❶ 關於信用卡信用風險的英文文獻
第一篇
Minimize the Risk of Credit Card Fraud
If you are a consumer, the chances of your credit card number being intercepted as it travels over the Internet is very small. It is actually at a higher risk when you use it in a real life store, as the merchant not only has all of your credit card details, but also a of your signature.
If you are an online merchant, the chances of getting orders with stolen credit card numbers are greater. As the person who is using the stolen credit card cannot be seen and may even be located in another country. Unfortunately, merchants are not provided the same protection as consumers when it comes to credit card fraud. In fact, merchants are completely at risk and bear all of the losses. Even when reporting the fraud, the banks, merchant providers, and police are not always able to help -- mainly because they are too busy or feel that the dollar amount involved is not significant enough to warrant further action.
Did you know that thieves can now create fictitious credit card numbers based on the algorithms used to proce authentic numbers?! These fictitious credit card numbers pass through verification and will be given approval codes. Further, there are newsgroups that post stolen credit card data (so if your card number is stolen, it may be posted to the world in a matter of minutes).
The following are some steps you can, and should take to minimize your risk of credit card fraud:
Begin taking a few extra steps to validate each order. Don't accept orders unless complete information is provided (including full address and phone number). You may even want to require Address Verification for all credit card orders.
Do not accept orders from untraceable email addresses. Free email addresses, such as Hotmail, are often used with fraulent orders. You can find a list of 700+ of free email services at http://www.antifraud.com/redflag.htm
Multiple orders of the same proct. Why would someone want to buy 3 video cameras?
Large orders. The average order on the Internet is about $50.00. It is usually lower for first time orders, as customers often place a small test order to check out the quality of the goods. So beware if you have a first time order for multiple items, costing hundreds or thousands of Dollars.
Pay extra attention to international orders. Do everything you can to validate the order before you ship your proct to a different country.
Shipping address differs from the credit card billing address. Not uncommon, but is something to watch for.
Express shipping. Thieves want to receive the items quickly and then move on to another location.
If you are suspicious for any reason, call the customer to confirm the order. It will save you a lot of time, and money, in the long run.
Other Resources
An excellent book on how to protect yourself against online scams and cyberspace invaders called Risky Business: Protect Your Business from being Stalked, Conned or Blackmailed on the Web, by Dan Janal, provides good ideas for merchants to minimize the risk of credit card fraud. You may obtain this book now by clicking here.
AntiFraud.com - A web site dedicated to assisting merchants greatly rece the chances of online credit card fraud
第二篇
Getting a Merchant Account:
What Constitutes Credit Card Risk?
by Mark Wilson
All credit card risk refers to the risk of the merchant to incur "charge backs" or disputes, from their customers. Charge backs are not related to charges or credits, but instead refer to unhappy customers initiating a dispute of a charge that has shown up on their statement.
Most of these disputes consist of the customer indicating that the charge was false, or that their card number was misappropriated by another indivial and used for purchases that were not approved. Sometimes the charge back isn't initiated by the indivial cardholder but instead by the card-issuing bank. Once a charge back is initiated, the merchant is generally sent a "retrieval request" which is just a request by the card acquiring (or underwriting) bank for the proof of the sale. This proof would usually consist of copies of the signed receipt and any other signed corroborating documents that the merchant might have. The merchant's proof is weighed against the cardholder's dispute and then the banks will determine whose position is more valid.
Another common reason that cardholders initiate charge backs is when they indicate that the merchandise purchased was of less quality than what was promised. If the merchandise is a custom built item or a service, the customer generally knows that they cannot return it and receive a credit. So instead they will initiate a charge back to attempt to get their money back. It is important to remember that anyone can initiate a charge back for any stated reason, but this doesn't mean that they will win.
When evaluating a prospective business for charge back risk, the underwriting bank will usually look at as many factors as they have access to. This would include the instry type, the history of the business itself and any personal information that they can discover about the people owning and running the business.
Different instry types are of higher risk than are others. For example, any business in a nonswiped environment would be considered high risk. That is because when in a swiped environment, the magstripe on the card is read indicating that the physical card is in the merchant's hand and the signature can be compared. These fraud risk tools are not available when the sale is concted over the phone or the Internet. The only tools that the merchant has to indicate whether the card number is stolen are AVS (Address Verification System) and CVV2 (Card Verification Value 2). Other instry types that would have a high ratio of charge backs include custom furniture stores and any business providing future service (such as a gym with annual memberships). This is because many times a customer who has already purchased a custom item or future service might start feeling buyer's remorse before they can take possession of the item or complete the service and so might attempt to recover their funds with a charge back.
