『壹』 急求关于网络保险的英文文献！！！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA
网络保险
Internet Insurance
Network insurance
Net Insurance
保险学 Insurance
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=en
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
Principles of insurance
A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for indivial members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.
Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the indivial characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an indivial policy could proce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire instry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any indivial insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.
[edit] Indemnification
Main article: Indemnity
The technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.
An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].
Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an indivial, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.
[edit] Insurer’s business model
Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.
Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.
The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price procts accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).
An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.
Insurance companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.
In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance instry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]
Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, e to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.
Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.
Types of insurance
Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.
Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]
Health
Health insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for indivials to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.
[edit] Disability
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards.
Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.
[edit] Life insurance
Main article: Life insurance
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.
Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.
In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.
In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.
Property
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
字数超限了。。。
『贰』 关于保险业网络营销与传统营销整合的外文文献
是用英文写作？
『叁』 关于医疗保险保险的外文文献能不能给我发两个
医疗保险保险的外文文献WO帮你完成吧。
『肆』 商业保险对社保结合的外文文献
外文文献自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文数据库下载啊去自己的学校图书馆主页会找到很多外文数据库的中回文文献到知答网，维普等中文数据库下载，主页上也会有很多其他的上面的下载方式很多的，但只有在校园网内免费获取校园网外可以利用google学术搜索，有部分能免费下载另外还可以在网络文库等共享网站上找找
『伍』 跪求一篇4000字左右的外文文献，关于银行保险的
2.Incentive contracts in the Chinese banking instry
To comprehend the impact of incentive contracts it is important to be familiar with the institutional background of China’s banking instry, the place in which the incentive contracts that we are studying were designed and executed. To this end we begin by focusing on two financial institutions in rural China, the Agricultural Bank of China(ABC)and the Rural Credit Cooperatives(RCC),covered by the survey data.
The ABC is one of the four specialized state-owned banks in China.5 It serves the financial needs of both urban and rural areas. In contrast, RCCs exclusively target rural clients. The main difference between the ABC and RCCs lies in the nature of ownership: the RCCs have a collective ownership status allowing them more flexibility in complying with central financial policies. The RCCs were formerly under the supervision of the ABC, but attained the status of an independent financial institution in 1994.These two financial institutions currently dominate the formal financial system in rural China.As of the late 1990s,they accounted for nearly 80 percent of total rural deposits and loans(Brandt and Li,2003;Brandt et al.,2005).
The ABC has its headquarters in Beijing and has branch offices at locations corresponding to every administrative level.6 In contrast, RCCs are local financial institutions with their headquarters–called the Federation of RCCs (xin yong lian she) –at the county level. In general, both the ABC and RCCs have established branches(henceforth referred to as bank branches)in each township. The locations of bank branches reflect the territorial structure of the governmental system, and the scope of business is designed to minimize overlapping and competition within the same institution.
Before the economic reforms started, China’s state-owned banks, just like other SOEs, were primarily subject to centralized management and economic planning. The government provided no incentives to motivate bank managers or workers to exert effort; their pay was predetermined and thus independent of performance. Since the early 1980s, however, China has sought to reform its banking sector. So far, the government’s major reform involves the introction of performance-based incentives for bank managers and workers; the managers are provided incentives, but the state has not relinquished ownership of the banks(Groves et al.,1994).As a major reform initiative to improve the performance of state-owned banks, especially targeted at increasing deposits and recing non-performing loans, the government initiated a bonus system for state-owned banks in the mid-1980s. Usually, the higher-level bank, a county bank in our case, signs a so-called responsibility contract indivially with each township branch manager. The contracts, normally signed on an annual basis, specify a formula tying the bank manager’s monetary rewards to performance.
