Ⅰ 關於營銷策略研究的文獻綜述
文獻綜述是對某一方面的專題搜集大量情報資料後經綜合分析而寫成的一種學術論文， 它是科學文獻的一種。
格式與寫法
文獻綜述的格式與一般研究性論文的格式有所不同。這是因為研究性的論文注重研究的方法和結果，特別是陽性結果，而文獻綜述要求向讀者介紹與主題有關的詳細資料、動態、進展、展望以及對以上方面的評述。因此文獻綜述的格式相對多樣，但總的來說，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主題、總結和參考文獻。撰寫文獻綜述時可按這四部分擬寫提綱，在根據提綱進行撰寫工。
前言部分，主要是說明寫作的目的，介紹有關的概念及定義以及綜述的范圍，扼要說明有關主題的現狀或爭論焦點，使讀者對全文要敘述的問題有一個初步的輪廓。
主題部分，是綜述的主體，其寫法多樣，沒有固定的格式。可按年代順序綜述，也可按不同的問題進行綜述，還可按不同的觀點進行比較綜述，不管用那一種格式綜述，都要將所搜集到的文獻資料歸納、整理及分析比較，闡明有關主題的歷史背景、現狀和發展方向，以及對這些問題的評述，主題部分應特別注意代表性強、具有科學性和創造性的文獻引用和評述。
總結部分，與研究性論文的小結有些類似，將全文主題進行扼要總結，對所綜述的主題有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的見解。 參考文獻雖然放在文末，但卻是文獻綜述的重要組成部分。因為它不僅表示對被引用文獻作者的尊重及引用文獻的依據，而且為讀者深入探討有關問題提供了文獻查找線索。因此，應認真對待。參考文獻的編排應條目清楚，查找方便，內容准確無誤。關於參考文獻的使用方法，錄著項目及格式與研究論文相同，不再重復。
Ⅱ 求一篇外文文獻資料。關於市場營銷策略的。原文必須是外文，有.doc的更好了。
Google就好了，多的是，如果需要，留個郵箱，我發給你
Ⅲ 急！求關於市場營銷（最好是關於營銷策略的）的英文文獻2000字左右的，最好帶翻譯，在線等！
大家知道，企業管理包括生產管理、營銷管理和財務管理等多個方面，而財務管理是企業整個管理體系的核心，企業的財務管理目標即是企業追求的目標。可見，只有以財務管理為中心，協調運作管理體系的各個方面，才能有效地強化企業管理，促進企業發展。從全國來說，民營企業數量眾多、分布廣泛、特點各異，再加上受宏觀經濟環境化和體制影響，民營企業在加強財務管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的「歧視」使民營企業和大型企業不能公平競爭，地方政府、行業管理部門的干預，使民營企業的財務管理目標短期化，再主要的就是民營企業財務管理受業主的影響過大等一些主觀因素的存在，導致財務管理的重要性被忽視。所以，其財務管理中存在的問題也多種多樣，我認為，目前普遍存在的問題和原因主要有：
（一）融資困難，周轉資金不足，使財務管理成斷源之湖。
目前，我國民營企業初步建立了較為獨立、渠道多元的融資體系，但是，融資難、擔保難，仍然是制約民營企業發展的最突出的問題，主要問題是：第一，負債過多，融資成本高，風險大，造成民營企業信用等級低，資信相對較差。第二，大多數民營企業是非大型企業，有些銀行受傳統觀念和行政干預的影響，對其貸款不夠熱心。第三，中介機構不健全，缺乏專門為民營企業貸款服務的金融中介機構和貸款擔保機構。
分析其主要原因表現在兩個方面：一是金融業對民營企業的信貸支持不夠。我國金融系統從設置到服務項目，大都是以大企業為服務對象，民營企業的信貸服務往往被忽視。由於貸款難，生產經營過程中所需資金不足，極大制約了民營企業的發展。有的民營企業，雖存在暫時困難，但銀行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民營企業的融資渠道單一，難以適應市場需求的變化。由於有的民營企業，在既得不到銀行的貸款支持，又不具有自我融資或向社會公開融資能力，無形中，加強企業財務管理也就成了一句空話，財務管理也就成了斷源之湖。
（二）財務控制薄弱，缺乏科學性，使財務管理舉步艱難。
大部分民營企業存在財務控制環節薄弱，而且對加強財務管理方面不夠重視，沒有從真正意義上理解財務管理在企業中的地位。主要問題有：一是資金管理不嚴，財務控制薄弱，造成資金閑置或不足。二是應收賬款周轉緩慢，造成資金回收困難。三是存貨控制薄弱，造成資金呆滯。四是重錢輕物，資產流失嚴重。
分析其原因主要是：一是有些民營企業認為現金越多越好，致使大量現金未參加周轉，有的是資金缺少計劃安排，過量購置不動產，而使企業無法應付經營急需的資金，陷入財務困境。二是沒有建立嚴格的賒銷政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，應收款不能兌現或形成呆賬。三是很多民營企業月末存貨佔用資金往往超過其營業額的兩倍以上，造成資金呆滯周轉失靈。四是不少民營企業管理者，對原材料、半成品、固定資產等管理不到位，出了問題無人追究，資產浪費嚴重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因為企業上層領導財務管理觀念落後，缺乏科學性，在思想上沒有真正理解財務管理對做大做強一個企業所起到的作用，沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，使財務管理失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用，舉步艱難。
（三）管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色。
由於長期以來在思想上受到舊的財務制度的約束，企業管理人員的觀念比較滯後。主要問題有：一是企業的投資者同時就是經營者。二是企業管理者的管理能力和管理素質差，管理思想落後。
分析其原因主要是：民營企業典型的管理模式是所有權和經營權高度統一，企業的投資者同時就是經營者，這種模式勢必給企業的財務管理帶來負面影響，民營企業中相當一部分屬於個體私營性質，在這些企業中，企業領導者集權現象嚴重，並且對財務管理的理論方法缺乏應有的認識和研究，致使其職責不分，越權行事，造成財務管理混亂，財務監核不嚴，會計人員獨舟難行，想規范管理很難。大部分企業沒有或無法建立內部審計部門，即使有，也很難保證內部審計的獨立性。另外，有些企業沒有將財務管理納入企業管理的有效機制中，缺乏現代財務管理觀念，多數民營企業家尚未建立起諸如時間價值、風險價值、邊際成本、機會成本等科學管理的概念，由於管理模式疆化，管理觀念陳舊，使財務管理暗然失色，失去了它在企業管理中應有的地位和作用。
First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including proctionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise pursues. Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise develops.Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major instry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to neglect. Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: .
