前各個國家和地區的會計准則有向國際會計准則趨同的趨勢，而且很多國家和地區的監管機構和資本市場也認可按照國際會計准則編報的財務報告。因此，國際化不但要求財務人員熟悉所在地的會計准則和財務制度，而且還要掌握國際會計准則，能夠按照國際會計准則編報財務報告。
新：幾年前，中國人著手國際並購幾乎聞所未聞。過去一年間，這一切開始改變 「獵物」成了「獵手」。從2004年12月開始，聯想、海爾、中海油和中石油的一系列交易和競標，標志著中國加入了全球並購浪潮。但中國企業的海外並購戰略面臨一些重大的風險，這些企業又缺少海外運營經驗，這些都是需要考慮的問題。請您就此談談您的看法。
謝：中國企業近幾年積極加入全球並購浪潮是與中國這幾年經濟的持續發展分不開的，但在海外並購戰略方面，中國企業面臨著一些重大的風險，主要包括政治風險、經濟風險和管理風險。
政治風險指一個國家政局是否穩定、法制是否健全、國家發展的基本政策是否正確。由於國際化戰略涉及的投資金額大、影響周期長，為確保投資的安全和有效，必須首先考慮政治風險。
經濟風險主要是指匯率、利率、稅率和資源等方面的風險，匯率、利率等的波動會對投資收益產生重大影響，因而必須隨時跟蹤其變化趨勢、評估其影響程度和制定應對措施。
管理風險是指國際化戰略制定和實施過程中的風險。根據美國科爾尼公司的統計，大約只有20%的並購案實現了預期目標，其餘80% 的並購多以失敗而告終(2006.1.1 經濟觀察報)。管理上的風險要求企業加強戰略和流程的管理，塑造核心競爭力，並且能夠將核心競爭力轉移到其他市場。
新：由於世界各地文化、稅務和貿易制度差異較大，實施國際化戰略的企業很難對其海外子公司的業績進行評估，很顯然企業需要考慮轉移價格的因素和子公司在各地的不同情況，您能談談這方面的情況嗎？
謝：各地制度和文化的差異常常導致海外子公司的發展處於不同的環境之中，而企業對不同地點子公司發展策略的整體考慮和安排又會導致各地子公司的發展不平衡和業績不一致，因而對海外子公司的評估不能用簡單統一的指標予以衡量。有效的評估方法是將子公司的考核評估與企業對其的整體戰略安排結合起來，當設立某一子公司的目的主要是為進入某一市場時，就應以市場份額的大小作為評估主要的指標；當收購兼並某地區一家公司的目的主要是為獲取其有效技術和產品設計開發能力時，就不能簡單地以利潤作為評估指標。由於大型跨國企業集團的戰略是全球一體化的，因而對各地子公司的考核評估必須要與公司的整體戰略相協調。
新：在全球化進程中，市場競爭的焦點是人才的競爭。中國企業的國際化戰略需要相應的高素質人才來支持，您認為中國企業實施「走出去」戰略需要什麼樣的財務管理人員？財務人員應從哪些方面提高素質以適應國際化戰略的需要?