2.奖励的合同，在中国银行界
理解的影响，激励合同，这是重要的是要熟悉的体制背景下中国的银行界，发生在其中的激励合同，我们正在研究，设计并执行枪决。为此，我们首先着眼于两个金融机构在中国农村，中国农业银行（ ABC法）和农村信用社（碾压混凝土） ，统计调查所涵盖的数据。
美国广播公司就是其中的四个专门国有独资商业银行在中国.5它的经济需要，城市和农村地区。在此相反，农村信用社专门的目标，农村的客户。之间的主要差别ABC和农村信用社，关键在性质所有权：农村信用社有一个集体所有权的地位，让他们更灵活地遵守中央的金融政策。该以前农村信用社的监督下的ABC ，但达到的地位，一个独立的金融机构在1994.these两个金融机构目前主宰正规金融体系在中国农村.例如20世纪90年代末，他们占近80 ％的占农村总存款及贷款（勃兰特和李， 2003年;勃兰特等人， 2005年） 。
美国广播公司其总部设在北京，并已分支办事处的地点，相应的每个行政级别.6此相反，农村信用社是地方金融机构与他们的总部所谓的联邦农村信用社（辛勇佘廉）在县一级。在一般，无论是ABC和农村信用社建立了党支部（此后被称为银行分行）在每一个乡镇。地点银行分行反映领土结构的政府系统，以及业务范围是设计，以尽量减少重叠和竞争，在同一机构。
前经济改革开始，中国的国有独资商业银行，就像其他国有企业，主要是受到集中管理和经济规划。政府没有提供诱因，激励银行经理或工人着力;他们的薪酬是既定的，因此独立的表现。自八十年代初期，但是，中国已要求改革其银行界。直至目前为止，政府的重大改革，涉及引入基于业绩的奖励措施，为银行管理人员和工人;基金经理所提供的诱因，但国家并没有放弃所有权的银行（林等人， 1994年） 。作为一个重大改革，主动改善的表现，国有独资商业银行，特别是有针对性的增加存款，减少不履约贷款，政府发起了花红制度，为国有独资商业银行在八十年代中期。通常情况下，更高水平的银行，一个县的银行在我们的情况下，标志一个所谓的责任，合同单独与每个乡镇分行经理。合同，通常签署了关于一年度的基础上，指定一个公式绑银行经理的货币奖励表现。
『陆』 求一篇关于银行保险业务的英文文献
我国金融衍生产品市场发展现状与对策
[摘要] 金融衍生产品自20世纪80年代以来经历了一个迅速发展过程,国际金融市场因金融衍生产品的出现而异彩纷呈,金融衍生产品市场交易额的增长速度大大超过了传统金融产品,并逐步成为国际市场的重要组成部分和发展的驱动力。随着我国人民币汇率制度改革、利率市场化及资本市场股权分置改革等进程的不断加快,金融衍生产品在国内市场的发展契机已经到来。本文对国内金融衍生市场的现状、问题及发展前景进行分析,借鉴国际金融衍生市场经验对我国金融衍生产品市场发展提出对策建议。
[关键词] 金融衍生产品 风险规避 金融创新
金融衍生产品是在20世纪七八十年代初新一轮金融创新的背景下兴起和发展起来的. 近20年来,金融衍生产品市场的迅速发展已经成为国际金融市场最显着、最重要的特征之一。据国际清算银行(BIS)统计报告显示,从2004年中期至2007年中期,全球衍生品交易量,从220万亿美元升至516万亿美元;名义价值折合年率上升33%。我国金融衍生产品市场起步较晚,近些年来,随着我国利率市场化和汇率形成机制改革进程的不断深入,利率风险和汇率风险日益显现.同时,金融机构和企业面临的竞争日益加剧.完善我国金融市场体系,发展金融衍生产品市场,是我国金融业的必然选择。
一、我国金融衍生产品市场发展现状
1.我国金融衍生产品市场发展状况
以上世纪90年代初少数机构开展地下期货交易为起点,我国金融衍生产品市场先后出现了外汇期货、国债期货、指数期货及配股权证等交易品种。1992年~1995年间,上海和海南的交易所曾推出过国债和股指期货; 2004年推出的买断式回购,2005年推出的银行间债券远期交易、人民币远期产品、人民币互换和远期结算的机构安排等,意味着中国衍生品市场已小荷初露。此后,伴随着股权分置改革而创立的各式权证使衍生品开始进入普通投资者的视野,权证市场成为仅次于香港的全球第二大市场。2006年9月8日,中国金融期货交易所在上海挂牌成立,拉开了我国金融衍生品市场发展的大幕。黄金期货于2008年1月9日在上海期货交易所的鸣锣上市,使得期货市场品种体系进一步健全,除石油外,国外成熟市场主要的大宗商品期货品种基本上都在我国上市交易。
2.我国金融衍生产品市场存在的主要问题
尽管我国金融衍生品市场发展较快,目前仍处于起步阶段,存在许多问题.
