『壹』 急求關於網路保險的英文文獻！！！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA
網路保險
Internet Insurance
Network insurance
Net Insurance
保險學 Insurance
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=en
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
Principles of insurance
A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for indivial members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called 「law of large numbers,」 which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no 『homogeneous』 exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.
Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be 『pure,』 in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the indivial characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an indivial policy could proce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire instry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any indivial insurer』s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.
[edit] Indemnification
Main article: Indemnity
The technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.
An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].
Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an indivial, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.
[edit] Insurer』s business model
Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.
Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.
The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price procts accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).
An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.
Insurance companies also earn investment profits on 「float」. 「Float」 or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.
In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance instry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the 「float」 method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]
Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, e to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.
Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.
Types of insurance
Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.
Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]
Health
Health insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for indivials to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.
[edit] Disability
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards.
Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.
[edit] Life insurance
Main article: Life insurance
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.
Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.
In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.
In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.
Property
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
字數超限了。。。
『貳』 關於保險業網路營銷與傳統營銷整合的外文文獻
是用英文寫作？
『叄』 關於醫療保險保險的外文文獻能不能給我發兩個
醫療保險保險的外文文獻WO幫你完成吧。
『肆』 商業保險對社保結合的外文文獻
外文文獻自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文資料庫下載啊去自己的學校圖書館主頁會找到很多外文資料庫的中迴文文獻到知答網，維普等中文資料庫下載，主頁上也會有很多其他的上面的下載方式很多的，但只有在校園網內免費獲取校園網外可以利用google學術搜索，有部分能免費下載另外還可以在網路文庫等共享網站上找找
『伍』 跪求一篇4000字左右的外文文獻，關於銀行保險的
2.Incentive contracts in the Chinese banking instry
To comprehend the impact of incentive contracts it is important to be familiar with the institutional background of China』s banking instry, the place in which the incentive contracts that we are studying were designed and executed. To this end we begin by focusing on two financial institutions in rural China, the Agricultural Bank of China(ABC)and the Rural Credit Cooperatives(RCC),covered by the survey data.
The ABC is one of the four specialized state-owned banks in China.5 It serves the financial needs of both urban and rural areas. In contrast, RCCs exclusively target rural clients. The main difference between the ABC and RCCs lies in the nature of ownership: the RCCs have a collective ownership status allowing them more flexibility in complying with central financial policies. The RCCs were formerly under the supervision of the ABC, but attained the status of an independent financial institution in 1994.These two financial institutions currently dominate the formal financial system in rural China.As of the late 1990s,they accounted for nearly 80 percent of total rural deposits and loans(Brandt and Li,2003;Brandt et al.,2005).
The ABC has its headquarters in Beijing and has branch offices at locations corresponding to every administrative level.6 In contrast, RCCs are local financial institutions with their headquarters–called the Federation of RCCs (xin yong lian she) –at the county level. In general, both the ABC and RCCs have established branches(henceforth referred to as bank branches)in each township. The locations of bank branches reflect the territorial structure of the governmental system, and the scope of business is designed to minimize overlapping and competition within the same institution.
Before the economic reforms started, China』s state-owned banks, just like other SOEs, were primarily subject to centralized management and economic planning. The government provided no incentives to motivate bank managers or workers to exert effort; their pay was predetermined and thus independent of performance. Since the early 1980s, however, China has sought to reform its banking sector. So far, the government』s major reform involves the introction of performance-based incentives for bank managers and workers; the managers are provided incentives, but the state has not relinquished ownership of the banks(Groves et al.,1994).As a major reform initiative to improve the performance of state-owned banks, especially targeted at increasing deposits and recing non-performing loans, the government initiated a bonus system for state-owned banks in the mid-1980s. Usually, the higher-level bank, a county bank in our case, signs a so-called responsibility contract indivially with each township branch manager. The contracts, normally signed on an annual basis, specify a formula tying the bank manager』s monetary rewards to performance.