謝：綜上分析，中國企業實施 「走出去」戰略需要的是戰略型、經營型的財務人員，他們必須理解企業的整體戰略，並且積極為制定正確的戰略目標貢獻力量；他們能對公司戰略的有效實施提供積極的支持，為公司經營目標的實現創造有利的條件；他們能對公司目標的實現情況進行有效的評估，以客觀考核各地子公司的經營業績和對公司戰略目標提出調整建議。同時，他們還要明了國際化戰略與公司遠景戰略之間的聯系，能夠進行有效的行業分析、對目標收購公司進行估值，需要熟悉現代風險管理技術，需要理解和運用國際會計准則以及所在地的會計准則等等。
為了滿足這些要求，財務人員應該從以下幾個方面提高素質以滿足國際化的戰略的需要：(1)要過語言關。國際化戰略需要掌握多種綜合技能的財務人員。如果沒有良好的外語水平，將難以了解國際前沿的理論與實務，國際化也就無從談起了。(2)掌握戰略管理的理論與實務。現代財務人員單純理解財務會計已經遠遠不夠了，需要盡快吸收近幾年的蓬勃發展的戰略管理理念和管理實務。(3)掌握全面的風險管理理論與實務。企業傳統的著重於流程的內部控制正在被全面風險管理理念與實務所取代，財務人員只有在理解了全面風險管理的理念與實務的基礎上，才能夠結合本企業的實際，設計和實施關鍵成功要素與關鍵業績指標，並識別、分析和應對本企業所面臨的關鍵風險。(4)掌握現代財務分析方法，特別是對企業價值的評估方法。(5)掌握國內、國際和經營所在國的會計准則，能夠編制符合相關法律法規要求的財務報告。
總之，國際化戰略對財務人員提出了更高層次的挑戰，財務人員必須從各方面更新自己的知識結構和技能才能夠勝任新的角色 (《新理財》 )
International Enterprise strategy for financial management challenges and innovation on December 1, 2006 Friday afternoon 03 : 51 -- interview with the Shanghai National Accounting Institute in Ljubljana, vice president of the new fiscal (hereinafter referred to as "new") : TCL2002 years from the acquisition of German Schneider Electric, Lenovo's purchase of IBM's global PC business. American companies Haier and Konka Kang U.S. companies established in the United States, many enterprises in Hong Kong, New York and other successful listing Some Chinese enterprises have been in the implementation of the "going out" strategy. Do you think the internationalization of Chinese enterprises strategic What is the objective? Ljubljana (hereinafter referred to as "Xie") international strategy mainly refers to commodity markets and various factors of proction allocation of resources on an international scale. Implementation of the international strategy is a major cause of all the resources of all kinds of different strengths and capabilities of enterprise management, through various essential resources and management capacity factor of the cross-border distribution, the ability to enable enterprises to the fullest play, enable the international community to get more of the wealth. In the past 20 years of reform and practice, China's international strategy is mainly reflected in the introction of foreign capital, technology and management experience for the improvement of proctivity and promote the development of the market system, and so on. As China's proction capacity and management capability of rapid development and strengthening, enterprises to implement the "going out" strategy of internationalization has become enhance capacity for sustainable development as an important means and ways. Enterprises to implement the "going out" strategy is the basic objectives : (1) by expanding the proct market, enhancing the survival and development space. Use of local resources, and low-cost advantages and specific technical advantages, adoption of a large scale domestic enterprises to expand exports to the existence and development space, often enterprises "going out" strategy the most direct target. And the implementation of this strategy requires enterprises to maintain the proction advantages. (2) Use of the international allocation of resources, and improving the return on capital investment or proction of investment returns. Through active international market and within the scope of the international allocation of resources to improve return on capital investment or proction of investment returns, realize the long-term sustainable development, usually enterprises "going out" strategy in the fundamental objectives. And the implementation of this strategy in enterprises often requires a higher level of management capacity, and standardized the operation of enterprises and more familiar with the international market. New : think of some instries in the recent domestic feverish price war, in comparison with foreign countries and domestic commercial credit the relative missing, Do you think enterprises take the path of internationalization to do with this? Xie : enterprise real competitive advantage comes from two aspects : strategic positioning and operating effectiveness. Some instries, which are more representative of the home electrical appliance instries, as most enterprises are not unique strategic positioning, just rely on the efficiency to beat his opponent, and will eventually lead to both parties. In such circumstances, if