(1)市场规范化建设不足
一般而言,各金融衍生市场的具体管理制度依各自情况而定,但就其总的原则章程来讲,又是一致的、规范的。这种规范化便于交易,并能够促进衍生产品的进一步发展。我国金融衍生产品的发展不仅没有做到规范起步,而且其监督管理也处于混乱的状态。首先表现在多头管理上,证监会、人行、国家发改会、财政部、地方政府以及沪深证券交易所都享有一定的管理权。导致政出多门、市场政策缺乏稳定性、交易所之间不平等竞争,管理混乱。其次,交易制度、交易程序不规范。
(2)现货市场规模不匹配
由于衍生产品的派生性,任何衍生产品市场的发展,都要有成熟完善的现货市场作保证。没有合理的现货市场规模,就不会有合理的市场价格。市场容量越小,就越易造成价格的人为控制。表现在国债期货市场上就是多方利用现券流通不足的“瓶颈效应”,在期市上做多的同时,凭借其资金优势,拉升现券价格加以配合,使空方卖空的保证金不断追加并流入自己的户头,造成“多逼空”的市场格局,“314风波”、“327风波”、“319风波”的原因都是在“多逼空”的布场环境下,空方不得已而巨额抛售合约打压价格造成的。
(3)产品设计不尽合理
金融衍生产品的基本功能是转移风险。然而实践表明,多个品种的运用中风险并未有效转移反而扩大。这是由于金融衍生品“双刃剑”自身特点决定的,而导致我们实践应用中无益而害的导火索即是不尽合理的产品设计。举例说明:
国债期货。此产品的设计功能之一就是规避利率风险,但由于我国利率的非市场化,国债到期价格是固定的,这使国债现货的买卖并无风险可避。在这种情况下,推出的国债期货就变成了一种投机手段,国债期货市场变成了各大券商赌博的场所。
股票权证。股票权证市场是我国最大的的金融衍生产品市场.它推出的目的,主要是为了满足股权分置改革中非流通股股东降低对价等当期综合成本需要而设计的,带有较浓的行政和福利色彩。该产品并不具备规避市场系统性风险的对冲作用和价格发现功能,自上市以来就被作为搏傻游戏工具。
(4)缺少真正市场均衡价格
在我国金融市场上,大多数金融价格还不是完全的市场均衡价格,相差于均衡价格之间的价差,即是游资和投机者的争夺之战,这将加大风险范围,削弱其规避风险、发现价格的功能。国家对外汇管制仍然较严,人民币资本项目下自由兑换和利率市场化都还未实现。1996年全国银行间统一拆借利率CHIBOR已经出现,但还远未像英国LIBOR利率那样具有权威性指导作用,还称不上是真正的市场均衡利率。另外,国家对银行存贷款利率、国债发行利率还实行管制,真正的市场利率也还不能形成。
(5)信息披露制度不健全
金融衍生产品的价格与利率、汇率、股票价格等基础性金融衍生产品价格有密切的关系。我国是一个对金融价格管制较紧的国家,金融产品价格市场化程度不高,国家政策对金融产品价格变化影响很大,并且与重大信息的披露和财政金融政策的公布有密切关系。在市场经济比较成熟的国家,重大的信息披露及有关政策的公布均有严格的程序,泄密者和传播谣言者将会受到严惩,以保证交易公平、公正、公开。我国证券法规将发行人澄清谣传的义务仅限于澄清“公共传播媒介”中出现的谣传,这显然过于狭窄;对“重要问题”的标准界定不清,概念外延很大。另外,在信息披露频率过低。
二、我国金融衍生产品发展对策建议
1.我国发展金融衍生品市场基本原则和模式选择
对于发展我国金融衍生产品市场的指导思想,从宏观上讲,应坚持以市场主导、行政助力的基本原则。金融衍生产品的推进次序处于微观层面,要与我国经济和金融市场改革的进程相适应、相协调。同时金融衍生产品市场的发展,需要市场基础、投资者结构、法律法规的完善等多方面的协调,谨防风险反向作用。从微观上看,需坚持控制风险优先,投机获利次之的原则。