2.獎勵的合同，在中國銀行界
理解的影響，激勵合同，這是重要的是要熟悉的體制背景下中國的銀行界，發生在其中的激勵合同，我們正在研究，設計並執行槍決。為此，我們首先著眼於兩個金融機構在中國農村，中國農業銀行（ ABC法）和農村信用社（碾壓混凝土） ，統計調查所涵蓋的數據。
美國廣播公司就是其中的四個專門國有獨資商業銀行在中國.5它的經濟需要，城市和農村地區。在此相反，農村信用社專門的目標，農村的客戶。之間的主要差別ABC和農村信用社，關鍵在性質所有權：農村信用社有一個集體所有權的地位，讓他們更靈活地遵守中央的金融政策。該以前農村信用社的監督下的ABC ，但達到的地位，一個獨立的金融機構在1994.these兩個金融機構目前主宰正規金融體系在中國農村.例如20世紀90年代末，他們占近80 ％的占農村總存款及貸款（勃蘭特和李， 2003年;勃蘭特等人， 2005年） 。
美國廣播公司其總部設在北京，並已分支辦事處的地點，相應的每個行政級別.6此相反，農村信用社是地方金融機構與他們的總部所謂的聯邦農村信用社（辛勇佘廉）在縣一級。在一般，無論是ABC和農村信用社建立了黨支部（此後被稱為銀行分行）在每一個鄉鎮。地點銀行分行反映領土結構的政府系統，以及業務范圍是設計，以盡量減少重疊和競爭，在同一機構。
前經濟改革開始，中國的國有獨資商業銀行，就像其他國有企業，主要是受到集中管理和經濟規劃。政府沒有提供誘因，激勵銀行經理或工人著力;他們的薪酬是既定的，因此獨立的表現。自八十年代初期，但是，中國已要求改革其銀行界。直至目前為止，政府的重大改革，涉及引入基於業績的獎勵措施，為銀行管理人員和工人;基金經理所提供的誘因，但國家並沒有放棄所有權的銀行（林等人， 1994年） 。作為一個重大改革，主動改善的表現，國有獨資商業銀行，特別是有針對性的增加存款，減少不履約貸款，政府發起了花紅制度，為國有獨資商業銀行在八十年代中期。通常情況下，更高水平的銀行，一個縣的銀行在我們的情況下，標志一個所謂的責任，合同單獨與每個鄉鎮分行經理。合同，通常簽署了關於一年度的基礎上，指定一個公式綁銀行經理的貨幣獎勵表現。
『陸』 求一篇關於銀行保險業務的英文文獻
我國金融衍生產品市場發展現狀與對策
[摘要] 金融衍生產品自20世紀80年代以來經歷了一個迅速發展過程,國際金融市場因金融衍生產品的出現而異彩紛呈,金融衍生產品市場交易額的增長速度大大超過了傳統金融產品,並逐步成為國際市場的重要組成部分和發展的驅動力。隨著我國人民幣匯率制度改革、利率市場化及資本市場股權分置改革等進程的不斷加快,金融衍生產品在國內市場的發展契機已經到來。本文對國內金融衍生市場的現狀、問題及發展前景進行分析,借鑒國際金融衍生市場經驗對我國金融衍生產品市場發展提出對策建議。
[關鍵詞] 金融衍生產品 風險規避 金融創新
金融衍生產品是在20世紀七八十年代初新一輪金融創新的背景下興起和發展起來的. 近20年來,金融衍生產品市場的迅速發展已經成為國際金融市場最顯著、最重要的特徵之一。據國際清算銀行(BIS)統計報告顯示,從2004年中期至2007年中期,全球衍生品交易量,從220萬億美元升至516萬億美元;名義價值摺合年率上升33%。我國金融衍生產品市場起步較晚,近些年來,隨著我國利率市場化和匯率形成機制改革進程的不斷深入,利率風險和匯率風險日益顯現.同時,金融機構和企業面臨的競爭日益加劇.完善我國金融市場體系,發展金融衍生產品市場,是我國金融業的必然選擇。
一、我國金融衍生產品市場發展現狀
1.我國金融衍生產品市場發展狀況
以上世紀90年代初少數機構開展地下期貨交易為起點,我國金融衍生產品市場先後出現了外匯期貨、國債期貨、指數期貨及配股權證等交易品種。1992年~1995年間,上海和海南的交易所曾推出過國債和股指期貨; 2004年推出的買斷式回購,2005年推出的銀行間債券遠期交易、人民幣遠期產品、人民幣互換和遠期結算的機構安排等,意味著中國衍生品市場已小荷初露。此後,伴隨著股權分置改革而創立的各式權證使衍生品開始進入普通投資者的視野,權證市場成為僅次於香港的全球第二大市場。2006年9月8日,中國金融期貨交易所在上海掛牌成立,拉開了我國金融衍生品市場發展的大幕。黃金期貨於2008年1月9日在上海期貨交易所的鳴鑼上市,使得期貨市場品種體系進一步健全,除石油外,國外成熟市場主要的大宗商品期貨品種基本上都在我國上市交易。
2.我國金融衍生產品市場存在的主要問題
盡管我國金融衍生品市場發展較快,目前仍處於起步階段,存在許多問題.