the wish to rely on the international price competition to rece the extent of, in essence, it is very difficult to achieve the desired results. Therefore, I think the price war is the promotion of an international factors, But the international strategy with the corporate strategy of positioning itself together. Domestic commercial credit Compared with the mature markets is relatively scarce, this is an indisputable fact. In essence, the lack of commercial credit and lack of vision, values, and the resulting strategic positioning has a direct relationship. With a strategic vision of the company would be about values and ethics. In the situation, the international market will also use the opportunity to promote the strategic goal. So our commercial credit the relative lack itself is not going to become international in 2001, on the contrary, International strategy will be to promote the development of our commercial credit improvements. New : "going out" to become an international company, and many Chinese enterprises, is a plodding thorns still dreams will not come true history of suffering. As accounting experts, what do you think are the business strategies of the international financial should play what role? Xie : With the development of information technology, financial officers from the traditional heavy task for the accounting of extricating themselves. According to the modern enterprise development, financial officers should be more strategic in the development of the formulation and implementation of enterprise contribution. Modern strategic theory and practice of development also tells us that enterprise strategy formulation and implementation of the entire company staff, particularly in senior financial managers for their active participation. On the international strategy, because of its unique complexity, and importance of, First, financial officers should be actively involved in the international market macroeconomic environment, including international political, economic, social and technological development of environmental analysis and environmental instries, to ensure that the strategic decision to establish the scientific basis and the effective risk control strategies for enterprise financial impact. Secondly, financial officers should be actively involved in the internationalization of the implementation of the strategy, especially related to business development and international financing, investment and financial management of the linkages between them. If the acquisition as a strategic goal of reaching a means, the need for staff to participate in the sale of the financial goals of the choice, to be the targets of acquisition, e diligence, e diligence on the basis of valuation, and were the targets of acquisition talks and raising the financial resources to complete the acquisition transactions. Throughout the strategy of internationalization process, and financial officers need to play a role in another important aspect is supervision. Modern enterprise management has shown the development and supervision of financial resources is not only the right supervision, It needs financial officers in conjunction with enterprise strategic goals, identify target enterprises the key success factors (Critical Success Factors. CSFs), thus the design of key performance indicators (Key Performance Indicators. KPIs), and the implementation of key performance indicators for monitoring to ensure that the corporate strategy objectives. New : to enter the international market in a number of ways are available : the use of brokers may, or may directly to the foreign exports; can establish their own brand, but also to do the OEM; can be occupied by the export target markets, could also take the form of transnational investment in local proction. Indirect export, direct exports, foreign direct investment, access to foreign markets Several methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Do you think the business should be selected for their entry? On the impact of financial management? Xie : Enterprise chose to enter the international market by many factors. As I emphasized earlier, the internationalization of enterprises have their own vision of strategic links while its