① 求电子商务方面的英文文献或论文，翻译成汉字大约3000字。要有明确正规出处
Ecommerce Security Issues
Customer Security: Basic Principles
Most ecommerce merchants leave the mechanics to their hosting company or IT staff, but it helps to understand the basic principles. Any system has to meet four requirements:
privacy: information must be kept from unauthorized parties.
integrity: message must not be altered or tampered with.
authentication: sender and recipient must prove their identities to each other.
non-repudiation: proof is needed that the message was indeed received.
Privacy is handled by encryption. In PKI (public key infrastructure) a message is encrypted by a public key, and decrypted by a private key. The public key is widely distributed, but only the recipient has the private key. For authentication (proving the identity of the sender, since only the sender has the particular key) the encrypted message is encrypted again, but this time with a private key. Such proceres form the basis of RSA (used by banks and governments) and PGP (Pretty Good Privacy, used to encrypt emails).
Unfortunately, PKI is not an efficient way of sending large amounts of information, and is often used only as a first step — to allow two parties to agree upon a key for symmetric secret key encryption. Here sender and recipient use keys that are generated for the particular message by a third body: a key distribution center. The keys are not identical, but each is shared with the key distribution center, which allows the message to be read. Then the symmetric keys are encrypted in the RSA manner, and rules set under various protocols. Naturally, the private keys have to be kept secret, and most security lapses indeed arise here.
:Digital Signatures and Certificates
Digital signatures meet the need for authentication and integrity. To vastly simplify matters (as throughout this page), a plain text message is run through a hash function and so given a value: the message digest. This digest, the hash function and the plain text encrypted with the recipient's public key is sent to the recipient. The recipient decodes the message with their private key, and runs the message through the supplied hash function to that the message digest value remains unchanged (message has not been tampered with). Very often, the message is also timestamped by a third party agency, which provides non-repudiation.
What about authentication? How does a customer know that the website receiving sensitive information is not set up by some other party posing as the e-merchant? They check the digital certificate. This is a digital document issued by the CA (certification authority: Verisign, Thawte, etc.) that uniquely identifies the merchant. Digital certificates are sold for emails, e-merchants and web-servers.
:Secure Socket Layers
Information sent over the Internet commonly uses the set of rules called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol). The information is broken into packets, numbered sequentially, and an error control attached. Indivial packets are sent by different routes. TCP/IP reassembles them in order and resubmits any packet showing errors. SSL uses PKI and digital certificates to ensure privacy and authentication. The procere is something like this: the client sends a message to the server, which replies with a digital certificate. Using PKI, server and client negotiate to create session keys, which are symmetrical secret keys specially created for that particular transmission. Once the session keys are agreed, communication continues with these session keys and the digital certificates.
:PCI, SET, Firewalls and Kerberos
Credit card details can be safely sent with SSL, but once stored on the server they are vulnerable to outsiders hacking into the server and accompanying network. A PCI (peripheral component interconnect: hardware) card is often added for protection, therefore, or another approach altogether is adopted: SET (Secure Electronic Transaction). Developed by Visa and Mastercard, SET uses PKI for privacy, and digital certificates to authenticate the three parties: merchant, customer and bank. More importantly, sensitive information is not seen by the merchant, and is not kept on the merchant's server.
Firewalls (software or hardware) protect a server, a network and an indivial PC from attack by viruses and hackers. Equally important is protection from malice or carelessness within the system, and many companies use the Kerberos protocol, which uses symmetric secret key cryptography to restrict access to authorized employees.
Transactions
Sensitive information has to be protected through at least three transactions:
credit card details supplied by the customer, either to the merchant or payment gateway. Handled by the server's SSL and the merchant/server's digital certificates.
credit card details passed to the bank for processing. Handled by the complex security measures of the payment gateway.
order and customer details supplied to the merchant, either directly or from the payment gateway/credit card processing company. Handled by SSL, server security, digital certificates (and payment gateway sometimes).
Practical Consequences
1. The merchant is always responsible for security of the Internet-connected PC where customer details are handled. Virus protection and a firewall are the minimum requirement. To be absolutely safe, store sensitive information and customer details on zip-disks, a physically separate PC or with a commercial file storage service. Always keep multiple back-ups of essential information, and ensure they are stored safely off-site.
2. Where customers order by email, information should be encrypted with PGP or similar software. Or payment should be made by specially encrypted checks and ordering software.
3. Where credit cards are taken online and processed later, it's the merchant's responsibility to check the security of the hosting company's webserver. Use a reputable company and demand detailed replies to your queries.