(1)市場規范化建設不足
一般而言,各金融衍生市場的具體管理制度依各自情況而定,但就其總的原則章程來講,又是一致的、規范的。這種規范化便於交易,並能夠促進衍生產品的進一步發展。我國金融衍生產品的發展不僅沒有做到規范起步,而且其監督管理也處於混亂的狀態。首先表現在多頭管理上,證監會、人行、國家發改會、財政部、地方政府以及滬深證券交易所都享有一定的管理權。導致政出多門、市場政策缺乏穩定性、交易所之間不平等競爭,管理混亂。其次,交易制度、交易程序不規范。
(2)現貨市場規模不匹配
由於衍生產品的派生性,任何衍生產品市場的發展,都要有成熟完善的現貨市場作保證。沒有合理的現貨市場規模,就不會有合理的市場價格。市場容量越小,就越易造成價格的人為控制。表現在國債期貨市場上就是多方利用現券流通不足的「瓶頸效應」,在期市上做多的同時,憑借其資金優勢,拉升現券價格加以配合,使空方賣空的保證金不斷追加並流入自己的戶頭,造成「多逼空」的市場格局,「314風波」、「327風波」、「319風波」的原因都是在「多逼空」的布場環境下,空方不得已而巨額拋售合約打壓價格造成的。
(3)產品設計不盡合理
金融衍生產品的基本功能是轉移風險。然而實踐表明,多個品種的運用中風險並未有效轉移反而擴大。這是由於金融衍生品「雙刃劍」自身特點決定的,而導致我們實踐應用中無益而害的導火索即是不盡合理的產品設計。舉例說明:
國債期貨。此產品的設計功能之一就是規避利率風險,但由於我國利率的非市場化,國債到期價格是固定的,這使國債現貨的買賣並無風險可避。在這種情況下,推出的國債期貨就變成了一種投機手段,國債期貨市場變成了各大券商賭博的場所。
股票權證。股票權證市場是我國最大的的金融衍生產品市場.它推出的目的,主要是為了滿足股權分置改革中非流通股股東降低對價等當期綜合成本需要而設計的,帶有較濃的行政和福利色彩。該產品並不具備規避市場系統性風險的對沖作用和價格發現功能,自上市以來就被作為搏傻游戲工具。
(4)缺少真正市場均衡價格
在我國金融市場上,大多數金融價格還不是完全的市場均衡價格,相差於均衡價格之間的價差,即是游資和投機者的爭奪之戰,這將加大風險范圍,削弱其規避風險、發現價格的功能。國家對外匯管制仍然較嚴,人民幣資本項目下自由兌換和利率市場化都還未實現。1996年全國銀行間統一拆借利率CHIBOR已經出現,但還遠未像英國LIBOR利率那樣具有權威性指導作用,還稱不上是真正的市場均衡利率。另外,國家對銀行存貸款利率、國債發行利率還實行管制,真正的市場利率也還不能形成。
(5)信息披露制度不健全
金融衍生產品的價格與利率、匯率、股票價格等基礎性金融衍生產品價格有密切的關系。我國是一個對金融價格管制較緊的國家,金融產品價格市場化程度不高,國家政策對金融產品價格變化影響很大,並且與重大信息的披露和財政金融政策的公布有密切關系。在市場經濟比較成熟的國家,重大的信息披露及有關政策的公布均有嚴格的程序,泄密者和傳播謠言者將會受到嚴懲,以保證交易公平、公正、公開。我國證券法規將發行人澄清謠傳的義務僅限於澄清「公共傳播媒介」中出現的謠傳,這顯然過於狹窄;對「重要問題」的標准界定不清,概念外延很大。另外,在信息披露頻率過低。
二、我國金融衍生產品發展對策建議
1.我國發展金融衍生品市場基本原則和模式選擇
對於發展我國金融衍生產品市場的指導思想,從宏觀上講,應堅持以市場主導、行政助力的基本原則。金融衍生產品的推進次序處於微觀層面,要與我國經濟和金融市場改革的進程相適應、相協調。同時金融衍生產品市場的發展,需要市場基礎、投資者結構、法律法規的完善等多方面的協調,謹防風險反向作用。從微觀上看,需堅持控制風險優先,投機獲利次之的原則。