When evaluating the particular business, the bank will contact whichever trade references are given in order to ascertain if the business pays their vendors in a timely fashion. The time in business and the length of time left in a location lease is also important because it demonstrates history and stability. The owner's personal credit is also important because it demonstrates the manner in which that indivial concts their personal life and probably the way that they would run their business. Bad personal credit also many times will give the bank a clue as to who might have a high probability for concting fraulent business (i.e. being a criminal).
Mark Wilson is President of Advanced Payment Solutions located in Tampa, Florida. He can be reached via telephone at (813) 985-5600 or email at [email protected]. You may visit his web site at http://www.apscreditcards.com.
祝你成功！
credit risk
Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitions
Definition
The possibility that a bond issuer will default, by failing to repay principal and interest in a timely manner. Bonds issued by the federal government, for the most part, are immune from default (if the government needs money it can just print more). Bonds issued by corporations are more likely to be defaulted on, since companies often go bankrupt. Municipalities occasionally default as well, although it is much less common. also called default risk
❷ 求:關於信用卡的研究文獻(中外文均可)
1． Ausubel, Lawrence M., The Failure of Competition in the Credit Card Market, American Economic Review, 1991, 81(1):50-81
2． Ausubel, Lawrence M., Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, working paper, University of Maryland, 1999
3． Berlin, Mitchell and Mester, Loretta J., Credit Card Rates and Consumer Search, Review of Financial Economics, 2004,13:179-198
4． Brito Dagobert L. and Hartley Peter R., Consumer Rationality and Credit Cards, Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:400-433
5． Calem, Paul S. and Mester, Loretta J., Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit-Card Interest Rates, American Economic Review, 1995, 85(5):1327-1336
6． Gross, David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., Do Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence From Credit Card Data, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,117:149-185
7． Gross,David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., an Empirical Analysis of Personal Bankruptcy and Delinquency, Review of Financial Studies, 2002,15:319-347
8． Stango, Victor, Competition and Pricing in the Credit Card Market, Review of Economics and Statistics, 2000,82:499-508
9． Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information, American Economic Review, 1981,71:393-409
10. 葉德珠，基於時間偏好不一致的信用卡利率結構設計[J]，數量經濟技術經濟研究，2004，8：134-142
11. 胡少華，信用卡市場消費者行為研究：文獻綜述[J]，新金融，2005，10：57-62
12. 吳恆兵. 信用卡業務風險的防範[J]. 河南科技 , 2003,(11)
[1] 尹龍. 信用卡業務管理與監管制度的發展[J]. 中國信用卡 , 2008,(02)
[2] 《中國信用卡》2005年總目錄[J]. 中國信用卡 , 2005,(12)
[3] 周寧. 商業銀行信用卡業務發展思考[J]. 新金融 , 2003,(12)
[4] 王青山, 宋曉波. 轉變陳舊觀念 樹立全新意識[J]. 中國信用卡 , 1997,(04)
[5] 胡大國，李惠. 信用卡業務必須整治[J]. 江西社會科學 , 1996, (09)
[6] 朱溪, 楊楊, 林佳. 銀行:挑戰與機遇並存的盛宴[J]. 大經貿 , 2003,(09)
[7] 辛雲勇. 邊緣者的出路[J]. 互聯網周刊 , 2005,(30)
[8] 林雪丹. 商業銀行應加強信用卡業務的風險防範[J]. 福建金融 , 1998,(09)
[9] 馬騰. 信用卡業務亟待整合[J]. 瞭望 , 2005,(13)
[10] 吳國民. 論我國商業銀行信用卡業務的地位和發展戰略[J]. 中國信用卡 , 1997,(05)
❸ 求關於信用卡的英文文獻或著作
1. Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory
Thomas L. Sporleder, Robert R. Wilson
American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Feb., 1974), pp. 129-134
Abstract:
This article treats the theoretical consequences of consumer credit card use. A delayed
repayment model provides consumer optimization and indifference conditions between cash
and credit card transactions. Under realistic interest and opportunity cost rates, consumers
can rationally let a balance revolve about 39 percent of the time and maintain indifference
over time.
Key words: credit; consumer behavior; marketing.