competitive strategy linked. On the operational level of competition strategy, enterprises need to consider the specific operational cost is a leading difference, or a focused strategy; on the corporate level strategy, enterprises need to consider is using international localization, globalization, globalization and localization of the combination. In the basis of the above considerations, the choice of the specific needs of enterprises to enter the international market of the way. Initially, the procts for export is a better choice, because you do not need to engage in foreign investment in professional capacity, only need to invest in distribution. Export, licensing agreements and strategic alliances is a good early market approach to development. If it is to be achieved on the international market is more favorable position on the need to purchase and the establishment of new subsidiaries, This usually appear in the international strategy in the late stages. In some cases, different means may be used were from the export of new subsidiaries; In some other cases, in different markets using several different (but not all) ways to enter. The final choice is the way of competitive conditions, the National Environment, the government regulations, and the company's unique resources, capability and core competitiveness of the combined factors of the results. As for the right way to enter the financial management, suitable for early stages of the entry way, Basically, there is no operation of enterprises have an actual effect, the increase in sales is mainly credit and foreign exchange risk management. For the late stages of the right way to enter the financial impact is comprehensive, Group requests to the financial management methods and techniques to deal with all kinds of risks. New : many Chi
⑷ 關於花卉市場的英文文獻及中文翻譯一篇 發到我郵箱[email protected]
目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
1 當前國際營銷的狀況及成因 3
1.1 當前國際營銷的狀況 3
1.1.1 國際營銷的發展 3
1.1.2 國際營銷的特點 4
1.1.3 國際市場的內容 4
1.1.4 國際營銷的環境 5
1.2 國際營銷的成因 7
2 精成企業現狀及問題分析 8
2.1 企業簡介 8
2.2 現狀分析 9
2.2.1 國際市場產品分析 9
2.2.2 國際進入方式分析 9
2.2.3 國際定價分析 10
2.2.4 國際市場促銷分析 10
2.2.5 國際市場營銷人才分析 10
2.3 精成企業國際營銷存在的主要問題 11
2.3.1 對國際市場了解不夠 11
2.3.2 缺乏國際營銷人才 12
2.3.3 缺少國際廣告 12
3 精成企業的國際市場策略 13
3.1 國際產品策略 13
3.1.1 產品組合策略 13
3.1.2 運用好國際產品生命周期 13
3.3.3 做好國際產品包裝與品種工作 13
3.2 國際市場進入方式策略 14
3.2.1 鞏固間接出口 14
3.2.2 積極發展直接出口 15
3.2.3 嘗試國外生產 15
3.3 國際渠道策略 17
3.3.1 利用好國外中間商 17
3.3.2 運用好傳統渠道與新興渠道模式 17
3.3.3 揮發好標准化與多樣化的作用 18
3.4 國際定價策略 19
3.4.1 認識影響國際價格的因素 19
3.4.2 做好國際定價管理 19
3.4.3 選好定價基本方法與策略 19
3.4.4 運用好國際企業定價策略 20
3.5 國際促銷策略 20
3.5.1 做好國際廣告 20
3.5.2 在國外進行人員推銷 21
3.5.3 結合營業推廣 21
3.5.4 搞好公共關系 22
4 精成企業的國際策略的實施 23
4.1 建立阿里巴巴中國供應商網 23
4.2 培養新型外貿人才 23
4.3 做好廣告工作 24
結論 26
參考文獻 27
致謝 28
附錄一 29
國際營銷的發展前景 29
附錄二 34
International Marketing Prospects For Development 34
摘要
加入世界貿易組織不僅給我們整個社會的經濟、生活帶來巨大變化，而且使國際貿易發生了巨大變革，使在貿易中占據重要地位的國際市場營銷活動面臨著新的選擇和挑戰。營銷的各個方面，無論是市場調研、市場開拓、營銷隊伍和營銷組合都顯現出新經濟的作用。一方面，國際市場營銷的空間領域擴大了，營銷的技術更先進了；而另一方面，營銷的復雜性上升了，營銷的難度也加大了。中國加入WTO之後，帶來的是新的市場游戲規則、新的理念、知識、技術、資金、人才和全球的龐大市場。由於加入WTO後國際市場壁壘的減少，中國企業將有更多的機會在全球發達的消費市場中展示實力和發展自己的事業，實現跨國經營。本文論述了國際營銷理論的國內外發展、國際營銷的特點、內容和各種環境分析。還有國際營銷在我國企業的運用情況，分析了中國中小型民型企業在國際營銷中存在的問題，指出了入世後中國企業國際市場營銷應對策略以及實施過程。
【關鍵字】 國際營銷；營銷策略；產品組合
Abstract
After china entered into world trade organization， Great change has taken place. The each aspect of marketing，include market investigation，market explanation and marketing troops，is reflecting new economic impact.On the other hand，the realm of the international marketing extended，the technique of the marketing is more advanced； on the other hand，the complexity of the marketing ran high，the difficulties of the marketing enlarge，too.This text This text discussed the international market characteristics，contents of the theories』s domestic and international development，international market with the every kind of environment analysis.It also discussed the domestic and international development of the international marketing theory，and analyzed the China inside the business enterprise of small scaled people type the problem that exsits in the international market，and point outed into the international market of Chinese business enterprise of a life time empress the market to reply the strategy and into practice the process.
