㈠ 英語翻譯關於市場營銷方面的.
看我的：
From winning disputes to the promotion of the company image, the differentiation strategy adopted by some of the enterprises will always take dramatic effect. In the market with seriously homogenized proct, it will add an incentive, highlighting the former even market situation. More importantly, by the meantime when those companies which had gained temporary or long term profits they are further affecting their peers. However, what they must attach importance to is that the differentiation was a double-blade sword, especially for the enterprises in the markets lack of variable procts. Once they have week innovative ability or implementing force, they are tended to lose their original market shares more than gain profits. Analyzing from real cases, we may find some of the enterprises bring in the strategy all but a following-suit. They are not well adoptive to the requirements of the strategy; consequently change their previous right measures.
In the face of challenges, REALFLEET should take the following actions:
1. Promoting the technological innovation, and continuing to breed core competitiveness
2. Extending the humanity functions of procts to create value for customer
3. Reinforcing cooperation and Improving proct quality
4. Highlighting distinctive image, and reinforcing brand management
5. strengthening sale network construction and providing personalized service
㈡ 急求一篇 》》》描述一個公司的營銷策略英文300字。
Market strategies are the result of a meticulous market analysis. A market analysis forces the entrepreneur to become familiar with all aspects of the market so that the target market can be defined and the company can be positioned in order to garner its share of sales. The promotion strategy in its most basic form is the controlled distribution of communication designed to sell your proct or service. In order to accomplish this, the promotion strategy encompasses every marketing tool utilized in the communication effort.
營銷策略廣泛，不能以一言以蔽之。此文中提到前期的市場分析，以及營銷時應該利用各種工具。
㈢ 求 介紹日用品市場營銷策略的英文資料
、網址：http://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1694994.html 一篇英文文章
Procter & Gamble Marketing Strategy
This is an excerpt from the paper...
For many years, consumers who wanted whiter teeth had to use weak over-the-counter polish procts, or go to the dentist for bleaching. The over-the-counter procts were generally not able to proce dramatic results, as dentist offices could, but the in-office procere was expensive and inconvenient. In addition, many consumers associate dental visits with unpleasant experiences and are not eager to visit the dentist for more than just a regular check-up and cleaning. Recently, advances in whitening technology have made it possible for consumers to whiten their own teeth at home. Procter & Gamble, one of the largest consumer procts companies in the world, undertook market research before launching its own proct in this category, and used the research to make decisions about the marketing mix as well as its marketing strategy and tactics. This research considers the effect of the marketing research on the launch of Crest Whitestrips.
Procter & Gamble used market research to determine whether there was a need for a whitening proct for in-home use, what type of proct would be appropriate, and whether that proct would fit with Procter & Gamble's overall marketing strategy. Initial research confirmed that there was, indeed, an unmet need in the market. Research also revealed that consumers would accept a proct that required up to 30 minutes of use, and that women were considerably more interested in the proct than men. I
. . .
so indicated that the proct would do better under the Crest brand. This is a significant shift, in that Crest denotes hygiene and tooth care while Cover Girl would indicate cosmetics and would definitely limit the number of male consumers who would purchase--and possibly use, if purchased by someone else--the whitening proct. Market research thus helped the company determine its market strategy by shaping the brand name and the proct identification (dental hygiene rather than mere cosmetics) that the proct would carry. Knowing that women would be the primary target market for the proct also shaped the tactics that Procter & Gamble used in its promotional strategy. Celebrity endorsements can be effective, but using the right celebrity is critical to that effectiveness. By using Rosie O'Donnell to endorse the proct, and by placing the proct on her show, Procter & Gamble was able to reach the target demographic that research showed would be critical to the proct's success. Subsequent research has shown that consumers have approached their dentists regarding other cosmetic dental proceres; this helps maintain the relationship between Procter & Gamble and dentists. Perhaps the strongest support for the research
. . .