2. Credit Cards and Interest Rates: Theory and Institutional Factors
Robert F. Stauffer
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Winter, 2003-2004), pp. 289-301
Published by: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
3 The Effect of Credit on Spending Decisions: The Role of the Credit Limit and Credibility
Dilip Soman and Amar Cheema
Marketing Science, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), pp. 32-53
Published by: INFORMS
Abstract
The objective of the present research is to study consumer
decisions to utilize a line of credit. The life-cycle hypothesis
from economics argues that consumers should intertemporally
reallocate their incomes over their life stream to maximize
lifetime utility. One form of intertemporal allocation is
to use past income (in the form of savings) in the future. A
second form is the use of future income in the present. This
can only be done if consumers have access to a temporary
pool of money that they can draw from and replenish in the
future-a function performed by consumer credit. However,
our research reinforces prior findings that consumers are
unable to correctly value their future incomes, and that they
lack the cognitive capability to solve the intertemporal optimization
problem required by the life-cycle hypothesis. Instead,
we argue that consumers use information such as the
credit limit as a signal of their future earnings potential.
Specifically, if consumers have access to large amounts of
credit, they are likely to infer that their lifetime income will
be high and hence their willingness to use credit (and their
spending) will also be high. Conversely, consumers who are
granted lower amounts of credit are likely to infer that their
lifetime income will be low and hence their spending will
be lower.
However, based on research in the area of consumer skepticism
and inference making, we also argue for a moderating
role of the credibility associated with the credit limit.
Specifically, we argue that the above effect of credit availability
would be particularly strong for consumers who believe
that the credit limit credibly signals their future earnings
potential (i.e., a naive consumer who has limited
experience with consumer credit). However, as consumers
gain experience with credit, they start discounting credit
availability as a predictor of their future and start questioning
the validity of the process used to set the credit limit.
Hence, with experience the effect of credit limit on the willingness
to use credit should be attenuated.
We test these predictions in five separate studies. In the
first experimental study, we manipulate credit limit and
credibility and pose subjects with a hypothetical purchase
opportunity. Consistent with our prediction, credit limit impacted
the propensity to spend, but only when the credibility
was high. In the second experimental study, we rep-
MARKETING SCIENCE ? 2002 INFORMS
Vol. 21, No. 1, Winter 2002, pp. 32-53
licate these findings even when subjects were given
information about their expected future salaries, and also
show that the credit limit influences their expectation of future
earnings potential. In the third study, we show that the
mere availability (and increase) of current liquidity cannot
explain our findings. In the fourth study, we conct a survey
of consumers in which we measure a number of demographic
characteristics and also ask them for their propensity
to spend in a given purchase situation. In the fifth
study we use the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) dataset,
a triennial survey of U.S. families that is designed to
provide detailed information on the use of financial services,
spending behaviors, and selected demographic characteristics.
Results from both studies 4 and 5 provide further support
for our proposed framework-credit limits influence
spending to a greater extent for consumers with lower credibility:
younger consumers and less-ecated consumers.
Across all studies we achieved triangulation by using a variety
of approaches (surveys and experiments), subjects
types (young students and older consumers), nature of predictor
variables (manipulated and measured), dependent
measures (purchase likelihood, credit card balance, new
charges), and methods of analysis (ANOVA and regression),
and consistently found that increasing credit limits on a
credit card increases spending, especially when the credibility
of the limit is high.
This paper joins a growing body of literature in marketing
and behavioral decision theory that goes beyond the traditional
domains of inquiry (e.g., proct choice, effects of
marketing mix variables) and focuses on consumer decisions
relating to the appropriate use of income to finance consumption.
Our framework differs from prior research on the
effect of payment mechanisms on spending in two significant
ways. First, we are interested in the effects of the availability
of credit on spending, and not necessarily in the effect
of the transaction format that is associated with each
payment mechanism. Second, while prior research has studied
the point-of-purchase and historic (i.e., prepurchase) effects
of credit, the present research is concerned with the
availability of credit in the future. Specifically, our framework
is invariant to the current and prior usage of credit by
the consumer.