我国金融衍生品市场的发展的模式选择应从强制性演进开始,形成强制性演进模式到诱致性演进模式的良性循环和互动。美国和英国采取的诱致性演进模式经验表明,在先发国家的金融衍生品市场上,金融创新者由于满足了市场规模庞大的避险需求而得到垄断利润,因此可以弥补创新的成本,金融衍生品市场发展很快。但是由于金融衍生品的公共产品特性,诱致性演进到了一定的阶段之后也许无法确保市场形成足够的创新。而对于后发国家而言,韩国和新加坡采取的强制性演进模式的经验表明,在先发国家已经取得成功经验的情况下,采用强制性演进模式也许是一个更好的选择,这样可以使后发国家能够以更快的速度发展。
2.我国发展金融衍生市场具体措施
(1)稳步推进我国金融衍生市场的国际化
金融衍生市场本质上是国际化的竞争性市场。一国衍生市场的对外开放通过两种方式实现:一是允许外国资本参与本国衍生产品交易;二是允许本国企业直接进入国际衍生市场,或通过经纪公司代理国外业务。
从我国未来的衍生市场的发展来看,实现国际化的目标,需要经过两个发展阶段:一是以开拓国内金融衍生市场为中心的国内经营阶段。这是起步阶段,应重点发展合乎社会需要的衍生产品,完善交易规则和监管体系,培育衍生市场的交易主体。二是金融衍生市场的国际化阶段。在这个阶段上,应当放开对企业和金融机构参与国际衍生市场的限制,同时允许外国资本在规定条件下参与中国衍生市场。
(2)科学安排发展金融衍生产品交易顺序
金融衍生产品种类繁多,不同的衍生产品所需要的发展基础和条件不尽相同,也不可能同时具备和成熟。因此,发展金融衍生产品交易应科学地安排顺序,时机成熟的先行推出,时机尚不成熟的则积极创造条件,既要积极又要稳妥。
首先,优先发展场内交易,适度利用场外交易。场外交易的优势在于更能够适应大型投资机构的需要。与场外市场相比,交易所在资信程度、风险控制、市场组织、制度设计、交易结算等方面有更大的优势,交易所交易的标准化衍生产品透明性更好,流动性更强、成本低,既有利于参与者防范和规避风险,也有利于市场监管。因此,优先发展交易所主导的标准化金融衍生产品符合国内金融市场的实际。与此同时,可以允许更多的金融机构和企业适度地开展场外交易。
其次,金融期货的发展先于期权和互换。从期货市场的发展顺序来看,期权是在期货之后发展而来。从某种程度上讲,期权是期货的高级形式,其目的是为期货交易提供一种保值工具。我国应该在总结商品期货运作多年经验的基础上,首先推出金融期货产品,再确定时机逐步推出金融期权、互换等衍生产品,最终形成较为完备的金融衍生产品市场体系。
再次,在金融衍生产品发展方面,应以国债期货和股指期货为突破口。我国国债和股票规模都相当大,当前股票市场即使完全规范,其价格波动仍然不可避免,推出股指期货不仅有市场需求,也可减少价格的不合理、非理性波动。我国国债品种多、期限长、数量大,只要利率波动,避险需求就强烈。另外,国债期货也有利于发现远期利率,促进长期投资。
『柒』 求助一篇关于保险的英文文献，谢谢
If you'd like to get quick auto insurance quotes, or find a local car insurance agent, you're in the right place. But we offer much more than car insurance. Thousands of satisfied customers depend on us for insurance on their homes. Plus we are America's #1 RV insurance specialist.