我國金融衍生品市場的發展的模式選擇應從強制性演進開始,形成強制性演進模式到誘致性演進模式的良性循環和互動。美國和英國採取的誘致性演進模式經驗表明,在先發國家的金融衍生品市場上,金融創新者由於滿足了市場規模龐大的避險需求而得到壟斷利潤,因此可以彌補創新的成本,金融衍生品市場發展很快。但是由於金融衍生品的公共產品特性,誘致性演進到了一定的階段之後也許無法確保市場形成足夠的創新。而對於後發國家而言,韓國和新加坡採取的強制性演進模式的經驗表明,在先發國家已經取得成功經驗的情況下,採用強制性演進模式也許是一個更好的選擇,這樣可以使後發國家能夠以更快的速度發展。
2.我國發展金融衍生市場具體措施
(1)穩步推進我國金融衍生市場的國際化
金融衍生市場本質上是國際化的競爭性市場。一國衍生市場的對外開放通過兩種方式實現:一是允許外國資本參與本國衍生產品交易;二是允許本國企業直接進入國際衍生市場,或通過經紀公司代理國外業務。
從我國未來的衍生市場的發展來看,實現國際化的目標,需要經過兩個發展階段:一是以開拓國內金融衍生市場為中心的國內經營階段。這是起步階段,應重點發展合乎社會需要的衍生產品,完善交易規則和監管體系,培育衍生市場的交易主體。二是金融衍生市場的國際化階段。在這個階段上,應當放開對企業和金融機構參與國際衍生市場的限制,同時允許外國資本在規定條件下參與中國衍生市場。
(2)科學安排發展金融衍生產品交易順序
金融衍生產品種類繁多,不同的衍生產品所需要的發展基礎和條件不盡相同,也不可能同時具備和成熟。因此,發展金融衍生產品交易應科學地安排順序,時機成熟的先行推出,時機尚不成熟的則積極創造條件,既要積極又要穩妥。
首先,優先發展場內交易,適度利用場外交易。場外交易的優勢在於更能夠適應大型投資機構的需要。與場外市場相比,交易所在資信程度、風險控制、市場組織、制度設計、交易結算等方面有更大的優勢,交易所交易的標准化衍生產品透明性更好,流動性更強、成本低,既有利於參與者防範和規避風險,也有利於市場監管。因此,優先發展交易所主導的標准化金融衍生產品符合國內金融市場的實際。與此同時,可以允許更多的金融機構和企業適度地開展場外交易。
其次,金融期貨的發展先於期權和互換。從期貨市場的發展順序來看,期權是在期貨之後發展而來。從某種程度上講,期權是期貨的高級形式,其目的是為期貨交易提供一種保值工具。我國應該在總結商品期貨運作多年經驗的基礎上,首先推出金融期貨產品,再確定時機逐步推出金融期權、互換等衍生產品,最終形成較為完備的金融衍生產品市場體系。
再次,在金融衍生產品發展方面,應以國債期貨和股指期貨為突破口。我國國債和股票規模都相當大,當前股票市場即使完全規范,其價格波動仍然不可避免,推出股指期貨不僅有市場需求,也可減少價格的不合理、非理性波動。我國國債品種多、期限長、數量大,只要利率波動,避險需求就強烈。另外,國債期貨也有利於發現遠期利率,促進長期投資。
『柒』 求助一篇關於保險的英文文獻，謝謝
If you'd like to get quick auto insurance quotes, or find a local car insurance agent, you're in the right place. But we offer much more than car insurance. Thousands of satisfied customers depend on us for insurance on their homes. Plus we are America's #1 RV insurance specialist.