4. Where credit cards are taken online and processed in real time, four situations arise:
You use a service bureau. Sensitive information is handled entirely by the service bureau, which is responsible for its security. Other customer and order details are your responsibility as in 3. above.
You possess an ecommerce merchant account but use the digital certificate supplied by the hosting company. A cheap option acceptable for smallish transactions with SMEs. Check out the hosting company, and the terms and conditions applying to the digital certificate.
You possess an ecommerce merchant account and obtain your own digital certificate (costing some hundreds of dollars). Check out the hosting company, and enter into a dialogue with the certification authority: they will certainly probe your credentials.
You possess a merchant account, and run the business from your own server. You need trained IT staff to maintain all aspects of security — firewalls, Kerberos, SSL, and a digital certificate for the server (costing thousands or tens of thousands of dollars).
Security is a vexing, costly and complicated business, but a single lapse can be expensive in lost funds, records and reputation. Don't wait for disaster to strike, but stay proactive, employing a security expert where necessary.
Sites on our resources page supplies details.
② 求两篇关于电子商务英文参考文献
http://59.42.244.59/Readers/Index.aspx
http://www.nstl.gov.cn/index.html
③ 求一篇电子商务的英文文献，字符2.5万以上
我可以帮助您
④ 求一篇关于电子商务的英文文献及翻译，急~！！！！
An additional question is how a marketer could design websites that truly personalize proct recommendations and how consumers react to these versus more neutral, “third party” web sites such as www.kbb.com for automobiles.
we address the issue of the structure of one new tool (i.e., e-mail) that can help marketers be more efficient in testing direct marketing efforts.
direct marketing
Furthermore, work by Haubl and Trifts (2000) showed that a comparison matrix similar to the comparator proced higher quality consideration sets and decisions.
the possibility remains that providing information could postpone or even prevent purchase.
Agents are not new; a crude (by today’s standards) agent, Firefly, was developed in the mid-1990s for movie and music recommendations.
the amount of information available on the Web has increased dramatically as has the technological sophistication of the agents which makes continued research in this area important.
In particular, Haubl and Trifts (2000) show that recommender agents based on self-explicatedinformation about a consumer’s utility function (i.e., attribute weights and minimum acceptable attribute levels) rece search effort and improve decisions.
Agents should be adaptive, autonomous, and believable, be able to respond in a timely fashion, and be goal-oriented.
It has also been established that agents, like those studied by H¨aubl and his colleagues, that learn about consumers from choices and consumer preferences perform better in the long run than (say) collaborative filters (Ariely et al., 2004). This suggests that methods that calibrate consumer preferences in real time on-line are crucial to advancement.
polyhedral conjoint analysis (Toubia et al., 2003) satisfies these criteria. Liechty and his colleagues developed a Hierarchical Bayes procere that does so as well.
Montgomery et al. (2004) address the problem of designing a better shopbot.
They show that shopbots are inferior to visiting a favorite retailer if the shopbot visits all retailers.
Indeed, armed with some inferences from previous visits, a small set of initial screener questions can lead to an optimally personalized web interface for the consumer.
Based on a stochastic ration model and Bayesian updating , the authors adapt the testing parameters (e.g., number of e-mails sent for each e-mail design and sending rate) while the testing is in progress so as to minimize the cost of testing both in terms of wasted e-mails and time.
Only if the interactivity pays off.
In bargaining or auction situations, possible lack of trust and the inability to interpret the signalsof the other participant(s).
翻译
另外一个问题是，一个营销人员如果设计网页，嫩构真实的又有个性的推荐我们的产品，并且可以让顾客对产品的反应不是保持中立，“第三世界”的网页，就像www.kbb.com
我们对于新工具像email这种方式的看法是，它可以帮助营销人员更有效率的直接测试营销效果。
直接营销
更多的是，通过Haubl和Trifts(2000)的工作可知，类似的矩阵和计算机化相比较，生产出更高质量的产品和高质量的决策
可能性保持在提高那些可能推迟或者现在就购买的信息信息。
代理商，一个新的职业，简单的代理（现在的标准）。萤火虫(?),在20世纪90年代中期在电影和音乐推荐上有很大的发展。
由于代理商的科技的混合应用，使网页上可提供的信息量，有着惊人的增长，这使这个行业继续调长下去变得更为重要。
特别使，Haubl和Trifts(2000)的工作可知，推荐者代理基于对顾客自我阐述商品的信息(比如，重量和最小可接受的级别)，减少调查的精力，提高决定能力。
代理商要有很好的适应能力，自主并且有自信，能够在第一时间回应状况，并且有目标。
同时，通过Haubl和其他同事的研究，代理商的形成，与合作过滤相比较，在长期运行中更好的学习了关于顾客的决定和执行偏好。这就给我们在关于顾客网上购物时的偏好提供了标准化。
只翻译了一半，翻不下去了，你参考一下吧，有的句子可能比较奇怪就是了
⑤ 高分急求求一篇关于电子商务的英文文献``
An additional question is how a marketer could design websites that truly personalize proct recommendations and how consumers react to these versus more neutral, “third party” web sites such as www.kbb.com for automobiles.