(1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng Duanyuan. At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to beworse. Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major instry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its loan. Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise loan. Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeinstry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's creditaid. Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often neglected.Because the loan is difficult, in the proction management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's development. Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with difficulty. As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the source.
(2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step difficultly. The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's status. The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be insufficient.Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling difficulty. Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund delay. Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property drainsseriously. Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult position. Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the ll account. Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to malfunction. Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was serious. Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a stepdifficultly.
3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色. Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea comparisonlag. The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the operator. Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be backward. Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the indivial tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very difficult. The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the independence.Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness management.
Ⅳ 急求關於營銷策略的外文文獻，最好有翻譯的
免費文獻可以到OA圖書館查找。
翻譯得自己翻譯或者找人付費了。
Ⅳ 關於「連鎖超市營銷策略」的外文文獻和文獻綜述。（3000字左右）
hi我把
Ⅵ 有關沃爾瑪營銷策略論文的外文參考文獻
為了探討和掌握論文的寫作規律和特點，需要對論文進行分類。由於論文本身的內容和性質不同，研究領域、對象、方法、表現方式不同，因此，論文就有不同的分類方法。按內容性質和研究方法的不同可以把論文分為理論性論文、實驗性論文、描述性論文和設計性論文。另外還有一種綜合型的分類方法，即把論文分為專題型、論辯型、綜述型和綜合型四大類：
專題型
這是分析前人研究成果的基礎上，以直接論述的形式發表見解，從正面提出某學科中某一學術問題的一種論文。
論辯型
這是針對他人在某學科中某一學術問題的見解，憑借充分的論據，著重揭露其不足或錯誤之處，通過論辯形式來發表見解的一種論文。
綜述型
這是在歸納、總結前人或今人對某學科中某一學術問題已有研究成果的基礎上，加以介紹或評論，從而發表自己見解的一種論文。
綜合型
這是一種將綜述型和論辯型兩種形式有機結合起來寫成的一種論文。
學位申請者為申請學位而提出撰寫的學術論文叫學位論文。這種論文是考核申請者能否被授予學位的重要條件。學位申請者如果能通過規定的課程考試，而論文的審查和答辯合格，那麼就給予學位。如果說學位申請者的課程考試通過了，但論文在答辯時被評為不合格，那麼就不會授予他學位。有資格申請學位並為申請學位所寫的那篇畢業論文就稱為學位論文，學士學位論文。學士學位論文既是學位論文又是畢業論文。
學術論文是某一學術課題在實驗性、理論性或觀測性上具有新的科學研究成果或創新見解的知識和科學記錄；或是某種已知原理應用於實際中取得新進展的科學總結，用以提供學術會議上宣讀、交流或討論；或在學術刊物上發表；或作其他用途的書面文件。在社會科學領域，人們通常把表達科研成果的論文稱為學術論文。