『捌』 银行保险 外文文献及翻译
银，。／行保险的
『玖』 保险理财的外文文献
简单，推荐你上中国知网或中国期刊网下载，可能还得花点小钱！上面都是别人的论文，不要担心抄袭！
『拾』 保险诚信方面的外文翻译
相关范文：
关于保险诚信的几点思考
About insurance integrity Thoughts
摘 要 保险诚信是威胁保险业生存乃至政府诚信和社会诚信的重要因素；诚信原则是保险经营的重要原则，保险诚信首先要求保险人做到最大诚信，最大诚信是保险人的道德准则；诚信是投保人和被保险人的基本法律准则和行事规范；要建立保险当事方的互信机制，促成良性互动。
关键词 保险诚信 诚信原则 保险人
Abstract：Credibility is the threat of insurance the insurance instry and even the survival of the Government of the integrity and good faith an important factor in society; the principle of good faith are important principles of insurance business, insurance honesty requires, first of all the insurance people to do the utmost good faith, utmost good faith is the insurer's code of ethics; honest policyholders are and the insured person's basic legal norms and normative acts; to set up mutual trust between the parties insurance mechanisms, to promote positive interaction.
Key Words：Integrity Insurance，Principle of good faith，Insurers
1 保险诚信缺失是威胁保险业生存乃至政府诚信和社会诚信的重要因素
保险诚信是社会诚信的重要组成部分，保险诚信理论上说是对双方而言的，但这里要着重强调保险企业的诚信问题。
目前，部分保险企业和员工的保险诚信问题严重影响了保险业的形象和健康发展。可以说，影响保险业发展壮大的，首先不是保险产品的创新、不是保险霸王条款，而是保险的不诚信。保险的不诚信极大地打压了潜在的保险需求，阻碍了潜在的保险需求转化为现实的保险需求。虽然从中国GDP的总量、保险深度、保险密度等指标来看，中国的保险是一座待开挖的金矿，但乱开乱挖的现象十分严重，保险资源被破坏殆尽，而且挖掘本身在最近几年呈现出速度放缓的势头。
更为言重地说，诚信问题已经威胁到了保险行业的根基。在老百姓的心目中，现在保险行业的信誉度很差，有些人甚至将保险营销和传销等同起来。如果任一些影响保险诚信的现象持续下去，保险行业本身的生存都会受到挑战。剖开表面的繁荣，保险业内危机重重。如果不提升保险业的诚信，整个行业的生存根基将会受到摧蚀，保险本身将不复存在。
保险业本身还附有人类善良使者的天然特性。而如果一个所谓的善良天使带给人的总是失落、怀疑、欺骗和损失，那将是对个人乃至整个社会的正面价值观和信仰体系的动摇。长此以往，将不仅仅是诚信的缺失，而是整个社会信仰的缺失和迷惘。如果人与人之间总是互相猜忌防范，人们找不到信仰的正确取向，那和谐社会的建立何日能谈起呢。
诚信是保险业的生命线，诚信不仅是影响保险业发展的问题，更是影响到保险业存在的千秋大计。保险诚信还是社会诚信和政府诚信的重要因素。它关系到政府的形象、社会的稳定与和谐社会的建立。我们应该从生存的危机意识来认识保险诚信。只有这样，才是从思想上和行为上真正重视保险诚信。
2 保险诚信原则首先要求保险人的最大诚信
一般而言，保险诚信要求保险的各方当事人明诚守信，诚信原则是保险活动应当遵守的基本原则。在保险活动中，既不可能要求所有的投保人都是或者都会成为保险专家，也不可能要求保险人对所有的承保对象都掌握得很细致透彻，这就是保险的信息不对称性。由于这种信息的不对称性，在保险活动中，当事方对风险的判断均依赖于对方的如实告知或说明，任何一方的隐瞒或者欺诈，就有可能导致对方判断失误而深受其害。由此可见，诚信的程度对保险具有特别重要的意义，所以保险中的诚信原则有“最大诚信”原则之称。