『捌』 銀行保險 外文文獻及翻譯
銀，。／行保險的
『玖』 保險理財的外文文獻
簡單，推薦你上中國知網或中國期刊網下載，可能還得花點小錢！上面都是別人的論文，不要擔心抄襲！
『拾』 保險誠信方面的外文翻譯
相關範文：
關於保險誠信的幾點思考
About insurance integrity Thoughts
摘 要 保險誠信是威脅保險業生存乃至政府誠信和社會誠信的重要因素；誠信原則是保險經營的重要原則，保險誠信首先要求保險人做到最大誠信，最大誠信是保險人的道德准則；誠信是投保人和被保險人的基本法律准則和行事規范；要建立保險當事方的互信機制，促成良性互動。
關鍵詞 保險誠信 誠信原則 保險人
Abstract：Credibility is the threat of insurance the insurance instry and even the survival of the Government of the integrity and good faith an important factor in society; the principle of good faith are important principles of insurance business, insurance honesty requires, first of all the insurance people to do the utmost good faith, utmost good faith is the insurer's code of ethics; honest policyholders are and the insured person's basic legal norms and normative acts; to set up mutual trust between the parties insurance mechanisms, to promote positive interaction.
Key Words：Integrity Insurance，Principle of good faith，Insurers
1 保險誠信缺失是威脅保險業生存乃至政府誠信和社會誠信的重要因素
保險誠信是社會誠信的重要組成部分，保險誠信理論上說是對雙方而言的，但這里要著重強調保險企業的誠信問題。
目前，部分保險企業和員工的保險誠信問題嚴重影響了保險業的形象和健康發展。可以說，影響保險業發展壯大的，首先不是保險產品的創新、不是保險霸王條款，而是保險的不誠信。保險的不誠信極大地打壓了潛在的保險需求，阻礙了潛在的保險需求轉化為現實的保險需求。雖然從中國GDP的總量、保險深度、保險密度等指標來看，中國的保險是一座待開挖的金礦，但亂開亂挖的現象十分嚴重，保險資源被破壞殆盡，而且挖掘本身在最近幾年呈現出速度放緩的勢頭。
更為言重地說，誠信問題已經威脅到了保險行業的根基。在老百姓的心目中，現在保險行業的信譽度很差，有些人甚至將保險營銷和傳銷等同起來。如果任一些影響保險誠信的現象持續下去，保險行業本身的生存都會受到挑戰。剖開表面的繁榮，保險業內危機重重。如果不提升保險業的誠信，整個行業的生存根基將會受到摧蝕，保險本身將不復存在。
保險業本身還附有人類善良使者的天然特性。而如果一個所謂的善良天使帶給人的總是失落、懷疑、欺騙和損失，那將是對個人乃至整個社會的正面價值觀和信仰體系的動搖。長此以往，將不僅僅是誠信的缺失，而是整個社會信仰的缺失和迷惘。如果人與人之間總是互相猜忌防範，人們找不到信仰的正確取向，那和諧社會的建立何日能談起呢。
誠信是保險業的生命線，誠信不僅是影響保險業發展的問題，更是影響到保險業存在的千秋大計。保險誠信還是社會誠信和政府誠信的重要因素。它關繫到政府的形象、社會的穩定與和諧社會的建立。我們應該從生存的危機意識來認識保險誠信。只有這樣，才是從思想上和行為上真正重視保險誠信。
2 保險誠信原則首先要求保險人的最大誠信
一般而言，保險誠信要求保險的各方當事人明誠守信，誠信原則是保險活動應當遵守的基本原則。在保險活動中，既不可能要求所有的投保人都是或者都會成為保險專家，也不可能要求保險人對所有的承保對象都掌握得很細致透徹，這就是保險的信息不對稱性。由於這種信息的不對稱性，在保險活動中，當事方對風險的判斷均依賴於對方的如實告知或說明，任何一方的隱瞞或者欺詐，就有可能導致對方判斷失誤而深受其害。由此可見，誠信的程度對保險具有特別重要的意義，所以保險中的誠信原則有「最大誠信」原則之稱。