we address the issue of the structure of one new tool (i.e., e-mail) that can help marketers be more efficient in testing direct marketing efforts.
direct marketing
Furthermore, work by Haubl and Trifts (2000) showed that a comparison matrix similar to the comparator proced higher quality consideration sets and decisions.
the possibility remains that providing information could postpone or even prevent purchase.
Agents are not new; a crude (by today’s standards) agent, Firefly, was developed in the mid-1990s for movie and music recommendations.
the amount of information available on the Web has increased dramatically as has the technological sophistication of the agents which makes continued research in this area important.
In particular, Haubl and Trifts (2000) show that recommender agents based on self-explicatedinformation about a consumer’s utility function (i.e., attribute weights and minimum acceptable attribute levels) rece search effort and improve decisions.
Agents should be adaptive, autonomous, and believable, be able to respond in a timely fashion, and be goal-oriented.
It has also been established that agents, like those studied by H¨aubl and his colleagues, that learn about consumers from choices and consumer preferences perform better in the long run than (say) collaborative filters (Ariely et al., 2004). This suggests that methods that calibrate consumer preferences in real time on-line are crucial to advancement.
polyhedral conjoint analysis (Toubia et al., 2003) satisfies these criteria. Liechty and his colleagues developed a Hierarchical Bayes procere that does so as well.
Montgomery et al. (2004) address the problem of designing a better shopbot.
They show that shopbots are inferior to visiting a favorite retailer if the shopbot visits all retailers.
Indeed, armed with some inferences from previous visits, a small set of initial screener questions can lead to an optimally personalized web interface for the consumer.
Based on a stochastic ration model and Bayesian updating , the authors adapt the testing parameters (e.g., number of e-mails sent for each e-mail design and sending rate) while the testing is in progress so as to minimize the cost of testing both in terms of wasted e-mails and time.
Only if the interactivity pays off.
In bargaining or auction situations, possible lack of trust and the inability to interpret the signalsof the other participant(s).
Managing Channels of Distribution Under the Environment of Electronic Commerce
【英文篇名】 Managing Channels of Distribution Under the Environment of Electronic Commerce
【作者英文名】 ZHENG Bing~ FENG Yixiong~2 1.College of Economics & Management; Dalian University; Dalian 116622; China 2.State Key Laboratory of CAD&CG; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027; China;
【文献出处】 武汉理工大学学报, Journal of WuhanUniversity of Technology, 编辑部邮箱 2006年 S2期
【英文关键词】 marketing channels; distribution strategy; customer demand; electronic commerce;
Fair E-Payment Protocol Based on Simple Partially Blind Signature Scheme
【英文篇名】 Fair E-Payment Protocol Based on Simple Partially Blind Signature Scheme
【作者英文名】 LIU Jingwei; SUN Rong; KOU Weidong State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks; Xidian University; Xi’an 710071; Shaanxi; China;
【文献出处】 Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 武汉大学自然科学学报(英文版), 编辑部邮箱 2007年 01期
【英文关键词】 electronic commerce; e-payment; Schnorr signature; partial blind signature;
【英文摘要】 This paper presents a simple partially blind signature scheme with low computation. By converse using the partially blind signature scheme, we build a simple fair e-payment protocol. In the protocol, two participants achieve the goals of exchanging their digital signatures from each other in a simple way. An ad- vantage of this scheme is that this approach does not require the intervention of the third party in any case. The low-computation property makes our scheme very attractive for mobile client and sma...
⑥ 电子商务英文文献
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
History
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.
Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing
Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.