(Consumer Credit; Credit Cards; Intertemporal Choice; Mental
Accounting; Self-Control)
不夠的話吱一聲
❹ 求一篇信用卡風險管理外文文獻，急求~~ 最好有中文翻譯，比較新的，不要太長
童鞋你好！
這個估計需要自己搜索了！
當然了，如果果真找不到追問一下！
網上基本很難找到免費給你服務的！
我在這里給你點搜索國際上常用的外文資料庫：
----------------------------------------------------------
⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
⑵Elsevier SDOL資料庫 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
⑶EBSCOhost RSC英國皇家化學學會
⑷ACM美國計算機學會 ASCE美國土木工程師學會
⑸Springer電子期刊 WorldSciNet電子期刊全文庫
⑹Nature周刊 NetLibrary電子圖書
⑺ProQuest學位論文全文資料庫
⑻國道外文專題資料庫 CALIS西文期刊目次資料庫
⑼推薦使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
-----------------------------------------------------------
中文翻譯得自己做了，實在不成就谷歌翻譯。
弄完之後，自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦！
學校以及老師都不會看這個東西的！
外文翻譯不是論文的主要內容！
所以，很容易過去的！
祝你好運！
❺ 求一篇關於信用卡套現的外文文獻
1． Ausubel, Lawrence M., The Failure of Competition in the Credit Card Market, American Economic Review, 1991, 81(1):50-81
2． Ausubel, Lawrence M., Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, working paper, University of Maryland, 1999
3． Berlin, Mitchell and Mester, Loretta J., Credit Card Rates and Consumer Search, Review of Financial Economics, 2004,13:179-198
4． Brito Dagobert L. and Hartley Peter R., Consumer Rationality and Credit Cards, Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:400-433
5． Calem, Paul S. and Mester, Loretta J., Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit-Card Interest Rates, American Economic Review, 1995, 85(5):1327-1336
6． Gross, David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., Do Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence From Credit Card Data, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,117:149-185
7． Gross,David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., an Empirical Analysis of Personal Bankruptcy and Delinquency, Review of Financial Studies, 2002,15:319-347
8． Stango, Victor, Competition and Pricing in the Credit Card Market, Review of Economics and Statistics, 2000,82:499-508
9． Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information, American Economic Review, 1981,71:393-409
❻ 求關於信用卡的英文文獻
TOPIC 1:
Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market (信用卡市場的逆向選擇)
作者及寫作年份:
Lawrence M. Ausubel
June 17, 1999
部分摘要:
trading situations where one (informed) party possesses information which is relevant to his (uninformed)trading partner, the informed party may find it advantageous to engage in trade only in states of informationwhich are relatively unfavorable from the viewpoint of the uninformed party. Thus, a firm which offers acontract to the general population may find that the composition of the pool of customers who accept thefirm's contract is inferior to the composition of the general population. The particular contractual termsoffered by the firm may influence the composition of the customer pool and, in some informationalenvironments, adverse selection may lead to a complete unraveling of the market (George A. Akerlof,1970).Many of the economically-richest implications of adverse selection have been drawn in creditmarkets. High interest rates charged to borrowers may ince adverse selection on default probability,leading banks to engage in credit rationing in high-interest environments (Joseph E. Stiglitz and AndrewWeiss, 1981). Competition along particular dimensions in credit card pricing may result in adverseselection, blunting the usual effects of competition, and contributing to sticky interest rates and extranormalprofits (Lawrence M. Ausubel, 1991). And, when borrowers have the opportunity to engage in signalingbehavior, the same structure of asymmetric information as in adverse selection models yields signalingstories which have important implications for corporate investment and the capital structure of firms (see,for example, Sudipto Bhattacharya, 1979, and Stewart C. Myers and Nicholas S. Majluf, 1984).Yet despite a burgeoning economics and finance literature consisting of literally hundreds of articlesexploring the implications of adverse selection in credit markets, there remains little in the way of empiricalstudies which convincingly document the existence of adverse selection in credit markets as a real-worldphenomenon. The objective of the current paper is to present compelling direct evidence of adverseselection in one specific credit market.The stakes in such an empirical exercise are quite considerable. It is frequently argued that virtuallyany conclusion may be reached from a suitably-chosen economic model of incomplete information.However, to the extent that adverse selection can be shown to be a genuine empirical phenomenon in creditmarkets, then we can have confidence that at least one important component
閱讀全文PDF格式: http://www.bsos.umd.e/econ/bankruptcy/adverse.pdf
閱讀全文word格式: http://66.102.1.104/scholar?num=50&hl=en&lr=&q=cache:2f3mYpRpwgYJ:www.bsos.umd.e/econ/bankruptcy/adverse.pdf+Adverse+Selection+in+the+Credit+Card+Market
TOPIC 2:
Consumer Search Behavior in the Changing
Credit Card Market (不斷變化的信用卡市場中,消費者的行為研究)
作者及寫作時間:
Sougata Kerr & Lucia Dunn
September 2002
部分摘要:
Credit card balance switching has become an important issue in the banking community as cardholders seek to move their revolving credit to the lowest-cost lenders. This kind of 「search and switch」 behavior would be expected to put downward
pressure on credit card interest rates. Previous research on the credit card market focused on why its interest rates persisted at levels greater than those for other types of consumer loans, and one explanation put forward was the inhibiting nature of high search costs in this market, especially for large-balance cardholders whose probability of credit rejection
is high. Recent developments in the credit card instry – in particular the Truth-in-
Lending Act of 1988 together with a large increase in direct solicitations – have changed the environment of this market substantially. Because of this new environment, as well as improvements in data availability, the issue of credit card search needs to be revisited.