Keywords： International marketing；Marketing strategies；Proct combination
⑸ 關於中小企業國際化經營畢業論文的文獻綜述
1 基於互聯網中小企業國際化對策研究
2 我國中小企業國際化戰略選擇專
3 中小企業國際化經營研究
4 中國屬中小企業國際化經營及其面臨的障礙
5 溫州中小企業國際化市場進入模式研究
6 中小企業集群式國際化發展戰略研究
7 基於核心競爭力的中小企業國際化途徑分析
8 中小企業國際化過程中的融資問題研究
9 我國中小服務企業的國際化思考
10 構建跨國戰略聯盟實現我國中小企業國際化經營
11 中小企業國際化路徑探析
12 我國中小企業國際化經營的市場進入模式研究
13 我國中小企業國際化經營與競爭力問題研究
14 我國中小企業國際化經營存在問題及對策研究
15 中小企業國際化與知識及其網路
16 我國中小企業實施國際化戰略研究
17 中國中小企業國際化戰略研究
18 中小企業國際化戰略中的跨文化管理
19 論我國中小企業的國際化經營
20 中小企業國際化經營探討
這類論文，我們這還有很多
祝你早日順利畢業~
⑹ 求《杭州服裝品牌國際化戰略研究》相關的外文文獻
我處禁止上傳文件，服裝品牌國際化戰略相關PDF外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己，希版望能滿權足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，如果需要請直接網路 私信 或者 Hi 中留言貼出你在 網路知道的問題鏈接地址 及 郵箱地址
⑺ 請大家幫忙提供關於人民幣國際化或者貨幣國際化的英文文獻，只要和貨幣有關的就可以，很急呀！謝謝了
我有一些英文相關資料[email protected]
⑻ 誰能提供一份華為公司 國際市場營銷策略 畢業論文文獻綜述 。感激不盡吶~~~~
樓主你好：畢業論文文獻你可以去論文網站看看！
⑼ 急需查找一篇關於「民營企業國際化中的政府服務研究」論文的英文文獻
private enterprises external constraints and the Government Service Innovation
Abstract: In the opening to the outside world situation growing, private enterprises can not be separated from the internationalization of the rational power of the Government. This paper analyzes the internationalization of private enterprises of the external constraints, a private enterprise internationalization of innovation need to government services.
Keywords: private enterprises of the external factors of international service innovation
With the world economy, increasing globalization, China has become the world's fourth-largest economy, including private enterprises in economic development by increasing the role. Private enterprises are faced with not only the competitiveness of domestic firms and foreign multinational companies are faced with challenges. Therefore, expanding the opening up of the situation, the private enterprises to develop and grow, not only to make use of domestic markets and resources, but also going out to implement the strategy and the internationalization of private enterprises, in a broader competitive environment to meet the challenge. Towards world-class enterprise can not be separated from the support of the Government, the Government should be private enterprise to provide a good environment, strengthening innovation services.
International private enterprises external constraints
At present, the development of private enterprises in China has made great achievements, but our small and medium-sized private enterprises still dominated the majority of private enterprises through the first start of the primitive accumulation period, being the second business, the implementation of international strategy, international operations, enterprises must create a certain degree of accumulation and the capacity and conditions. However, the internationalization of private enterprises of the potential hindering the external environment, so that many companies fall into the plight of the development.
(A) financial bottlenecks encountered
At present, private enterprises, especially those in the survival of small and medium-sized financial institutions from the public it is difficult to obtain adequate financing for development. These enterprises can apply for loans to small, low visibility e to take the way of external financing is very difficult. Most of them only through self-financing and non-formal channels of access to capital financing. High-risk and cost of financing and financial situation of the shortage of channels for private enterprises has seriously hampered the pace of foreign trade, and even lead to business in the international competition of mortality. Small and medium-sized private financing has been difficult for many entrepreneurs and scholars is the focus of attention.
(B) a means of macroeconomic management and weak control
World experience shows that early investments in overseas enterprises often rely on the Government to promote the policy of a powerful force for success. Although China's government issued a series to promote the internationalization of enterprises to develop business-friendly policies and measures, but because of China's foreign investment is still at the initial stage, matching the policy support system is not yet complementary, business in the overseas investment in all aspects of the lack of government support is often difficult to deal with strong pressure from overseas competitors. In addition, trade management, e to export credit, export tax rebate policy areas such as discrimination, the private enterprises to develop foreign trade have been hampered enthusiasm objectively the impact of the development of its foreign trade. In addition, the external examination and approval system in China remains low efficiency, high-threshold, approval of part of a very complicated, resulting in the loss of overseas investment enterprises a good opportunity, but also caused a great deal of foreign direct investment is not officially sanctioned by the law.
In addition, a considerable number of private enterprises drifted away from the government service, science and technology management departments at all levels of government does not control the basic means, can only cope in a passive way, on the one hand, private enterprise policies and the urgent need to understand instry trends, and the other aspects of management of private enterprises to master the basic situation is not, as well as private enterprises and government services, international difficult to form a virtuous circle, hindering the development of private enterprises.