电子商务或EC（英语: E-Commerce）是指在互联网(Internet)、企业内部网 (Intranet) 和增值网(VAN， Added Network)上以电子交易方式进行交易活动和相关服务活动，是传统商业活动各环节的电子化、网路化。电子商务包括电子货币交换、供应链管理、电子交易市场、网路营销、在线事务处理、电子数据交换（EDI）、存货管理和自动数据收集系统。在此过程中，利用到的信息技术包括：互联网、外联网、电子邮件、资料库、电子目录和行动电话。
而广义上的电子商务—电子业务或EB（英语: E-Business）则是指对整个商业活动实现电子化，也就是指应用电脑与网路技术与现代信息化通信技术，按照一定标准，利用电子化工具（有时甚至指整个电子媒介领域，包括广播、电视、电话通讯等等）来实现包括电子商务(或电子交易)在内的商业交换和行政作业的商贸活动的全过程。
发展历史
在过去的30年间，电子商务的概念发生了很大的变化. 最初，电子商务意味著利用电子化的手段，将商业买卖活动简化，通常使用的技术包括电子数据交换（EDI）和电子货币转帐，这些技术均是在20世纪70年代末期开始应用。典型的应用是将采购订单和发票之类的商业文档通过电子数据的方式发送出去。
电子商务中的“电子”指的是采用的技术和系统，而“商务”指的是传统的商业模式。电子商务被定义为一整套通过网路支持商业活动的过程。在70年代和80年代，信息分析技术进入电子商务。80年代，随著信用卡、自动柜员机和电话银行的逐渐被接受和应用，这些也成为电子贸易的组成部分。进入90年代，企业资源计划（ERP）、数据挖掘和数据仓库也成为电子商务的一个部分。
在“.COM”时代，电子商务增加了新的组成部分——“网路贸易”，客户在数据加密传输技术支持下，利用网上商店的虚拟购物车和信用卡等电子货币支付形式，通过互联网完成商品和服务的采购。
如今，电子商务的涵盖十分广泛的商业行为，从电子银行到信息化的物流管理。电子商务的增长促进了支持系统的发展和进步， 包括后台支持系统、应用系统和中间件，例如宽频和光纤网路、供应链管理模块、原料规划模块、客户关系管理模块、存货控制模块和会计核算/企业财务模块。
当互联网在1994进入公众的视线时，很多记者和学者预测电子贸易将很快成为主要的商业应用模式。然而，安全协议（例如HTTPS）用了四年的时间才发展的足够成熟并获得大范围的应用。接下来，在1998年和2000年之间，大量的美国和西欧公司开发了许多不成熟的网站。
虽然大量的“纯电子商务”公司在2000年和2001年的“.COM”衰退期消失了，还是有很多传统的“水泥加砖块”的零售企业认识到这些“.COM”公司揭示了潜在的有价值的市场空间，开始将电子商务的功能增加到网站上。例如，在在线食品销售公司Webvan倒闭后，两家传统的连锁超级市场Albertsons和Safeway都开始了附属的电子商务功能，消费者可以直接在线订购食品。
电子商务的成功因素
技术和组织方面
在很多案例中，一个电子商务公司存活下来，不仅仅是基於自身的产品，而且还拥有一个有能力的管理团队、良好的售前服务、组织良好的商业结构、网路基础和一个安全的，设计良好的网站，这些因素包括：
足够的市场研究和分析。电子商务需要有可行的商业计划并遵守供需的基本原理。在电子商务领域的失败往往和其他商业领域的一样，缺乏对商业基本原则的领会。
一支出色的被信息技术策略武装起来的管理团队。一个公司的信息战略需要成为商业流程重组的一个部分。
为客户提供一个方便而且安全的方式进行交易。信用卡是最互联网上普遍的支付手段，大约90%的在线支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在过去，加密的信用卡号码信息通过独立的第三方支付网关在顾客和商户之间传递，现在大部分小企业和个体企业还是如此。如今大部分规模稍大的公司直接在网站上通过与商业银行或是信用卡公司之间的协议处理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用并行计算、硬体冗余、失败处理、信息加密和网路防火墙技术来达到这个需求。
提供360度视角的客户关系，即确保无论是公司的雇员、供应商还是伙伴均可以获得对客户完整和一致的视角，而不是被选择或者过滤得信息。因为，客户不会对在权威主义（老大哥）监视的感觉有好的评价。
构建一个商业模型。如果在2000年的教科书上有这麼一段，很多“.com”公司可能不会破产。
设计一个电子商务价值链，关注在数量有限的核心竞争力上，而不是一个一站购齐的解决方案。如果合适的编制程序，网路商店可以在专业或者通用的特性中获得其中一个。
运作最前沿或者尽可能的接近最前沿的技术，并且在紧紧跟随技术的变化。（但是需要记住，商业的基本规则和技术的基本规则有很大的区别，不要同样在商业模式上赶时髦）
建立一个足够敏感和敏捷的组织，及时应对在经济、社会和环境上发生的任何变化。
提供一个有足够吸引力的网站。有品味的使用颜色、图片、动画、照片、字体和足够的留白空间可以达到这一目标。
流畅的商业流程，可以通过流程再造和信息技术来获得。
提供能完全理解商品和服务的信息，不仅仅包括全部产品信息还有可靠的顾问建议和挑选建议。
自然，电子商务供应商行业需要履行普世的原则，例如保证提供的商品的质量和可用性、物流的可靠性，并且及时有效的处理客户的投诉。在网路环境下，有一个独一无二的特点，客户可以获得远多於传统的“砖块+水泥”地商业环境下关於商家
顾客为先
一个成功的电子商务机构必须提供一个既满意而又具意义的经验给顾客。都由各种顾客为先因素构成，包括以下:
提供额外的利益给顾客: 电子销售商如要做到这一点，可提供产品或其产品系列，以一个较低的价格吸引潜在的客户、如传统商贸一样.