Some common words found in the essay are:
Procter Gamble, Procter Gamble's, INSIGHT Researchers, Cover Girl, Gamble's Crest, , P&G Whitestrips, COMMUNICATION Eschewing, Rosie O'Donnell, CHALLENGE Ah, procter gamble, market research, marketing research, whitening proct, successful proct launch, successful proct, proct launch, research determined, split women, research 2003, crest whitestrips, research-driven success acci-dental, superior whitening vs, whitestrips successful proct, business company resource,
Approximate Word count = 1635
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page)
More Essays on Procter & Gamble Marketing Strategy
Kimberly Clark Corporation 2242 words
Procter Gamble Company 1324 words
Head Shoulders Shampoo 2426 words
Components of Marketing Plan for Starbucks 6304 words
INDUSTRY ARTICLES 1809 words
Competitive Strategy and Starbucks 1259 words
MCI Communications 2735 words
Avon Procts Corporation Avon Procts Corporation was incorp 3395 words
IAMS Bibliography 4210 words
The CocaCola Company 4501 words
Ethics in Marketing
2、網址：http://lw.3e.net/scyx/lw_121014.html 一篇中文的文章
寶潔營銷策略論
作者：未知 來源：互聯網 更新：2009-2-24 閱讀：152 欄目：市場營銷論文
寶潔營銷策略論
[摘要] 本文主要分析寶潔公司在中國所經營的成功營銷經驗包括廣告和多品牌經典營銷策略;始終秉承「顧客至上」的經營理念,做顧客真正需要的產品;塑造了完美的企業形象。提出了產品與廣告的完美組合是使寶潔取勝市場的關鍵。
[關鍵詞] 寶潔公司 營銷策略 產品 廣告
1988年,寶潔公司在廣州成立了中國第一家合資企業——廣州寶潔有限公司,隨後陸續在北京、成都、天津等地設立十幾家合資、獨資企業。奉行「親近生活,美化生活」的企業宗旨。在2001年~2007年,寶潔的銷售收入幾乎翻了一番。全球的凈銷售額上升12%,達到760億美元。國家有關部門的數據顯示:海飛絲、飄柔、潘婷、沙宣四種洗發水占洗發水市場份額60%以上,汰漬、碧浪兩種品牌洗衣粉占洗衣粉市場份額的33%,舒膚佳香皂佔香皂市場份額的41%,護舒寶衛生巾占衛生巾市場的36%。
那麼,寶潔能在中國取得如此大的成功,憑借的又是什麼方法呢?
產品+廣告=企業宣傳必勝秘笈
一、深入調查顧客需求,做顧客需要的產品
寶潔公司把研究消費者需求和消費趨勢作為一項最重要的基礎性工作來做。寶潔進入中國後,在北京成立了一個大型的技術研究中心,專門研究更適合中國人用的產品。寶潔在中國推出的第一個產品是「海飛絲」。當時,經過對中國市場的詳細調查,發現了許多中國人都有不同程度的頭屑,而國內生產洗發水的廠家又沒有這方面的技術,經過一年多的時間,「海飛絲」成為國內去頭屑洗發水的代表。
二、利用廣告作為打開並佔有市場的有效武器
廣告與大規模市場營銷策略密切相關,是市場推廣的利器。它是通過一定媒體向用戶推銷產品或服務以達到增加了解和信任以至擴大銷售目的的一種促銷形式。
1.多品牌經營,廣告搶商機
寶潔作為目前世界上最具競爭力的日用品公司,進攻市場最常用的「武器」就是廣告。由於公司採用了多品牌戰略,各品牌又各佔一席地位,分別製作各自的廣告,增加了廣告的覆蓋率。