由於保險行業的專業性強，行話術語多，而且保險合同和產品往往由保險公司「生產」， 保險人自然會佔有一些天然優勢。這樣，誠信原則首先要求保險人誠實守信，而且應該是最大程度的誠實守信。要「群眾」做到的，「幹部」要首先做到而且要做得最好。保險人不僅要做到客觀上的最大誠信，更應該是主觀上的最大誠信。最大誠信原則應該是保險人的道德准則，保險人的誠信應該是誠信的最高標准和境界。保險人對自己的要求應該是理想主義和完美主義。這就要求保險人要在以下方面做到：
在告知上，保險人應該履行無限告知義務而不僅僅是詢問告知，只要實際上與保險標的風險狀況有關的事實都有如實告知的義務。凡是涉及到保險的事項、條款與術語等都必須誠實地告訴或解釋給投保人，而且要做到知無不言、言無不盡。既要全面、深刻，還要在解釋中盡可能通俗化或者使保單通俗化，在一些容易引起歧義和爭議的條款上應該加以注釋，一些非常關鍵的內容例如退保有損失等應該加以突出。在保險的宣傳中做到實事求是，不誇大其辭，不只說好的一面，而故意忽略不利於投保人和被保險人的一面。遺憾的是，目前的保險立法僅僅規定了投保人的如實告知義務以及違反告知義務應當承擔的責任,而未規定保險人的如實告知義務以及未履行此義務應當承擔的法律責任。這也許是保險人對最大誠信地如實告知不夠重視的原因之一吧。相信以後的保險法會在這方面做一些修訂。
在保險合同的履行過程中，要積極協助投保人和被保險人做好安全預防工作，盡量避免或減少損害的發生。保險人要提醒投保人及時繳納保費。對延遲未繳納保費者，採取必要的催告措施和寬限期。
在保險事故發生或者保單約定的條件滿足後，保險人應該按照合同的約定及時足額地履行賠償或者給付義務，最大限度的減少被保險人的損失。
3 誠信原則是客戶的一條基本的法律准則和行事規范
雖然保險誠信原則從原則上說是雙向的，但由於保險的專業性，以及投保人時間精力有限或者理解能力的原因，往往在保險信息的理解識別和獲取上處於劣勢，存在偏差。多數投保人未能如實告知往往是不能也，非不為也。也許投保人和被保險人想真誠地向保險人「傾訴」，但不知該說些什麼。這樣雖然他們主觀上想達到最大誠信，但這種主觀上的最大誠信與令保險人最大滿意的最大誠信還有一定差距。所以對客戶而言，做到最大誠信有一定「技術」難度。如果再加上有些投保人和被保險人的主觀態度問題，那麼達到令保險人滿意的最大誠信幾乎不可能。基於此，保險人對投保人和被保險人應該是現實主義，而不是理想主義和完美主義，只能要求投保人的相對誠信和信息結果的相對滿意。比如各國保險立法中對於投保人和被保險人的如實告知，許多都是採用詢問告知立法的形式。投保人一般僅就保險人對保險標的或者被保險人的有關情況提出的詢問如實告知，對保險人未詢問的情況，投保人無需告知。。
因此，保險人必須圍繞如何達到或者保證投保人的最基本的誠信下功夫。在保單的條款的設計上要緊密銜接，盡量明了易懂，要能使客戶真實表達自己的信息，要能便於客戶表達自己的真實信息；在投保、核保、理賠查勘等各個環節上建立足以保證客戶各種相關信息真實的一些規章和機制。
4 建立互信機制，促進良性互動
就目前保險人對投保人的態度而言，是充滿著某種程度的不信任。從許多保險合同的條款可以看出保險人的這種態度。保險人總是擔心投保人會有逆向選擇和道德風險，總是擔心他們會不如實告知。因此，我們的保單條款象防盜門一樣設計，而且不斷的升級堵塞系統漏洞。現行我們的保險法也將投保人作為犯罪嫌疑人對待，只有對投保人未能履行如實告知義務的懲罰性規定，沒有對保險人的相關規定，這與投保人需要承擔懲罰性的法律後果形成了鮮明的對比。這是立法上的不公正和不平等。
因此，建立保險各方當事人的互信機制，促進雙方的良性互動顯得格外重要。從保險人的角度而言，保險人首先要放下架子，不能居高臨下，店大欺主，要以市場經濟的平等主體的身份和客戶進行交往；要樹立可持續的科學發展觀，杜絕短期利益和局部利益的干擾；保險人要減少自身的誤導，消除客戶的誤解；建立良好的外部公共關系，要通過多種渠道和客戶溝通交流。
1.Honesty insurance insurance instry are a threat to the survival of society and even the Government's integrity and credibility of important factors
Insurance faith society are an important component of good faith, insurance credibility theory are for both, but would like to emphasize the credibility of the insurance instry.