提供优质服务: 提供一个互动及易於使用的购买经验及场所，亦如传统零售商一样， 都有助某程度上达至上述目标。为鼓励顾客再回来购买。可利用赠品或促销礼券、优惠及折扣等。 还可以互相连接其他相关网站和广告联盟等。
提供个人服务: 提供个人化的网站、购买建议、个人及特别优惠的方式，有助增加互动、人性化来代替传统的销售方式。
提供社区意识: 可以聊天室、讨论板以及一些忠诚顾客计划(亦称亲和力计划)都对提供社区意识有一定的帮助。
令顾客拥有全面性的体验: 提供电子个人化服务，根据顾客的喜好，提供个别服务，使顾客感受与别不同的体验，便可成为公司独特的卖点及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服务网站、易用及无须协助的环境，都有一定的帮助。包括所有的产品资料，交叉推销信息、谘询产品补替、用品及配件选择等。
提供各种资讯: 如个人电子通讯录、网上购物等。透过丰富的比较资料及良好的搜索设备，提供信息和构件安全、健康的评论给顾客。可协助个人电子服务来确定更多潜在顾客。
失败因素
个人资料的外泄是最大的因素，如果有骇客破解网页原始码，并在网页上种下木马或是病毒，只要你登入并打上个人资料，骇客便可以马上知道你在网页上打下哪些个人资料。所以如何保护顾客的个资等是电子商务最大的问题，如果不妥善处理，那此电子店家便会被淘汰。
⑦ 求一个电子商务方面的英文文献及翻译3000字左右的
http://www.cecb.cn/simple/index.php?t25601.html
或许有你想要的
⑧ 请给一篇：中国电子商务发展概况 英文版论文 不胜感激！
有关我国电子商务发展现状及趋势研究
[摘要]在全球信息化大势所驱的影响下，各国的电子商务不断的改进和完善，电子商务成为各个国家和各大公司争夺的焦点。研究探讨电子商务现状和制定实施恰当的电子商务的政策问题就十分迫切。而在我国，计算机与网络技术的普及与发展，电子商务迅速崛起，众多的信息技术企业、风险投资公司、生产流通企业纷纷开展电子商务。
[关键词] 电子商务 发展现状 分析
电子商务源于英文ELECTRONIC COMMERCE，简写为EC。顾名思义，其内容包含两方面，一是电子方式，二是商贸活动。一般来说是指利用电子信息网络等电子化手段进行的商务活动，是指商务活动的电子化、网络化。广义而言，电子商务还包括政府机构、企事业单位各种内部业务的电子化。电子商务可被看作是一种现代化的商业和行政作业方法，这种方法通过改善产品和服务质量、提高服务传递速度，满足政府组织、厂商和消费者的降低成本的需求，并通过计算机网络加快信息交流以支持决策。电子商务可以包括通过电子方式进行的各项社会活动。随着信息技术的发展，电子商务的内涵和外延也在不断充实和扩展，并不断被赋予新的含义，开拓出更广阔的应用空间。
电子商务将成为二十一世纪人类信息世界的核心，也是网络应用的发展方向，具有无法预测的增长前景。电子商务还将构筑二十一世纪新型的经济贸易框架。大力发展电子商务，对于国家以信息化带动工业化的战略，实现跨越式发展，增强国家竞争力，具有十分重要的战略意义。
一、电子商务市场发展前景诱人
虽然目前还不能预测电子商务交易模式何时能成为主流模式，但电子商务的市场发展潜力是无穷的，因为：一方面，潜在消费者的发展速度惊人。据联合国贸发会议《2002年电子商务发展报告》显示，到2002年底，全球英特网用户已达6．5亿之众。在中国，据中国互联网信息中心(CNNIC)最新的调查报告显示，截止2003年6月底，上网用户已达到6800万，比去年同期增长48．5％，而1997年10月首次调查结果只有62万，几年间增长了109。7倍。他们中的一部分已是电子商务的消费者，而更多的则是这个快速发展市场的潜在消费者。另一方面，电子商务交易额快速增长。
二、我国电子商务面临的问题
1、 电子商务的搜索功能问题
当在网上购物时，用户面临的一个很大的问题就是如何在众多的网站找到自己想要的物品，并以最低的价格买到。搜索引擎看起来很简单：用户输入一个查询关键词，搜索引擎就按照关键词语到数据库去查找，并返回最合适的WEB页连接。但根据NEC研究所与INKTOMI公司最近研究结果表明，目前在互连网上至少10亿网页需要建立索引。而现在搜索引擎仅仅能对5亿网页建立索引，仍然有一半不能索引。这主要不是由于技术原因，而是由于在线商家希望保护商品价格的隐私权。因此当用户在网上购物时，不得不一个网站一个网站搜索下去，直到找到满意价格的物品。
2、电子商务的安全性问题
电子商务的安全问题仍是影响电子商务发展的主要因素。由于INTERNET的迅速流行，电子商务引起了广泛的注意，被公认为是未来IT最有潜力的新的增长点。然而，在开放的网络上处理交易，如何保证传输数据的安全成为电子商务能否普及的最重要的因数之一。调查公司曾对电子商务的应用前景进行过在线调查，当问到为什么不愿意在线购物时，绝大多数人的问题是担心遭到黑客的侵袭而导致信用卡信息丢失。因此，有一部分人或企业因担心安全问题而不愿意使用电子商务，安全成为电子商务发展中最大的障碍。如：安全可靠的通讯网络；有效防护连接在网络上的信息系统；有效防止资料被盗去或盗用；培训电子商务人才，使其了解如何防护其信息系统和资料的安全。
3、电子商务管理的问题