2.大手筆投資,力壓競爭者
據權威的市場調查公司統計,寶潔公司自2004年後,廣告投入呈「爆炸式」增長,藉助其強大的規模攻勢搶占國內日化市場。過去中國廣告投放前十名中多半為國產品牌,而2004年寶潔公司獨佔四席:玉蘭油第一位、飄柔第三位、佳潔士第四位、海飛絲第八位。2005年央視黃金段位廣告招標會上,寶潔更以3.85億元人民幣成為新一屆標王。
寶潔採用無間斷廣告策略和「波形遞加式投放法」,消費者幾乎每隔一段時間就要采購一次日用洗潔品。反復廣告會引起消費者嘗試購買的慾望,加之遞加式的投放也有助於強化消費者對產品的認知和認同感,逐漸使消費者成為其固定消費群。
3.巧選代言人,抓時尚潮流
現在海飛絲的廣告代言人一直是香港著名影帝梁朝偉,他在香港和內地都是大家普遍認可的最具魅力男藝人,享有很高的聲譽;潘婷洗發水最近選擇了台灣被譽為「美容大王」的大S徐熙媛作代言人,她擁有一頭烏黑美麗令人羨慕的長發,從而增加廣告可信度;2006年,佳潔士啟用人氣天後李宇春代言。寶潔討巧地選擇廣為大眾接受的人氣王,使得產品更容易被受眾所認可。
4.探顧客心理,使廣告深入人心
寶潔的廣告最常用的兩個典型公式是「專家法」與「比較法」。「專家法」是用專家來進行具有說服力的宣傳:首先寶潔會指出你面臨的一個問題來吸引你的注意;接著便有一個權威的專家來告訴你,寶潔就是解決方案,最後你聽從專家的建議,你的問題就得到了解決;「比較法」是寶潔將自己的產品與競爭者的產品相比,通過電視畫面的「效果圖」,你能很清楚地看出寶潔產品的優越性。汰漬洗衣粉的廣告就是「比較法」最具代表性的一個。
5.公益事業作為第二廣告宣傳手段
寶潔非常善於策劃事件來驅動消費者的品牌偏好。如「護舒寶護士」活動;舉行「飄柔之星」活動;以及策劃碧浪洗凈全球最大衣衫等事件。寶潔為社會也做出了很大貢獻:1991年向華東特大洪澇災區捐款100萬元。1998年寶潔公司董事長訪華,向清華大學捐款1070萬元人民幣,引進目前世界上最先進的實驗儀器。同時向教育部捐款700萬元人民幣,用於支持中、小學青春期健康教育。此外,寶潔公司還向野生動物保護基金會捐款150萬元人民幣,以保護國寶大熊貓。現在,以寶潔出資資助的公關活動項目已深入到中國社會的許多重要團體。
技術創新是企業生存和發展的不竭動力,是企業的生命線。寶潔以顧客至上的理念,研製出了貼近顧客群體、符合顧客需求的產品,使其在競爭中更具生命力,這是商場中取勝的首要條件。
品牌是一個企業形象、信譽和文化的綜合和濃縮。良好的品牌設計和生動形象的品牌宣傳是企業取勝的重要條件。通過強勢的廣告宣傳,寶潔成功地塑造了良好的品牌形象,使出自寶潔的產品讓人信賴。產品與廣告的完美組合,使寶潔走在世界的最前端。
參考文獻:
[1]汪繼峰:《寶潔:品牌的文化底蘊.中外企業文化,2001
[2]葛峙中:《寶潔公司的成功經驗及啟示.企業報,2001
[3]名企廣告策略:寶潔公司的廣告策略.中外企業家,2007
2、
㈣ 急！求關於市場營銷（最好是關於營銷策略的）的英文文獻2000字左右的，最好帶翻譯，在線等！
大家知道，企業管理包括生產管理、營銷管理和財務管理等多個方面，而財務管理是企業整個管理體系的核心，企業的財務管理目標即是企業追求的目標。可見，只有以財務管理為中心，協調運作管理體系的各個方面，才能有效地強化企業管理，促進企業發展。從全國來說，民營企業數量眾多、分布廣泛、特點各異，再加上受宏觀經濟環境化和體制影響，民營企業在加強財務管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的「歧視」使民營企業和大型企業不能公平競爭，地方政府、行業管理部門的干預，使民營企業的財務管理目標短期化，再主要的就是民營企業財務管理受業主的影響過大等一些主觀因素的存在，導致財務管理的重要性被忽視。所以，其財務管理中存在的問題也多種多樣，我認為，目前普遍存在的問題和原因主要有：
（一）融資困難，周轉資金不足，使財務管理成斷源之湖。
目前，我國民營企業初步建立了較為獨立、渠道多元的融資體系，但是，融資難、擔保難，仍然是制約民營企業發展的最突出的問題，主要問題是：第一，負債過多，融資成本高，風險大，造成民營企業信用等級低，資信相對較差。第二，大多數民營企業是非大型企業，有些銀行受傳統觀念和行政干預的影響，對其貸款不夠熱心。第三，中介機構不健全，缺乏專門為民營企業貸款服務的金融中介機構和貸款擔保機構。