The current paper identifies those consumers whose probability of rejection is
high and tests whether this probability has any impact on their search propensities. It
does this by analyzing (i) the effect of large balances on the consumer』s probability of credit application rejection and (ii) how these factors – large balances and rejection probability –affect consumers』 search propensities. In testing the search-cost hypothesis, the issue of endogeneity between consumers』 search and the likelihood of rejection is dealt with by estimating a simultaneous equations model. The results presented here show no evidence that search costs deter consumer
interest rate search in the credit card market of the 1990s, either for high-balance. This is officially known as the Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act of 1988. cardholders with a greater probability of rejection or for low-balance cardholders. In the next section we review the relevant literature on this market and discuss recent changes in the market environment. Section III discusses our methodology and improvements in the
recent data. Section IV presents our results. Finally, Section V concludes by
summarizing our find....
......
......
......
閱讀全文PDF格式:
http://www.econ.ohio-state.e/pdf/lnn/wp02-03.pdf
閱讀全文word格式: http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:CL_NcOSxp84J:www.econ.ohio-state.e/pdf/lnn/wp02-03.pdf+%22Ausubel%22+%22Credit+Card+Defaults%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=uk
❼ 信用卡營銷相關的英文文章
http://203.208.33.101/search?q=cache:xUvP-MbHQuQJ:weber.ucsd.e/~aronatas/conference/adverse.pdf+credit+card+marketing&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=cn&st_usg=ALhdy28-chMwjVl4wsubQoX9UUzIlWjJUg
http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=whlgdxxb-sk200402011
❽ 中國銀行信用卡市場戰略文獻綜述
中國銀行概述
中國銀行，全稱中國銀行股份有限公司，是中國大型國有控股商業銀行之一。中國銀行的業務范圍涵蓋商業銀行、投資銀行和保險領域，旗下有中銀香港、中銀國際、中銀保險等控股金融機構，在全球范圍內為個人和公司客戶提供全面和優質的金融服務。按核心資本計算，2008年中國銀行在英國《銀行家》雜志「世界1000家大銀行」排名中列第10位。
中國銀行主營傳統商業銀行業務，包括公司金融業務、個人金融業務和金融市場業務。公司金融業務基於銀行的核心信貸產品，為客戶提供個性化、創新的金融服務。個人金融業務主要針對個人客戶的金融需求，提供基於銀行卡之上的系統服務。金融市場業務主要是為全球其他銀行、證券公司和保險公司提供國際匯兌、資金清算、同業拆借和託管等全面服務。