电子商务的多姿多彩给世界带来了全新的商务规则和方式，这更加要求在管理上要做到规范，这个管理的概念应该涵盖商务管理，技术管理，服务管理等多方面，因此要同时在这些方面达到一个比较令人满意的规范程度，不是一时半时就可以做到的。另外电子商务平台的前后端相一致也是非常重要的。前台的WEB平台是直接面向消费者的，是电子商务的门面。而后台的内部经营管理体系则是完成电子商务的必要条件，它关系到前台所承接的业务最终能不能得到很好的实现。一个完善的后台系统更能体现一个电子商务公司的综合实力，因为它将最终决定提供给用户的是什么样的服务，决定电子商务的管理是不是有效，决定电子商务公司最终能不能实现赢利。
4、电子商务的税务问题
税务，是一个国家重要的财政来源。由于电子商务的交易活动是在没有固定场所的国际信息网络环境下进行，造成国家难以控制和收取电子商务的税金。因此，在指定与电子商务有关的政策法规时，需要重新审视传统的税收政策和手段，建立新的，有效的税收机制。
5、电子商务的标准问题
各国的国情不同，电子商务的交易方式和手段当然也存在某些差异，而且我们要面对无国界，全球性的贸易活动，因此需要在电子商务交易过动中建立相关的，统一的国际性标准，以解决电子商务活动的相互操作问题。中国电子商务目前的问题是概念不清，搞电子的商务，搞商务的搞电子，呈现一种离散，无序，局部的状态。因此，目前需要解决三个问题：一是解决统一标准的电子商务综合服务平台；二是电子商务的关键在于业务，应用是其龙头，因此要把各种各样的业务和服务接进来；三是解决互连互通的标准问题。
6、 电子商务的费用支出问题
由于金融手段落后，信用制度不健全，中国人更喜欢现金交易，没有使用信用卡的习惯。而在美国，现金交易较少，国民购物基本上采用信息卡支付，而且国家处于金融，税收，治安等方面的原因，也鼓励使用信息卡以减少现金的流通。完善的金融制度方便，可靠，安全的支付手段是B 2 C电子商务发展的基本条件。不难看出，影响我国电子商务发展的不单是网络带宽的狭窄，上网费用的昂贵，人才的不足以及配送的滞后，更重要的原应来自于信用制度不健全与人们的生活习惯。因此，我们应该加大金融改革力度，健全法制，建立信用制度，正确引导人们改变一些生活习惯，为我国B 2 C电子商务的发展创造有利的发展环境。
7、电子商务的合同法律问题
在电子商务中，传统商务交易所采取的书面合同已经不适用了。一方面，电子合同存在容易编造，难以证明其真实性和有效性的问题；另一方面，现有的法律尚未对电子合同的数字化印章和签名的法律效率进行规范。此外，现有的技术还无法做到对数字印章和签名的唯一性，保密性进行准确无误的认定。如何保证电子商务活动中合同的有效性及电子印章和电子签名的有效性，是保证电子商务正常发展的重要因素之一。
三、 如何进一步改善我国电子商务发展环境的主要措施
电子商务是一项巨大的、复杂的系统工程，不可能一蹴而就。从中长期来讲，应从以下方面入手加以推动和引导：
1、做好电子商务的发展规划和宏观指导
电子商务是一项新生事物，其技术发展速度很快，业务方式没有最终定型，给政策的制定带来了一定的困难。这就要求政策制定者对市场的变化保持高度的敏感，加强研究，适时制定鼓励电子商务发展的政策。在这一过程中，相关的中介组织，如行业协会等应充分发挥自己联系政府和企业的纽带作用，做好企业与政府部门的信息沟通，协助政府做好产业发展规划。
2、加强基础设施建设
电子商务是基于信息网络的商务活动，需要建设必要的信息基础设施和手段，包括各种信息传输网络的建设、信息传输设备的研制、信息技术的开发等，使电子商务的发展奠定在坚实的环境建设基础上。要构建一个值得信赖并能够保证信息的完整性和安全性的多层次的开放的网络体系，加强基础网络的建设，改善国内用户环境。
3、 加强电子商务宣传和人才培养
目前，部门、行业信息的电子化方面力量严重不足：而没有各个部门、行业信息的电子化，电子商务就只能是纸上谈兵。所以，充分利用各种途径和手段培养、引进并合理使用好一批素质较高、层次合理、专业配套的网络、计算机及经营管理的专业人才，是我国电子商务建设成功的根本保证。同时，面对电子商务的安全问题，政府有关部门组织有关企业和研究单位制定安全技术，这是责无旁贷的。
4、 加强政府的示范和引导，开展电子商务示范工程
通过实施政府信息化，提高政府工作效率和透明度，促进政府与社会的沟通；发展政府部门之间的非支付性电子商务，促进有关部门在电子商务实施中的关系协调，推动管理部门联网，实现商务管理电子化；发展政府和企业间的电子商务，实现政府采购网络化。有针对性地扶持重点行业、企业开展电子商务，通过试点总结经验加以推广。
四、 我国电子商务的发展趋势分析
1、 纵深化趋势
电子商务的基础设施将日益完善，支撑环境逐步趋向规范，企业发展电子商务的深度进一步拓展，个人参与电子商务的深度也将得到拓展。图象通信网，多媒体通信网将建成使用，三网合一潮流势不可挡，高速宽带互连网将扮演越来越重要的角色，制约中国电子商务发展的网络瓶颈有望得到缓解和逐步解决。我国电子商务的发展将具备良好的网络平台和运行环境。电子商务的支撑环境逐步趋向规范和完善。个人对电子商务的应用将从目前点对点的直线方式走向多点的智能式发展。
2、 个性化趋势
个性化定制信息需求将会强劲，个性化商品的深度参与成为必然。互连网的出现，发展和普及本身就是对传统秩序型经济社会组织中个人的一种解放，使个性的张扬和创造力的发挥有了一个更加有利的平台，也使消费者主权的实现有了更有效的技术基础。在这方面，个性化定制信息需求和个性化商品需求将成为发展方向，消费者把个人的篇好参与到商品的设计和制造过程中去，对所有面向个人消费者的电子商务活动来说，提供多样化的比传统商业更具有个性化的服务，是决定今后成败的关键因素。