(C) The narrow access to information
Large enterprises or enterprise groups operating on the general risks and traps the international market through various channels and timely access to information, and can effectively resolve and circumvent. However, for SMEs, because of its strength is limited, through the establishment of offices or other non-governmental channels to collect a lot of the limitations of information, leading to corporate ownership information is not adequate, the narrow access to information, to a large extent an increase of private enterprises "going out" of blindness. Moreover, outside of private enterprises to expand means less risk-averse, often become the victims of the international market transactions. Government of Romania, such as by modifying the "entry and residence of foreign residents Ordinance" to stay and lead to a sharp deterioration in business environment, the vast majority of Chinese under attack, and even forced to leave. Another example in Russia, Spain, clothing, many small and medium-sized procts that were destroyed or seized, resulting in substantial economic losses.
(D) not yet employed a sound social security system
A comprehensive and systematic solution to the social security system are employees of private enterprises to worry about a big problem. The current work in this area is still weak, many private enterprises to social insurance policy a lack of understanding, enterprise operators the corresponding legal obligations is not clear, the agencies do not participate in the social insurance of the owners there is no uniform means of coercive measures and to be constrained thereby increasing the number of people lucky enough to escape the psychological security of the history of coverage refusal. Therefore, only employees of private enterprises to improve the social security system, private enterprise can come into the staff, retain, Well done, in order to stimulate more scientific and technical personnel engaged in private enterprises. Management of private enterprises to international competition faced, but the final analysis, the biggest competition is the "talent" competition. China's private enterprises employed a lower overall level of ecation, lack of follow-up driving force for development. I investigated some of private enterprises in Zhejiang Province, found that the current management of private enterprises, not only in the lack of high-level operators, in scientific research and quality control team is also a lack of post high professional titles of the implementation of those procts and services in proction the lack of high-quality first-line for the skilled workers, the all-round, three-dimensional talent gap will be the development of private enterprises to a very adverse impact must be improved.
Government services, innovation
Development of foreign trade should not only focus on the promotion of exports of large enterprise groups, more attention should be paid to small and medium-sized private enterprises to improve international competitiveness. For the internationalization of private enterprises, the Government must change its functions, the private enterprises "going out" strategy, the innovative service concepts, and to enhance international cooperation, to build a unified, consistent with the laws of the market enterprises "going out" policy to support, for private enterprises development of fair competition order.
(A) private enterprises to create a positive international environment for the development of good
1. Multi-channel solution to the problem of insufficient funds. The implementation of tax incentives, to provide for the overseas investment of private enterprises can enjoy income tax relief, and its processing procts have been imported outside the country, can enjoy certain amount of customs ties, value-added tax concessions to foreign machinery and equipment used in the majority of raw materials ty-free, giving priority to export quotas; the establishment of a policy of internationalization of corporate finance guarantee funds to start such as the export tax rebate loans, accounts receivable, such as export credit loans of the innovative ways; the establishment and improvement of export credit system, foreign trade development fund to adjust the use of the direction of the establishment of exports and credit growth in the size of the synchronization mechanisms for small and medium-sized private enterprises to expand export proction to provide the necessary financial support; the expansion of export credit insurance and the size of the field for private enterprises to provide a full range of business investment and trade policy; multi-funding the establishment of private enterprises venture capital fund or loan guarantee fund; concentration of private enterprises in the region, approved the establishment of private enterprises can be mutual funds; to allow private enterprises, subject to conditions, such as financing through the issuance of bonds for multi-channel solution to private enterprises create the conditions for funding sources.
2. To strengthen macro-management overhead. Accelerate the improvement of foreign investment legislation, the reform of foreign trade administration system, in accordance with the requirements of open markets, strengthen the guidance of foreign trade and economic planning, policy guidance, administrative services and supervision of the work, the focus from the work of the Government for approval and management of specific shift for the development of foreign trade and economic development planning and policy, administrative regulations and standardize the operation of up to private enterprises "going out" system to create a good condition. Goods such as real-time tracking system to speed up the building, vigorously push forward the "electronic port" network engineering, enterprise internationalization provide convenient customs clearance service and thoughtful.