中國銀行全資附屬投資銀行機構——中銀國際控股有限公司（下稱「中銀國際」）是中國銀行開展投資銀行業務的運行平台。中銀國際在中國內地、香港及紐約、倫敦、新加坡設有分支機構，擁有高水準的專業人才隊伍、強大的機構銷售和零售網路。中銀國際全球性的管理運作，可為海內外客戶提供包括企業融資、收購兼並、財務顧問、定息收益、證券銷售、投資研究、直接投資、資產管理等在內的全方位投資銀行服務。
中國銀行通過全資子公司中銀集團保險有限公司及其附屬和聯營公司經營保險業務。其中，在香港擁有中銀集團保險有限公司及其六家分公司、中銀集團人壽保險有限公司、東亮保險專業有限公司和堡宜投資有限公司，在內地擁有中銀保險有限公司，澳門地區有聯豐亨保險有限公司。成立於1992年7月的中銀集團保險有限公司在香港保險市場經營一般保險業務，業務品種齊全繁多，業務量多年位居當地同業前列。
中國銀行是中國國際化程度最高的商業銀行。1929年，中國銀行在倫敦設立了中國金融業第一家海外分行。此後，中國銀行在世界各大金融中心相繼開設分支機構。目前，中國銀行擁有遍布全球29個國家和地區的機構網路，其中境內機構超過10,000家，境外機構600多家。1994年和1995年，中國銀行先後成為香港、澳門的發鈔銀行。
中國銀行所屬的中國銀行（香港）有限公司（簡稱「中國銀行（香港）」或「中銀香港」），於2001年10月1日正式成立，是一家在香港注冊的持牌銀行。中國銀行（香港）合並了原中銀集團香港十二行中十家銀行的業務，並同時持有香港注冊的南洋商業銀行、集友銀行和中銀信用卡（國際）有限公司的股份權益，使之成為中銀香港的附屬機構。中銀香港是香港地區三家發鈔銀行之一，也是香港銀行公會輪任主席銀行之一。重組後的中銀香港於2002年7月在香港掛牌上市。
作為中國金融行業的百年品牌，中國銀行在穩健經營的同時，積極進取，不斷創新，創造了國內銀行業的許多第一，在國際結算、外匯資金和貿易融資等領域得到業界和客戶的廣泛認可和贊譽。
在近百年輝煌的發展歷史中，中國銀行在中國金融史上扮演了十分重要的角色。中國銀行於1912年由孫中山先生批准成立，至1949年中華人民共和國成立的37年間，中國銀行先後是當時的國家中央銀行、國際匯兌銀行和外貿專業銀行。中國銀行以誠信為本，以振興民族金融業為己任，在艱難和戰亂的環境中拓展市場，穩健經營，銳意改革，表現出了頑強的創業精神，銀行業務和經營業績長期處於同業領先地位，並將分支機構一直拓展到海外，在中國近現代銀行史上留下了光輝的篇章。
1949年，中國銀行成為國家指定的外匯外貿專業銀行，為國家經濟建設和社會發展做出了巨大貢獻。1994年，隨著金融體制改革的深化，中國銀行成為國有獨資商業銀行，與其它三家國有獨資商業銀行一道成為國家金融業的支柱。
2003年，中國銀行被國務院確定為國有獨資商業銀行股份制改造試點銀行之一。圍繞「資本充足、內控嚴密、運營安全、服務和效益良好、建設具有國際競爭力的現代股份制商業銀行」的目標，中國銀行進一步完善公司治理機制，加強風險管理和內控體系建設，整合管理流程和業務流程，推進人力資源管理改革，加快產品創新和服務創新，穩步推進股份制改造工作。2004年8月26日，中國銀行股份有限公司掛牌成立，標志著中國銀行的歷史翻開了嶄新的篇章，啟動了新的航程。
2006年6月1日、7月5日，中國銀行先後在香港證券交易所和上海證券交易所成功掛牌上市，成為首家A+H發行上市的國有商業銀行。按截至2007年12月31日的市值計算，中國銀行為全球第四大銀行。
2004年7月14日，中國銀行在激烈競爭中脫穎而出，成為北京奧運會唯一的銀行合作夥伴。中國銀行將為國內外客戶提供高效優質的金融服務，宣傳和普及奧運精神，促進本次體育盛會圓滿成功，提升中國銀行的品牌形象。
中國銀行多年來的信譽和業績，得到了銀行同業、國內外客戶和權威媒體的廣泛認可。目前，中國銀行曾先後8次被《歐洲貨幣》評選為「中國最佳銀行」和「中國最佳國內銀行」，連續19年入選美國《財富》雜志「世界500強」企業，多次被《財資》評為「中國最佳國內銀行」，被美國《環球金融》雜志評為「中國最佳貿易融資銀行」及「中國最佳外匯銀行」，被《遠東經濟評論》評為「中國地區產品服務10強企業」，被《亞洲風險》雜志評為2006年度「中國最佳銀行」。在美國知名財經雜志《財富》與世界知名的管理咨詢公司Hay（合益）集團合作評選的25家「最受贊賞的中國公司」中，中國銀行榜上有名。在A+H資本市場整體上市後，中國銀行榮獲《投資者關系》「最佳IPO投資者關系獎」等多個重要獎項。
在近百年歲月里，中國銀行以其穩健的經營、雄厚的實力、成熟的產品和豐富的經驗，深得廣大客戶信賴，並與客戶建立了長期穩固的合作關系。中國銀行將秉承「以客戶為中心，以市場為導向，強化公司治理，追求卓越效益，創建國際一流大銀行」的宗旨，依託其雄厚的實力、遍布全球的分支機構、成熟的產品和豐富的經驗，為客戶提供全方位、高品質的銀行服務，與廣大客戶攜手共創美好未來。
❾ 求一篇關於信用卡風險管理的英文文獻
全文下載，作者、期刊等內詳
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