分析其主要原因表現在兩個方面：一是金融業對民營企業的信貸支持不夠。我國金融系統從設置到服務項目，大都是以大企業為服務對象，民營企業的信貸服務往往被忽視。由於貸款難，生產經營過程中所需資金不足，極大制約了民營企業的發展。有的民營企業，雖存在暫時困難，但銀行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民營企業的融資渠道單一，難以適應市場需求的變化。由於有的民營企業，在既得不到銀行的貸款支持，又不具有自我融資或向社會公開融資能力，無形中，加強企業財務管理也就成了一句空話，財務管理也就成了斷源之湖。
（二）財務控制薄弱，缺乏科學性，使財務管理舉步艱難。
大部分民營企業存在財務控制環節薄弱，而且對加強財務管理方面不夠重視，沒有從真正意義上理解財務管理在企業中的地位。主要問題有：一是資金管理不嚴，財務控制薄弱，造成資金閑置或不足。二是應收賬款周轉緩慢，造成資金回收困難。三是存貨控制薄弱，造成資金呆滯。四是重錢輕物，資產流失嚴重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民營企業認為現金越多越好，致使大量現金未參加周轉，有的是資金缺少計劃安排，過量購置不動產，而使企業無法應付經營急需的資金，陷入財務困境。二是沒有建立嚴格的賒銷政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，應收款不能兌現或形成呆賬。三是很多民營企業月末存貨佔用資金往往超過其營業額的兩倍以上，造成資金呆滯周轉失靈。四是不少民營企業管理者，對原材料、半成品、固定資產等管理不到位，出了問題無人追究，資產浪費嚴重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因為企業上層領導財務管理觀念落後，缺乏科學性，在思想上沒有真正理解財務管理對做大做強一個企業所起到的作用，沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，使財務管理失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用，舉步艱難。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色。
由於長期以來在思想上受到舊的財務制度的約束，企業管理人員的觀念比較滯後。主要問題有：一是企業的投資者同時就是經營者。二是企業管理者的管理能力和管理素質差，管理思想落後。
分析其原因主要是：民營企業典型的管理模式是所有權和經營權高度統一，企業的投資者同時就是經營者，這種模式勢必給企業的財務管理帶來負面影響，民營企業中相當一部分屬於個體私營性質，在這些企業中，企業領導者集權現象嚴重，並且對財務管理的理論方法缺乏應有的認識和研究，致使其職責不分，越權行事，造成財務管理混亂，財務監核不嚴，會計人員獨舟難行，想規范管理很難。大部分企業沒有或無法建立內部審計部門，即使有，也很難保證內部審計的獨立性。另外，有些企業沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，多數民營企業家尚未建立起諸如時間價值、風險價值、邊際成本、機會成本等科學管理的概念，由於管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色，失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
㈤ 英文的營銷策略分析，而且有中文翻譯的，急需
什麼樣的策略分析啊，Marketing principles 那樣的嗎？
㈥ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
㈦ 求市場營銷戰略（marketing strategy） 的英文定義
The so-called marketing strategy (Marketing Strategy) is the enterprise to identify, analyze and select marketing opportunities in order to achieve the corporate mission and objectives of the management process, that is, how companies with the best marketing opportunities through the adaptation process
㈧ 有沒有關於市場營銷方面的英文文章
www.financetimes.com上面多的很的內啊容