At present, the part of insurance companies and insurance staff has seriously affected the credibility of the insurance instry's image and healthy development. It can be said that the impact of the growth of the insurance instry, first of all, instead of insurance proct innovation, not the insurance provisions of Overlord, but insurance bad faith. Insurance bad faith greatly suppress the potential of insurance demand, hindered the potential of insurance demand into real demand for insurance. Although the total number of Chinese GDP, insurance depth, insurance density indicators, China's insurance is a question of gold digging, but the development of chaos chaos Mining a very serious problem, insurance resources have been destroyed, and the excavation itself in recent years showing a slowing momentum.
More strongly worded and that the problem has already threatened the integrity of the foundation of the insurance instry. In the eyes of ordinary people, and now the insurance instry's poor reputation, some people even insurance marketing and pyramid schemes equate. If they are allowed to affect the integrity of the phenomenon of insurance continues, the survival of the insurance instry itself will be challenged. Cut open the surface of prosperity, the insurance instry crisis-ridden. If you do not enhance the credibility of the insurance instry, the survival of the instry as a whole will be destroyed the foundation of a solar eclipse, the insurance itself will cease to exist.
The insurance instry itself is also attached to the human kind of the natural characteristics of messenger. And if a so-called angel kind of people always bring loss, doubt, deception and loss, it would be on indivials and the whole society the positive values and belief system shaken. The long run, will not only lack of good faith, but missing the whole community of faith and confusion. If the mutual distrust between people always take precautions, people can not find the correct orientation of belief, and that He set up a harmonious society to talk about this day.
Credibility is the lifeblood of the insurance instry, honesty is not only the impact of development of the insurance instry's problem, but also affect the insurance instry of the future plans exist. Insurance or social integrity and credibility of good faith an important factor in the Government. It relates to the Government's image and social stability and harmony of the society set up. We should start from the survival of a sense of crisis to understand the integrity of insurance. Only in this way from the ideology and behavior is a real emphasis on the integrity of insurance.
2.Insurance principle of good faith of the people first of all, ask the insurer to the utmost good faith
Generally speaking, the insurance requirements of good faith insurance Mingcheng parties and trustworthy, the principle of good faith are insurance activities should comply with the basic principles. In the insurance activities, it is neither possible to require all of the insured are or will become an insurance expert, but also can not require insurance coverage of people of all objects have a very thorough and meticulous, which is insurance information asymmetry. As a result of this information asymmetry, in the insurance activities of the parties to determine risk are dependent on each other's truthfully inform or description, of any party to concealment or fraud, it might lead to misjudgments suffer . This shows that the degree of integrity of insurance is of particular importance, therefore the principle of good faith in insurance has "the utmost good faith" principle is known.
Because of the professionalism of the insurance instry, and many jargon terms, and insurance contracts and procts, often by insurance companies, "proction", the insurance people will naturally share a number of natural advantages. In this way, the first principle of good faith by requiring insurers to honest and trustworthy, and should be the highest degree of honesty and trustworthiness. To "the masses" do, "cadres" would be the first to do so but also to do the best. Insurance must be objective, not only people on the utmost good faith, but also should be of utmost good faith subjective. The principle of utmost good faith should be the insurer's code of ethics, and insurance should be people of integrity are the highest standards of integrity and realm. Insurance requirements of their own people should be idealism and perfectionism. This requires that the insurance people to do in the following areas:
At this, the insurance people should carry out this obligation and not just unlimited asked this, if in fact the subject of risk and insurance status of the relevant facts are truthfully inform obligations. All matters relating to insurance, the terms and terminology and so must be honest to tell or explain to the policyholder, but also to be made known to all, attitude. Both comprehensive and profound, but also in the interpretation of insurance policies as much as possible so that popularization popularization or, in some easily lead to ambiguity and controversy should be the terms on which the Notes, some very crucial elements such as the surrender losses have highlighted should be. In the insurance publicity to seek truth from facts, not exaggerated, not only said good side, but deliberately ignored in favor of the insured and the insurer's side. Unfortunately, the current insurance legislation simply provides truthfully inform the insured obligations and the breach of this obligation should be the responsibility of the person without the provisions of the insurance obligation to truthfully inform as well as failure to fulfill this obligation shall bear legal responsibilities. This may be the insurance people are of the utmost good faith to truthfully inform one of the reasons why not pay enough attention to it. Trust after the Insurance Act in this regard will make some amendments.