由于保险行业的专业性强，行话术语多，而且保险合同和产品往往由保险公司“生产”， 保险人自然会占有一些天然优势。这样，诚信原则首先要求保险人诚实守信，而且应该是最大程度的诚实守信。要“群众”做到的，“干部”要首先做到而且要做得最好。保险人不仅要做到客观上的最大诚信，更应该是主观上的最大诚信。最大诚信原则应该是保险人的道德准则，保险人的诚信应该是诚信的最高标准和境界。保险人对自己的要求应该是理想主义和完美主义。这就要求保险人要在以下方面做到：
在告知上，保险人应该履行无限告知义务而不仅仅是询问告知，只要实际上与保险标的风险状况有关的事实都有如实告知的义务。凡是涉及到保险的事项、条款与术语等都必须诚实地告诉或解释给投保人，而且要做到知无不言、言无不尽。既要全面、深刻，还要在解释中尽可能通俗化或者使保单通俗化，在一些容易引起歧义和争议的条款上应该加以注释，一些非常关键的内容例如退保有损失等应该加以突出。在保险的宣传中做到实事求是，不夸大其辞，不只说好的一面，而故意忽略不利于投保人和被保险人的一面。遗憾的是，目前的保险立法仅仅规定了投保人的如实告知义务以及违反告知义务应当承担的责任,而未规定保险人的如实告知义务以及未履行此义务应当承担的法律责任。这也许是保险人对最大诚信地如实告知不够重视的原因之一吧。相信以后的保险法会在这方面做一些修订。
在保险合同的履行过程中，要积极协助投保人和被保险人做好安全预防工作，尽量避免或减少损害的发生。保险人要提醒投保人及时缴纳保费。对延迟未缴纳保费者，采取必要的催告措施和宽限期。
在保险事故发生或者保单约定的条件满足后，保险人应该按照合同的约定及时足额地履行赔偿或者给付义务，最大限度的减少被保险人的损失。
3 诚信原则是客户的一条基本的法律准则和行事规范
虽然保险诚信原则从原则上说是双向的，但由于保险的专业性，以及投保人时间精力有限或者理解能力的原因，往往在保险信息的理解识别和获取上处于劣势，存在偏差。多数投保人未能如实告知往往是不能也，非不为也。也许投保人和被保险人想真诚地向保险人“倾诉”，但不知该说些什么。这样虽然他们主观上想达到最大诚信，但这种主观上的最大诚信与令保险人最大满意的最大诚信还有一定差距。所以对客户而言，做到最大诚信有一定“技术”难度。如果再加上有些投保人和被保险人的主观态度问题，那么达到令保险人满意的最大诚信几乎不可能。基于此，保险人对投保人和被保险人应该是现实主义，而不是理想主义和完美主义，只能要求投保人的相对诚信和信息结果的相对满意。比如各国保险立法中对于投保人和被保险人的如实告知，许多都是采用询问告知立法的形式。投保人一般仅就保险人对保险标的或者被保险人的有关情况提出的询问如实告知，对保险人未询问的情况，投保人无需告知。。
因此，保险人必须围绕如何达到或者保证投保人的最基本的诚信下功夫。在保单的条款的设计上要紧密衔接，尽量明了易懂，要能使客户真实表达自己的信息，要能便于客户表达自己的真实信息；在投保、核保、理赔查勘等各个环节上建立足以保证客户各种相关信息真实的一些规章和机制。
4 建立互信机制，促进良性互动
就目前保险人对投保人的态度而言，是充满着某种程度的不信任。从许多保险合同的条款可以看出保险人的这种态度。保险人总是担心投保人会有逆向选择和道德风险，总是担心他们会不如实告知。因此，我们的保单条款象防盗门一样设计，而且不断的升级堵塞系统漏洞。现行我们的保险法也将投保人作为犯罪嫌疑人对待，只有对投保人未能履行如实告知义务的惩罚性规定，没有对保险人的相关规定，这与投保人需要承担惩罚性的法律后果形成了鲜明的对比。这是立法上的不公正和不平等。
因此，建立保险各方当事人的互信机制，促进双方的良性互动显得格外重要。从保险人的角度而言，保险人首先要放下架子，不能居高临下，店大欺主，要以市场经济的平等主体的身份和客户进行交往；要树立可持续的科学发展观，杜绝短期利益和局部利益的干扰；保险人要减少自身的误导，消除客户的误解；建立良好的外部公共关系，要通过多种渠道和客户沟通交流。
1.Honesty insurance insurance instry are a threat to the survival of society and even the Government's integrity and credibility of important factors
Insurance faith society are an important component of good faith, insurance credibility theory are for both, but would like to emphasize the credibility of the insurance instry.