3、专业化趋势
面向消费者的垂直型网站和专业化网站前景看好，面向行业的专业电子商务平台发展潜力大。一是面向个人 消费者的专业化趋势。要满足消费者个性化的要求，提供专业化的产品线和专业水准的服务至关重要。今后若干年内我国上网人口仍将是以中高收入水平的人群为猪，他们购买力强，受教育程度高，消费个性化需求比较强烈。
4、 国际化趋势
中国电子商务必然走向世界，同时也面临着世界电子商务强手的严峻挑战。互连网最大的优势之一就是超越时间，空间的限制，能够有效地打破国家和地区之间各种有形和无形的障碍，这对促进每个国家和地区对外经济，技术，资金，信息等的交流将起到革命年个 的作用。电子商务将有力的刺激对外贸易。因此，我国电子商务企业将随着国际电子商务环境的规范和完善逐步走向世界。我国企业可以由此同发达国家真正站在一个起跑线上，变我国在市场经济轨道上的后发劣势为后发优势。电子商务对我国的中小企业开拓国际市场，利用好国外各种资源是一个千载难逢的有利时机。同时，国外电子商务企业将努力开拓中国市场。随着中国加入WTO，这方面的障碍将逐步得以消除。
5、 区域化优势
立足中国国情采取有重点的区域化战略是有效扩大网上营销规模和效益的必然途径。中国电子商务的区域由优势与前面强调的国际化优势并不矛盾。区域化优势是就中国独特的国情条件而言的。中国是一个人口众多，幅员辽阔的大过，社会群体在收入，观念，文化水平的很多方面都有不同的特点。
6、 融合化趋势
电子商务网站在最初的全面开花直后必然走向新的融合。一是同类网站之间的合并。目前大量的网站属于“重复建设”，定位相同或相近，业务内容相似，激烈竞争的结果只能是少数企业最终胜出，处于弱势状态的网站最终免不了被吃掉或者关门的结果。二是同类别网站之间互补性的兼并。那些处于领先地位的电子商务企业在资源，品牌，客户规模等诸方面虽然有很大优势，但这毕竟是相对而言的，与国外著名电子商务企业相比不不是一个数量级的。这些具备良好基础和发展前景的网站在扩张的过程中必然采取收购策略，主要的模式将是互补性收购。三是战略联盟。由于个性化，专业化是电子商务发展的两大趋势，每个网站在资源方面总是有限的，客户需求又是全方位的，所以不同类型的网站以战略联盟的形式互相协作必成为必然。
总之，随着经济全球化和信息技术与信息产业迅速发展，电子商务将成为今后信息交流的热点，成为各国争先发展，各个产业部门最为关注的领域。中国电子商务虽然还处在初始阶段，面临着体制，技术，管理等诸多问题，但是已迈出可喜的一步。我们只有具备战略性和前瞻性的眼光，适应全球经济一体化的趋势，努力发展适合我国国情的电子商务，才能立于不败之地。
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6.安妮利尔,翻译: 岳云霞,徐莺燕,钱家红,《网络的未来》,中信出版社,2002，P286～289
7.Rabinovitch E, The state of E-commerce, IEEE Communications magazine,2001.3,P12～12
8.蒋志培，《网络与电子商务法》,法律出版社，2001.5，P100～101
仅供参考，请自借鉴
希望对您有帮助
由于篇幅限制，只能给您中文的。请谅解
⑨ 求助 一篇有关电子商务的英文文献
一篇电子商务英文文献(The development of e-commerce )-
A perfect market
May 13th 2004
From The Economist print edition
E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble years
WHEN the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’ potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.
The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world.
But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail instry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia.com and hotels.com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.
Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Alt Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.
Tip of the iceberg
And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.
So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.
