1. zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
2. 誰有關於H&M,ZARA,GAP等快時尚服裝的產品策略或營銷策略 等相關的英文文獻急急
自己去網路文庫看
3. zara公司的具體營銷渠道是什麼
自營專賣店。也不算西班牙直接開的，應該是zara在中國成立的直屬公司，再由那些公司直接開店，沒有放開加盟，也沒有代理商。
4. 各位親們，請問zara為何能在已經有很多成衣零售商的德國，取得成功在德國有特別的策略嗎或是德國
我來回答吧 我目前在Zara實習管培生。
我想說，ZARA的品牌核心競爭力是目前世界上所有時尚品牌都模仿不了的。且不說規模，畢竟規模人人都有可能做到，這里著重說它的不可復制的模式。ZARA採用的模式叫做Vertical Integration，垂直出貨。極大地縮短了出貨時間：平均為2周，因此以ZARA為代表的快時尚品牌一年可以有15-20個Collection。與之相比，普通的品牌出貨的整個流程需要4至6個月，一年一般只有兩個Collection。但是，由於採用了Vertical Intergation模式，ZARA相對於其他快時尚品牌能更好更快地控制整個流程（從市場調研，到設計，打板，製作樣衣，批量生產，運輸，零售），比同樣以出貨速度著稱的H&M，快了5天。為了追求快，ZARA可謂犧牲了很多的成本：1.在生產流程中，ZARA依靠總部所在的拉科魯尼亞的無數手工作坊，家庭工廠起家，很多產品直接在當地生產，直到最近幾年才逐漸外包，然而H&M前些年有75%的產品在亞洲製造，現在已經將生產全部外包。然而也因為這個原因，H&M的價格大約為ZARA的50%-70%（暫且不考慮原材料成本）2.所有的遠程運輸都是飛機，而不用貨船，甘願支付高額的運費而不願意花費廣告費和市場營銷的費用，ZARA的市場營銷費用只佔總成本的0.3%-0.4%，然而其他品牌大約佔3%-4%。縱使花費了高昂的成本去追求快，ZARA的毛利率和凈利率仍然和H&M不相上下，同時ZARA也不願為了提高利潤率去節省上述成本。因此，ZARA達到了所有時尚品牌和零售商都前所未有高度（我在米蘭的老師從來不將ZARA稱作品牌，因為它更著重於生產和零售環節，從未用設計去定位品牌產品的風格，也並沒有一個時裝品牌應擁有的Brand Identity）：1. ZARA總部倉庫里的所有衣服不會停留超過三天，店鋪每周會向總部下單兩次以補充產品，存貨周轉率比其他品牌高3-4倍 2.平均每季只有15%的衣服需要打折出售，其他品牌則為50%。3. 顧客平均一年去ZARA17次，其他品牌只有4次 。
同時，ZARA的快也歸功於他們「倒過來」的設計概念。在我參加ZARA面試的時候，HR給我們講，ZARA的核心，是店鋪，因為只有在店鋪才能真正接觸到顧客，才能了解顧客的需求。因此，店鋪提供銷售數據，再將其遞交給店面經理，店面經理整理完畢後將結果交給設計部門，設計部分按照顧客需求設計出款式，再將其遞交給商業部門去評估成本和價格，之後開始打板，樣衣製作，在移交給工廠生產，最後存放於ZARA超級大的物流倉庫（是亞馬遜的9倍），倉庫門口都會有無數的貨車每天兩次將產品運輸到歐洲其他地區或者機場。在這個流程中，單就設計而言，平均20分鍾設計出一件衣服，每年可以設計出2萬5千件以上的新款，是H&M的4-6倍。因為顧客對於時尚的需求是變化的，從店鋪收集的資料是具有時效性的，因此，快才是這一模式最根本的也是最重要的制勝法寶。
正是因為ZARA這一特立獨行的模式，才使得其餘現有品牌完全無法效仿，因為如果效仿就意味著品牌的設計師們不再對設計起決定性作用，甚至需要重建設計師團隊，物流系統，生產流程等等。
但是這一模式也有著弊端：1.因為對於全部流程的掌控，使得運營風險增加，如果一旦出現經濟衰落或者行業不景氣，無法將壓力轉移給供貨商（比如要求供貨商降價。。。）2.無法整合各國優勢，實現利益最大化。3.店鋪被品牌直接管理，無法通過代理等形式快速擴張（比如義大利的貝納通），並且財產也有一部分需要投資於新店鋪和已有店鋪的翻新整修，降低了資產周轉率（ZARA的Assets Turnover為1.4，GAP為1.8，H&M為2）4.眾所周知，抄襲問題，ZARA已經是明著抄了很多年，你告我就告，官司輸了就賠你錢，反正我都能掙回來（不像美國的Forever21被控告之後搞得沸沸揚揚。。。）
總之，ZARA創造的是一個全新的商業模式，一個完完全全基於顧客需求的商業模式。因此，ZARA目前的敵人，只有它自己。只有完全認識並控制住利弊，才能得到長久穩定而持續的發展。
5. ZARA為什麼會取得巨大成功，它的營銷模式是什麼
ZARA的成功有抄幾個因素：成本控制非常好襲，基本上全球采購。它沒有巨額的廣告費，而是通過鬧市區開店鋪加店外櫥窗展示來達到廣告效應。還有一點書上都沒提，就是他的款全是抄歐美大牌的款式。
你去書店，有賣zara的成功模式這本書的。