At present, the part of insurance companies and insurance staff has seriously affected the credibility of the insurance instry's image and healthy development. It can be said that the impact of the growth of the insurance instry, first of all, instead of insurance proct innovation, not the insurance provisions of Overlord, but insurance bad faith. Insurance bad faith greatly suppress the potential of insurance demand, hindered the potential of insurance demand into real demand for insurance. Although the total number of Chinese GDP, insurance depth, insurance density indicators, China's insurance is a question of gold digging, but the development of chaos chaos Mining a very serious problem, insurance resources have been destroyed, and the excavation itself in recent years showing a slowing momentum.
More strongly worded and that the problem has already threatened the integrity of the foundation of the insurance instry. In the eyes of ordinary people, and now the insurance instry's poor reputation, some people even insurance marketing and pyramid schemes equate. If they are allowed to affect the integrity of the phenomenon of insurance continues, the survival of the insurance instry itself will be challenged. Cut open the surface of prosperity, the insurance instry crisis-ridden. If you do not enhance the credibility of the insurance instry, the survival of the instry as a whole will be destroyed the foundation of a solar eclipse, the insurance itself will cease to exist.
The insurance instry itself is also attached to the human kind of the natural characteristics of messenger. And if a so-called angel kind of people always bring loss, doubt, deception and loss, it would be on indivials and the whole society the positive values and belief system shaken. The long run, will not only lack of good faith, but missing the whole community of faith and confusion. If the mutual distrust between people always take precautions, people can not find the correct orientation of belief, and that He set up a harmonious society to talk about this day.
Credibility is the lifeblood of the insurance instry, honesty is not only the impact of development of the insurance instry's problem, but also affect the insurance instry of the future plans exist. Insurance or social integrity and credibility of good faith an important factor in the Government. It relates to the Government's image and social stability and harmony of the society set up. We should start from the survival of a sense of crisis to understand the integrity of insurance. Only in this way from the ideology and behavior is a real emphasis on the integrity of insurance.
2.Insurance principle of good faith of the people first of all, ask the insurer to the utmost good faith
Generally speaking, the insurance requirements of good faith insurance Mingcheng parties and trustworthy, the principle of good faith are insurance activities should comply with the basic principles. In the insurance activities, it is neither possible to require all of the insured are or will become an insurance expert, but also can not require insurance coverage of people of all objects have a very thorough and meticulous, which is insurance information asymmetry. As a result of this information asymmetry, in the insurance activities of the parties to determine risk are dependent on each other's truthfully inform or description, of any party to concealment or fraud, it might lead to misjudgments suffer . This shows that the degree of integrity of insurance is of particular importance, therefore the principle of good faith in insurance has "the utmost good faith" principle is known.
Because of the professionalism of the insurance instry, and many jargon terms, and insurance contracts and procts, often by insurance companies, "proction", the insurance people will naturally share a number of natural advantages. In this way, the first principle of good faith by requiring insurers to honest and trustworthy, and should be the highest degree of honesty and trustworthiness. To "the masses" do, "cadres" would be the first to do so but also to do the best. Insurance must be objective, not only people on the utmost good faith, but also should be of utmost good faith subjective. The principle of utmost good faith should be the insurer's code of ethics, and insurance should be people of integrity are the highest standards of integrity and realm. Insurance requirements of their own people should be idealism and perfectionism. This requires that the insurance people to do in the following areas:
At this, the insurance people should carry out this obligation and not just unlimited asked this, if in fact the subject of risk and insurance status of the relevant facts are truthfully inform obligations. All matters relating to insurance, the terms and terminology and so must be honest to tell or explain to the policyholder, but also to be made known to all, attitude. Both comprehensive and profound, but also in the interpretation of insurance policies as much as possible so that popularization popularization or, in some easily lead to ambiguity and controversy should be the terms on which the Notes, some very crucial elements such as the surrender losses have highlighted should be. In the insurance publicity to seek truth from facts, not exaggerated, not only said good side, but deliberately ignored in favor of the insured and the insurer's side. Unfortunately, the current insurance legislation simply provides truthfully inform the insured obligations and the breach of this obligation should be the responsibility of the person without the provisions of the insurance obligation to truthfully inform as well as failure to fulfill this obligation shall bear legal responsibilities. This may be the insurance people are of the utmost good faith to truthfully inform one of the reasons why not pay enough attention to it. Trust after the Insurance Act in this regard will make some amendments.