To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.
Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought procts offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable procts, such as DVDs, and then graate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.
People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.
Why websites matter
This has enormous implications for business. A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, procts and services—even if the firm does not sell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results.
For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a proct or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.
The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a company’s procts have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.
What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling proct information from the transaction itself.
All about me
It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.”
Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them. The first thing they want is to become better informed about procts and prices. “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health procts, jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.
And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.
How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display procts, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.
One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?
One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and proct information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.
[1]Singh M P， An Evolutionary Look at E-Commerce， IEEE Internet Computing，2001.5，P77～78
[2]Rabinovitch E, The state of E-commerce, IEEE Communications magazine,2001.3,P12～12
[3]Amit R, Zott C. Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal 2001;22:493–520
⑩ 电子商务英文参考文献
迷失方向，找不到路，
在准备从头开始时，
又遇到一个可以让我牺牲回一切的人，
为什么？是答他......
他只是一个平常和我根本就不答腔的人，
本来和他开玩笑的，为什么会变成真的？
真的，社会好现实，人，活着，就为了一个字，
钱，钱真的那么重要吗？
人，没了命钱拿来干嘛啊，死了能带到棺材里面吗？
说的对；
世界上没有永远的情意，只有永远的利用，
知道这是谁说的吗？永远没人相信这句话出自一个小学都还没毕业并且现在只是一个普通的卖烧烤的人说的......
2010年了，快过年了，我却一个人还在外地漂泊，
没有方向，接下来，我该飘往何处？
5点了，我该停下来了，准备去上班了，
他们说笑贫不笑娼，对吗？我只有笑娼不笑贫 ，
因为，我永远不会走我MM的路，
就此停笔```~