Government and private enterprises to enhance communication, strengthen the protection of private property, and in the foreign exchange management, active in the implementation of private enterprises "going out" strategy to provide quality services and policy support, to create a relaxed, uniform rules, policy transparency, consistent with the requirements of the market economy open, fair and just environment. In the capital market access to the private enterprises to "national treatment", the same instry in different ownership enterprises should enjoy the same treatment.
Government administration is the regulation and control means necessary for the development of private enterprises and private enterprises can not develop without the statutory and, if necessary, the standardization of management and innovative services with the times. Such as support from the Guangdong Provincial Government established the National Private Enterprise Center, the first complaint the majority of private entrepreneurs has been the sincere welcome.
(B) build a positive foreign trade information service system
1. The information services provided by the Government as an important component of quality service. To foreign enterprises, projects, capital and the basic situation of a national database as the main contents of which the corresponding private enterprises "going out" system management services; perfect "going out" operational statistical system for foreign investment and cooperation projects and related data for dynamic analysis, which promptly adjust the national macro-management policies; play I embassies and consulates in the first-line role in the collection of multi-country laws, regulations and specific business information for the vast number of private enterprises to enter international market opportunities .
2. Start Internet works export enterprises. Actively support and guide the private export enterprises access international e-commerce, encourage enterprises to take the path information. Help enterprises to develop and adopt a unified information technology solutions to open up international markets to expand the online transactions. Between domestic and foreign enterprises to speed up large-scale construction of e-commerce trading platform to help enterprises to establish a relatively reliable and stable supply chain trade, enhance access to business information.
3. To develop a standardized and effective early warning and emergency disposal mechanism. Small and medium-sized private enterprises in China as a result of access to information often narrow and in foreign countries "against" the actual situation, the Government's protective measures in addition to early warning and timely information, should also help small and medium-sized multi-channel selection of a suitable investment, while for in a certain country or region to invest in the operation of small and medium-sized, but also through our embassies and consulates to provide real-time early warning operational risk information, operational risks in time to resolve.
(C) employees of private enterprises and improve the social security system
For private enterprises "going out", the Government's service innovation is also reflected in the Government should take active measures to update the concept of strengthening the awareness of the small and medium enterprises establish and improve the social security of employees working mechanism to encourage SMEs to strengthen multi-level, multi-form the research cooperation and promote the internationalization of private enterprises to develop in depth.
1. Employees of private enterprises to improve the social security system, to promote the flow of talent. To change the social security system of "differential treatment" for "social treatment", to establish equality of rights and obligations for all the idea of shared, standardized social security system, establish and improve the characteristics of Chinese social security system of laws and regulations. To pay special attention to small and medium-sized private enterprises, "insurance" problem of the "escape security" and "history of coverage refusal" of the business owners must take punitive measures. The social security system to increase the publicity, ecation and guide the whole society every citizen awareness of social security. Social insurance for long in the work of leadership should be the rights of some departments to a relatively concentrated sector, the relevant departments under the coordination of arrangements, from the financial, audit, health, and civil affairs departments to monitor.
2. To enhance the flow of talent-oriented news. Through newspapers, magazines, radio, television and other multi-media coverage of some of the development of private enterprises, give full play to the role of public opinion, promote the flow of talent. The development of social intermediary organizations, recommended by professionals for private enterprises, the introction of talent. Government functions and departments should actively create conditions for them, and guide private enterprises to establish direct and Universities network employing the "train orders" mode and explore the potential of schools for business services professionals to create a good cycle of renewal of knowledge.
3. To encourage private enterprises and institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutes to establish a stable relationship between the scientific and technological cooperation, the joint establishment of various types of scientific research institutions, to conct joint scientific and technological research of public relations. To encourage and support private enterprises to establish the conditions of high-tech research and development centers, engineering research centers, technology center. Encourage qualified enterprises to set up private technology companies post-doctoral workstations, experimental base doctorate or master's degree. Private S & T to encourage qualified enterprises to actively declare all kinds of national and provincial scientific research and development projects。
【希望可以幫助你哦】