The performance of the contract in the insurance process, to actively assist the insured and the insured person do a good job of safety precautions to avoid or rece the damage happened. Insurance people would like to remind policyholders to pay premiums in a timely manner. The delay in unpaid premiums, and the reminder to take the necessary measures and grace.
At the accident or insurance policy to meet the terms agreed, the insurance people should be in accordance with the contractual agreement to carry out the compensation in full and on time payments or obligations, to minimize the loss of the insured person.
3.Principle of good faith of the customers are a basic legal norms and normative act
Although the insurance principle of good faith principle is a two-way, but because of insurance professionals, as well as limited time and energy policy holders or the ability to understand the causes, often at the understanding of insurance information to identify and access at a disadvantage, there is deviation. Most policyholders are often unable to accurately inform should not also, non-should not do so. May be insured and the insured person in good faith insurance people want to "talk" but do not know what to say. So even though they want to maximize the subjective good faith, but the subjective good faith with the largest insurer of the greatest satisfaction there is still a certain gap in the utmost good faith. So in terms of customers, do the utmost good faith has a certain "technical" difficulty. If we add some policyholders and the insured person's subjective attitude problem, then the insurance people to achieve the satisfaction of the utmost good faith is almost impossible. Based on this, insurance on the insured person and the insured person should be realistic, rather than idealism and perfectionism, the policyholder can only request information relative integrity and the relative satisfaction with the results. Legislation in countries such as insurance for the insured and the insured person truthfully informed, many of which are asked to adopt this form of legislation. General insurance policyholders only person the subject of insurance the insured person or the situation of inquiry truthfully informed that the insurance people are not asked about the situation, no need to inform the insured. .
Therefore, insurers must focus on how to achieve the most basic insured or guaranteed the integrity efforts. Provisions in the insurance policy is designed to closely co-ordinated, clear and understandable as possible, to enable customers to express their real information, to be able to facilitate the customers to express their real information; in insurance, underwriting, claims survey on various aspect enough to set up to ensure that all relevant customer information true of certain rules and mechanisms.
4.Set up a mechanism of mutual trust, promote positive interaction
On the current insurance on the insured person's attitude, it is filled with a certain degree of mistrust. Lot of insurance from the terms of the contract of insurance can be seen in person such an attitude. Insurance policyholders will be people always worry about adverse selection and moral hazard, always worried that they may not accurately informed. Therefore, the terms of U.S. policy as anti-theft door, like the design, but also continuously upgrade the system to plug the loopholes. The current U.S. insurance law will also be insured as the treatment of criminal suspects, and only on the policyholder fails to fulfill obligations to truthfully inform the punitive provisions, no person on the relevant provisions of the insurance, which required the insured to bear the legal consequences of punitive formed in sharp contrast. This is legislative injustice and inequality.
On the current insurance on the insured person's attitude, it is filled with a certain degree of mistrust. Lot of insurance from the terms of the contract of insurance can be seen in person such an attitude. Insurance policyholders will be people always worry about adverse selection and moral hazard, always worried that they may not accurately informed. Therefore, the terms of U.S. policy as anti-theft door, like the design, but also continuously upgrade the system to plug the loopholes. The current U.S. insurance law will also be insured as the treatment of criminal suspects, and only on the policyholder fails to fulfill obligations to truthfully inform the punitive provisions, no person on the relevant provisions of the insurance, which required the insured to bear the legal consequences of punitive formed in sharp contrast. This is legislative injustice and inequality.
Therefore, the parties set up the insurance mechanism for mutual trust, promote positive interaction between the two sides is particularly important. People from the insurance point of view, the insurer must set aside, should not condescending, shop big bully owners to market economy, equal subjects of identity and relations with clients; to establish a sustainable scientific development concept, put an end to short-term benefits and partial benefits of interference; insurance people to rece their own misleading of the customer to eliminate misunderstanding; set up a good external public relations, to customers through multiple channels and communication.
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