The performance of the contract in the insurance process, to actively assist the insured and the insured person do a good job of safety precautions to avoid or rece the damage happened. Insurance people would like to remind policyholders to pay premiums in a timely manner. The delay in unpaid premiums, and the reminder to take the necessary measures and grace.
At the accident or insurance policy to meet the terms agreed, the insurance people should be in accordance with the contractual agreement to carry out the compensation in full and on time payments or obligations, to minimize the loss of the insured person.
3.Principle of good faith of the customers are a basic legal norms and normative act
Although the insurance principle of good faith principle is a two-way, but because of insurance professionals, as well as limited time and energy policy holders or the ability to understand the causes, often at the understanding of insurance information to identify and access at a disadvantage, there is deviation. Most policyholders are often unable to accurately inform should not also, non-should not do so. May be insured and the insured person in good faith insurance people want to "talk" but do not know what to say. So even though they want to maximize the subjective good faith, but the subjective good faith with the largest insurer of the greatest satisfaction there is still a certain gap in the utmost good faith. So in terms of customers, do the utmost good faith has a certain "technical" difficulty. If we add some policyholders and the insured person's subjective attitude problem, then the insurance people to achieve the satisfaction of the utmost good faith is almost impossible. Based on this, insurance on the insured person and the insured person should be realistic, rather than idealism and perfectionism, the policyholder can only request information relative integrity and the relative satisfaction with the results. Legislation in countries such as insurance for the insured and the insured person truthfully informed, many of which are asked to adopt this form of legislation. General insurance policyholders only person the subject of insurance the insured person or the situation of inquiry truthfully informed that the insurance people are not asked about the situation, no need to inform the insured. .
Therefore, insurers must focus on how to achieve the most basic insured or guaranteed the integrity efforts. Provisions in the insurance policy is designed to closely co-ordinated, clear and understandable as possible, to enable customers to express their real information, to be able to facilitate the customers to express their real information; in insurance, underwriting, claims survey on various aspect enough to set up to ensure that all relevant customer information true of certain rules and mechanisms.
4.Set up a mechanism of mutual trust, promote positive interaction
On the current insurance on the insured person's attitude, it is filled with a certain degree of mistrust. Lot of insurance from the terms of the contract of insurance can be seen in person such an attitude. Insurance policyholders will be people always worry about adverse selection and moral hazard, always worried that they may not accurately informed. Therefore, the terms of U.S. policy as anti-theft door, like the design, but also continuously upgrade the system to plug the loopholes. The current U.S. insurance law will also be insured as the treatment of criminal suspects, and only on the policyholder fails to fulfill obligations to truthfully inform the punitive provisions, no person on the relevant provisions of the insurance, which required the insured to bear the legal consequences of punitive formed in sharp contrast. This is legislative injustice and inequality.
On the current insurance on the insured person's attitude, it is filled with a certain degree of mistrust. Lot of insurance from the terms of the contract of insurance can be seen in person such an attitude. Insurance policyholders will be people always worry about adverse selection and moral hazard, always worried that they may not accurately informed. Therefore, the terms of U.S. policy as anti-theft door, like the design, but also continuously upgrade the system to plug the loopholes. The current U.S. insurance law will also be insured as the treatment of criminal suspects, and only on the policyholder fails to fulfill obligations to truthfully inform the punitive provisions, no person on the relevant provisions of the insurance, which required the insured to bear the legal consequences of punitive formed in sharp contrast. This is legislative injustice and inequality.
Therefore, the parties set up the insurance mechanism for mutual trust, promote positive interaction between the two sides is particularly important. People from the insurance point of view, the insurer must set aside, should not condescending, shop big bully owners to market economy, equal subjects of identity and relations with clients; to establish a sustainable scientific development concept, put an end to short-term benefits and partial benefits of interference; insurance people to rece their own misleading of the customer to eliminate misunderstanding; set up a good external public relations, to customers through multiple channels and communication.
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